Suchergebnisse

Мета. Проаналізувати сучасний стан поліпшення сільськогосподарських культур за допомогою CRISPR/Cas-техно­логії генетичної модифікації геномів. Результати. Наведено історію розвитку технологій редагування генома із сайт-специфічними ендонуклеазами. Проаналізовано сучасний стан створення сортів рослин за допомогою цих технологій. Показано, що технологія редагування генів CRISPR/Cas уже адаптована для 20 видів сільськогосподарських культур для більш ніж 150 генів, пов'язаних із важливими ознаками. Практичне впровадження цієї технології представлено на прикладі рису, для якого спос­терігається найбільший прогрес у дослідженнях та використанні CRISPR/Cas-технології: модифіковано найбільшу кількість генів – 78; отримано понад 20 сортів. Редаговано гени рису, що пов'язані з такими ознаками, як розмір зерна, озерненість, висота рослини, чоловіча стерильність, накопичення цезію, толерантність до абіотичних та біотичних стресів, стійкість до гербіцидів. Підкреслено можливість мультиплексного редагування потенційно необмеженої кількості генів. Обговорено ситуацію щодо регулювання рослин, створених за технологією редагування генома: за рішенням суду Європейського Союзу (ЄС) на продукцію, отриману за допомогою методик редагування геномів, зокрема сорти рослин, поширюються всі нормативні правила та обмеження ЄС на вирощування і продаж, що й на ГМО, тоді як Міністерство сільського господарства США визначило, що такі рослини, крім рослин-паразитів, не регулюються як ГМО. Надано інформацію про заяву, схвалену провідними вченими, які представляють понад 90 європейських дослідницьких центрів та інститутів з досліджень рослин та біологічних наук, у підтримку технології редагування геномів. Висновки. Серед технологій редагування генома CRISPR/Cas-технологія є одним із найпотужніших підходів, який став дуже швидко застосовуватися в селекції рослин завдяки таким перевагам над іншими методами як висока точність і якість, ефективність та технічна гнучкість, відносно низька вартість. Цей дос­тупний метод дає змогу отримувати нетрансгенні рослини із заданими модифікаціями, причому можна одночасно «виробляти» мутації в кількох мішенях. ; Purpose. To analyze the current state of crop improvement using CRISPR/Cas technology of genome modifications. Results. The history of the development of genome editing technologies with site-specific endonucleases is presented. The current state of plant varieties creation using these technologies was analyzed. It was shown that CRISPR/Cas technology of gene editing has already been adapted for 20 species of crops, for more than 150 genes associated with important traits. The practical implementation of this technology was presented on the example of rice, for which the greatest progress in the research and use of CRISPR/Cas technology was observed: the largest number of genes has been modified – 78; more than 20 varieties were obtained. Edited rice genes associated with such traits as grain size, grain number, plant height, male sterility, cesium accumulation, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and resistance to herbicides. The possibility of multiplex editing of a potentially unlimited number of genes was underlined. The situation on the regulation of plants created by genome editing technology was discussed: according to the decision of the European Union (EU) court, all EU regulations and restrictions on the cultivation and sale of products, in particular plant varieties, obtained using genome editing techniques are applied as well as to GMOs, while according to the USDA such plants, except parasitic plants, are not regulated as GMOs. Information on the statement, approved by leading scientists representing more than 90 European research centers and institutes for the study of plants and biological sciences was provided in support of genome editing technology. Conclusions. Among the genome editing technologies, CRISPR/Cas technology is one of the most powerful approaches, which has become extensively used in plant breeding due to such advantages as high accuracy and quality, efficiency and technical flexibility, relatively low cost compared to other methods. This available method allows obtaining non-transgenic plants with specified modifications, and it is possible to simultaneously "produce" mutations in several targets. ; Цель. Проанализировать современное состояние улучшения сельскохозяйственных культур с помощью CRISPR/Cas-технологии генетической модификации геномов. Результаты. Представлена история развития технологий изменения генома с сайт-специфическими эндонуклеазами. Проанализировано современное сос­тояние создания генноредактированных растений. Показано, что технология изменения генов CRISPR/Cas уже адаптирована для 20 видов сельскохозяйственных культур для более 150 генов различных признаков. Практическое внедрение этой технологии дано на примере риса, для которого наблюдается наибольший прогресс в исследованиях и использовании CRISPR/Cas-технологии: модифицировано наибольшее число генов – 78; получено более 20 генноредактированных сортов. Отредактировано гены риса, связанные с такими признаками, как размер зерна, озерненность, высота растения, мужская стерильность, накопление цезия, толерантность к абиотическим и биотическим стрессам, устойчивость к гербицидам. Подчеркнута возможность мультиплексного редактирования потенциально неограниченного числа генов. Представлена информация по регулированию растений, созданных по технологии редактирования генома: по решению суда Европейского Союза (ЕС) на продукцию, полученную с помощью методик редактирования геномов, в частности сорта растений, распространяются все нормативные правила и ограничения ЕС на выращивание и продажу, что и на ГМО, тогда как решением Министерства сельского хозяйства США такие растения, кроме растений-паразитов, не регулируются как ГМО. Приведена информация о заявлении, подписанном ведущими учеными, представляющими более 90 европейских исследовательских центров и институтов по исследованиям растений и биологических наук, в поддержку технологии редактирования геномов. Выводы. Среди технологий редактирования генома CRISPR/Cas-технология является одним из самых мощных подходов, который стал очень быстро применяться в селекции растений благодаря таким преимуществам перед другими методами, как высокая точность и качество, эффективность и техническая гибкость, относительно низкая стоимость. Этот доступный метод позволяет получать нетрансгенные растения с заданными модификациями, причем можно одновременно «производить» мутации в нескольких мишенях.

Мета. Проаналізувати сучасний стан поліпшення сільськогосподарських культур за допомогою CRISPR/Cas-техно­логії генетичної модифікації геномів. Результати. Наведено історію розвитку технологій редагування генома із сайт-специфічними ендонуклеазами. Проаналізовано сучасний стан створення сортів рослин за допомогою цих технологій. Показано, що технологія редагування генів CRISPR/Cas уже адаптована для 20 видів сільськогосподарських культур для більш ніж 150 генів, пов'язаних із важливими ознаками. Практичне впровадження цієї технології представлено на прикладі рису, для якого спос­терігається найбільший прогрес у дослідженнях та використанні CRISPR/Cas-технології: модифіковано найбільшу кількість генів – 78; отримано понад 20 сортів. Редаговано гени рису, що пов'язані з такими ознаками, як розмір зерна, озерненість, висота рослини, чоловіча стерильність, накопичення цезію, толерантність до абіотичних та біотичних стресів, стійкість до гербіцидів. Підкреслено можливість мультиплексного редагування потенційно необмеженої кількості генів. Обговорено ситуацію щодо регулювання рослин, створених за технологією редагування генома: за рішенням суду Європейського Союзу (ЄС) на продукцію, отриману за допомогою методик редагування геномів, зокрема сорти рослин, поширюються всі нормативні правила та обмеження ЄС на вирощування і продаж, що й на ГМО, тоді як Міністерство сільського господарства США визначило, що такі рослини, крім рослин-паразитів, не регулюються як ГМО. Надано інформацію про заяву, схвалену провідними вченими, які представляють понад 90 європейських дослідницьких центрів та інститутів з досліджень рослин та біологічних наук, у підтримку технології редагування геномів. Висновки. Серед технологій редагування генома CRISPR/Cas-технологія є одним із найпотужніших підходів, який став дуже швидко застосовуватися в селекції рослин завдяки таким перевагам над іншими методами як висока точність і якість, ефективність та технічна гнучкість, відносно низька вартість. Цей дос­тупний метод дає змогу отримувати нетрансгенні рослини із заданими модифікаціями, причому можна одночасно «виробляти» мутації в кількох мішенях. ; Purpose. To analyze the current state of crop improvement using CRISPR/Cas technology of genome modifications. Results. The history of the development of genome editing technologies with site-specific endonucleases is presented. The current state of plant varieties creation using these technologies was analyzed. It was shown that CRISPR/Cas technology of gene editing has already been adapted for 20 species of crops, for more than 150 genes associated with important traits. The practical implementation of this technology was presented on the example of rice, for which the greatest progress in the research and use of CRISPR/Cas technology was observed: the largest number of genes has been modified – 78; more than 20 varieties were obtained. Edited rice genes associated with such traits as grain size, grain number, plant height, male sterility, cesium accumulation, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and resistance to herbicides. The possibility of multiplex editing of a potentially unlimited number of genes was underlined. The situation on the regulation of plants created by genome editing technology was discussed: according to the decision of the European Union (EU) court, all EU regulations and restrictions on the cultivation and sale of products, in particular plant varieties, obtained using genome editing techniques are applied as well as to GMOs, while according to the USDA such plants, except parasitic plants, are not regulated as GMOs. Information on the statement, approved by leading scientists representing more than 90 European research centers and institutes for the study of plants and biological sciences was provided in support of genome editing technology. Conclusions. Among the genome editing technologies, CRISPR/Cas technology is one of the most powerful approaches, which has become extensively used in plant breeding due to such advantages as high accuracy and quality, efficiency and technical flexibility, relatively low cost compared to other methods. This available method allows obtaining non-transgenic plants with specified modifications, and it is possible to simultaneously "produce" mutations in several targets. ; Цель. Проанализировать современное состояние улучшения сельскохозяйственных культур с помощью CRISPR/Cas-технологии генетической модификации геномов. Результаты. Представлена история развития технологий изменения генома с сайт-специфическими эндонуклеазами. Проанализировано современное сос­тояние создания генноредактированных растений. Показано, что технология изменения генов CRISPR/Cas уже адаптирована для 20 видов сельскохозяйственных культур для более 150 генов различных признаков. Практическое внедрение этой технологии дано на примере риса, для которого наблюдается наибольший прогресс в исследованиях и использовании CRISPR/Cas-технологии: модифицировано наибольшее число генов – 78; получено более 20 генноредактированных сортов. Отредактировано гены риса, связанные с такими признаками, как размер зерна, озерненность, высота растения, мужская стерильность, накопление цезия, толерантность к абиотическим и биотическим стрессам, устойчивость к гербицидам. Подчеркнута возможность мультиплексного редактирования потенциально неограниченного числа генов. Представлена информация по регулированию растений, созданных по технологии редактирования генома: по решению суда Европейского Союза (ЕС) на продукцию, полученную с помощью методик редактирования геномов, в частности сорта растений, распространяются все нормативные правила и ограничения ЕС на выращивание и продажу, что и на ГМО, тогда как решением Министерства сельского хозяйства США такие растения, кроме растений-паразитов, не регулируются как ГМО. Приведена информация о заявлении, подписанном ведущими учеными, представляющими более 90 европейских исследовательских центров и институтов по исследованиям растений и биологических наук, в поддержку технологии редактирования геномов. Выводы. Среди технологий редактирования генома CRISPR/Cas-технология является одним из самых мощных подходов, который стал очень быстро применяться в селекции растений благодаря таким преимуществам перед другими методами, как высокая точность и качество, эффективность и техническая гибкость, относительно низкая стоимость. Этот доступный метод позволяет получать нетрансгенные растения с заданными модификациями, причем можно одновременно «производить» мутации в нескольких мишенях.

Starting from the case of Ion Irimescu, this article discusses the issue of continuity among Romanian visual artists before and after 1944. In this study, I argue that it was essential for the visual artists' survival and establishment as artists during the communist regime to enter into a clientpatron relationship. The existence of this relationship meant access for the artists to financial funds, promotion within the UAP, and protection from the measures, which the Securitate could have taken against them. This article is divided into four sections. Every section examines an episode from the life of Ion Irimescu. His interwar biography is presented in the first section, and his adaptation to the communist regime is the subject of the second part of this study. The last two parts analyse the factors which facilitated his confirmation and promotion as a state artist after 1944 and the relation of the artist with the Securitate.

The jurisdiction regulation applicable in the EU Member States has the vocation to
govern all civil and commercial legal matters, in the absence of express limitations provided in
its content. In addition to the general rule establishing the jurisdiction to settle a specific case
with internationality elements in favor of the courts of the defendant's domicile, the
Regulation also sets out a number of other special provisions, including, among others,
litigation arising out of consumer contracts. Special rules of jurisdiction have been set out in
this matter, in order to protect the consumer, who is considered the weaker part of the contract
from an economic and informational point of view. Exceptions to these special jurisdictional
rules have been also provided, given the significantly closer balance found in certain contracts
between the rights and obligations of the signatory parties, professional (economic operator)
and consumer.
This article aims to address the issue of the derogation from the special rules of
competence established in favor of consumers and, in particular, the interplay between these
derogations and the Directive on unfair terms in consumer contracts.

The subject of the article is the process of making an economic decision. The stages of the history of economic-psychological researches – economic psychology, behavioral economy, psychology of economic behavior are distinguished. The contribution to the study of the psychological factors of the economic behavior of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics is shown. The theory of rational expectations of John von Neumann and O. Morgerstern Is characterized, particular attention is paid to the prospect theory of D. Kaneman and A. Tversky. The latter is presented in the form of heuristic decision making – representativeness, availability, adjustment, and anchoring, in addition, with the distinction of rational and irrational moments of this process. It is stated that the corresponding model of decision making does not take into account and that behind the economic-psychological lies in the actual psychological logic that a person makes decisions based on his own strategy, coping. The concept of decision making is substantially incomplete. Opportunity of the possibility of specification of the prospect theory of by the Case Study method – the analysis of a particular case of economic behavior opens. The Melbourne decision making questionnaire applies, the factors of this process – vigilance, back-passing, procrastination, and hypervigilance are manifest. The investigator is given the instruction to make an expanded comment on every statement, to explain own argumentation, as well as the obtained result. The rational and irrational components of its solution and features of coping are analyzed. It is determined that vigilance is the dominant factor, it turns out to be the most productive way of decision making. A model of coping of decision making, which specifies the theory of the prospects of D. Kaneman and A. Tversky and expands the limits of its application in the field of psychology of human economic behavior, is constructed.

The article deals with the questions of the psychologist's activity regarding assistance to the person in crisis. The basics of the theory of crisis intervention are outlined, the concept of crisis is operationalized and criteria for distinguishing between the concepts of micro trauma and micro trauma are introduced. The conceptual apparatus of the approach is developed in detail and the necessity of its unified understanding by practical psychologists is substantiated. The purpose of the article is to analyze the process of crisis intervention in the activity of the psychological service (psychologist), which takes measures to resolve the traumatic situation and reduce its impact on human life. An important factor in crisis intervention is the psychologist's understanding of the nature of the crisis, the severity and mechanisms of its experience. An important place is given to the stages of personal response, which determines the strategy and directions of professional intervention. Analyzing the process of crisis intervention in the activities of a psychologist (psychological service) identified important tasks that should be implemented: 1) the removal of symptoms; 2) recovery to crisis level of functioning; 3) awareness of those events that lead to an imbalance; 4) identify the internal resources of the client and family in various forms of crisis management assistance. The theoretical and practical recommendations given are outlined by the use of the voyage method, based on the real case of a crisis situation, which led to psychological trauma in participants and witnesses. As the above case is related to a terrorist act, the article also provides theoretical and methodological information regarding the specificity of the work of a psychologist with the concept of terrorism and the peculiarities of its impact on participants and witnesses of such acts. Based on the results of the case study, the author formulated practical recommendations for practicing psychologists on what to consider when dealing with an injury, especially if it was caused by an act of terrorism. The article concludes with the need to take into account the emotional reactions of a person to a crisis and the long-term changes in their ability to withstand daily problems. Crucial in dealing with clients is given to the psychological conditions that are discussed in detail in the article.

This article reveals the particularities of proof in cases of discrimination in the field of labour. On the basis of the analyzed special literature, legislation in force, international labour standards and positive legislative experience of foreign countries, specific proposals and recommendations on the improvement of proof mechanisms are made. Special attention is paid to the shift of the burden of proof and the formation of the "presumption of discrimination" concept, saying that in certain cases, when there is evidence prima facie justifying the allegations, the burden of proving the absence of
discrimination can be shifted to the employer. It is determined that in order to recognize the fact of discrimination, it is first necessary to establish two circumstances. First, there is the difference in attitude towards employees. Second, this distinction must be based on prohibited features. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights on discrimination in the field of labor is analyzed and the main positions of the court on establishing the fact of discrimination are highlighted. Types of evidence in cases of discrimination in the field of labor are considered. In cases of discrimination, written evi-
dence, testimony of witnesses, physical evidence, expert opinions, etc. are used. The list of admissible types of evidence may vary from country to country. To solve this problem, it is proposed to expand the range of admissible types of evidence (testing, statistics, audio and video recordings, questionnaires). Requirements for the conditions of admissibility of evidence in cases of discrimination in the field of labor are proposed. Special attention is paid to the position of the European Court of Justice. The article also describes the national mechanism for proving discrimination in the field of labor. It
is also proposed to amend national legislation to improve the mechanism for proving discrimination.

Nicolae Ceauşescu was born in 1918 and he died in 1989. Due to the extraordinary changes that the Romanian society witnessed during his time, the biography of this son of the peasantry may be re-signified in several vastly contradictory ways. For all intents and purposes however, he may be placed in the category of "professional revolutionaries", an extremely positive valuation within the contemporary Leninist ideology. Once in contact with the illegal communist movement, Ceauşescu became an outlaw, practically from the age of 15. The aftermath of WWII thrust him at the core of decision-making and at the focal point of Romanian power, a position he retained uninterruptedly until three days before his death. He held absolute power for nearly a quarter of a century. His atypical biography also dwindled his already scarce grasp of reality. The propaganda that had sustained the cult for "professional revolutionaries", and -during the final decades- the cult of his own personality determined grave distortions in his social perception, leading, in the "Ceauşescu case", to the "ultimate solution".

The article addresses Ukrainian legislation that governs hearing economic cases with a foreign element. Relevant statutes in the realm have been analyzed. The algorithm for determining the applicable legislation is investigated. The main drawbacks of the laws in force are spotlighted and the ways for further improvement are envisaged. The author identifies the main risks business entities can encounter when a case involving foreign element is litigated. The grounds for consideration by commercial courts of Ukraine of cases with a foreign element are investigated. The author notices that the case law on these issues is inconsistent. Among the vexed questions related to the category of economic cases at hand, the following deserve special attention: determination of jurisdiction of the case; determination of the applicable law; features of proof; recognition and enforcement of court decisions abroad. The author concludes that the choice of a foreign court or law should be conscious and clearly motivated, as this is very important for judicial protection. The attention is focused on the complicated interaction between international and national law when economic dispute involving foreign element is considered by the court. The modern tendencies of judicial practice in this sphere are discovered. The typical procedural errors of the parties to a dispute are summarized and the problems of law enforcement are covered. The author analyses effective legal methods for considering a dispute on the basis of Ukraine legislation. The article contains recommendations for courts on learning the content and interpretation of foreign law for the purpose of its application in cases involving foreign element. The application of the institute of contractual jurisdiction in commercial cases with a foreign element is investigated. The author provides practical recommendations to business entities in order to effectively protect their rights in court. The author concluded that litigants should take an active part in the process of ...

The two documents which are the subject of the present study, made to share property in the event of divorce, help to form an image on various aspects of daily life, poorly known from other sources: household size, land property, earnings in marriage furniture, tools, animals, prices, food, secular and religious involvement of the private life etc. In addition to legal information, both inventories, which stood at the base of documents on which the property was to be divided, reveal another perspective on social history of Arad in the late eighteenth century.

Referral to the CJEU for the pronouncement of preliminary rulings regarding the interpretation of European Union law cannot have a purely theoretical purpose (e.g. the Court Ordinance of October 7, 2013 in case C-82/13) but a necessarily practical one, such as to allow the national court to resolve the specific dispute with which it is vested. Therefore, knowledge of the judicial decisions pronounced by the national courts after receiving the answer to the preliminary question from the CJEU is very important to evaluate the implications of the CJEU jurisprudence in the law of the member states and the effectiveness of the dialogue between it and the national courts. Next, the decisions of the courts in Romania are presented in some cases in which the CJEU was referred with preliminary questions, respectively those that were resolved in the cases registered on its roll with no. C-62/19, C 354/18 and C 644/19.

The article examines the evolution of inter-party mobility in the post-communist Romanian Parliament, confirming that the practice has been a constant phenomenon, growing continuously after 1992. Political mobility is analysed from a double perspective, that of political representation and that of political parties. The case study on the 2008-2012 legislature reveals that beyond the quantitative aspect, the mobility of MPs became a real factor of instability, changing the majority in the Parliament and, as such, triggering the government's dismissal. Deputies and senators changing party affiliation produced, for the first time after the fall of the communist regime, an alternation of power between elections.

"Cosmopolitan Spaces in Odesa: A Case Study of an Urban Context is the first book to explore Odesa's cosmopolitan spaces in an urban context from the nineteenth to twenty-first centuries. Leading scholars shed new light on encounters between Jewish, Ukrainian, and Russian cultures. They debate different understandings of cosmopolitanism as they are reflected in Odesa's rich multilingual culture, ranging from intellectual history and education to music, opera, and literature. The issues of language and interethnic tensions, imperialist repression, and language choice are still with us today. Moreover, the book affords a historical view of what lay behind the Odesa myth, as well as insights into the Jewish and Ukrainian cultural revivals of the early twentieth century"--

The sovereignty of the people in democratic states is implemented through the system of public power at every level of existence of territorial collectivities. That is why studying and improving the mechanisms of realization of public power must not be made in isolation, but holistically.
In order to define public power, it is necessary to address it not only from the constitutional law perspective, but also as a socio-political concept. The definition of the notion of public authority begins with the assumption that it is a socio-political category, and the study of it must consider its essence, its forms and levels of its realization. Only the theoretical clarification of these essential concepts could permit the "decoding" of the legalities of public governance and identification of the most efficient mechanisms applicable to contemporary society that would promote the efficient involvement of the people in the realization of public power.