Suchergebnisse

A szélsőjobboldali populizmus közép- és kelet-európai előretörését és választási kontúrjait magyarázó irodalom egyre növekvő mennyisége ellenére a kutatók csak szórványos ismeretekkel rendelkeznek a szélsőjobboldal tömegkommunikációs csatornáiról és média diskurzusairól. Több országra kiterjedő, összehasonlító jellegű kutatásokra különösen szükség lenne annak érdekében, hogy nagyobb betekintést nyerjünk a szélsőjobboldali populizmus mai jellemzőibe. A projekt ezt a rést tölti ki egy Romániára és Magyarországra összpontosító átfogó elemzés elvégzésével. A kutatás célkitűzése kettős volt. Egyfelől a kutatók elvégezték a szélsőjobboldali média diskurzus jellemzőinek elemzését. Másfelől célul tűzték ki a szélsőjobboldali populista média megjelenések az általános média szféra hálózati struktúrájában elfoglalt helyzetének meghatározását. A kutatók célja a régió egyik legfontosabb közügyének, a szélsőjobboldali populizmus kommunikációs konstrukciójának és a közszférában elfoglalt helyzetének a feltárása volt. A két évig tartó empirikus kutatás fő kérdése az volt, hogy milyen különbségek illetve hasonlóságok vannak a szélsőjobboldali populizmus magyarországi és romániai média megjelenésében. A kérdés megválaszolására kvantitatív és kvalitatív módszereket egyaránt igénybe vettek a 3 román - Adrian Nastase elítélése, - Funar és Vadim Tudor között belső pártkonfliktusa, - Bodgan Diaconu új pártalapítása, és a 3 magyar - Paksi atomerőmű bővítése, - Kovács Béla európai parlamenti képviselő kémügye, - megismételt ózdi polgármester választás téma vizsgálata során. A gyűjteményben mind egyes témához három file – egy korpusz, egy kódkönyv és adatbázis – tartozik.

The migration of health workers is a global phenomenon with considerable impact on health care systems, which issue became a policy concern in Hungary after the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union in 2000s and early 2010s. The main aim of this paper is to reveal the migration intentions and motives of Hungarian medical students and health professionals.

Sports organizations are entities conventionally based on civil, non-governmental initiatives, and – using one of today's fashionable expressions – operating in nonprofit legal forms. Concurrently with the strengthening business characteristics of sports, for-profit companies started to spread in increasing numbers. At the present, in Hungary sports organizations can be operated in the form of sports associations, business entities and public-benefit foundations for special purposes. In view of sport-related services, it can be claimed that they have become integrated and dynamically developing areas of the economy, and as one specific consequence sports enterprises as for-profit business entities have appeared among sports organizations. Sports enterprises are typically active in team sports, especially in the field of spectator sports, while most of their business-like economic activities are associated with competitive sports. Today's Hungarian sports enterprises are in quest of the ways of successful operation both when selecting the legal form of operation and setting up their organizational structures. This article has been written to present and describe successful – in this case German – organizational options.

A nacionalizmus jelensége különböző módon nyilvánul meg a különböző államok közszférájában. A diszkurzív megközelítés fogalmi eszközkészlettel szolgál a nacionalizmus empirikus szintű tanulmányozásához és annak megértéséhez, hogy a nacionalizmus hogyan működik az adott esetben. A nacionalista diskurzus összehasonlító tanulmányai lehetőséget kínálnak mind az egyedi, mind az univerzális értékelésére. Mindezeket figyelembe véve, a disszertáció összehasonlító keretek között elemzi a Fidesz és az Ak Párt nacionalista diskurzusait, és ily módon kíván hozzájárulni a nacionalizmus meglévő irodalmához azáltal, hogy az uralkodó pártok többségi nacionalizmusainak összehasonlító tanulmányozására összpontosít, amely viszonylag elhanyagolt terület.

The importance of green and renewable energy sources, as well as environmental awareness, is playing an increasing role in our lives as we move forward in time. Even at the conceptual level, it is already understandable and clear to most people what should or could be done to protect the Earth. The use of renewable energy sources, such as the energy of the sun, wind, water, and geothermal energy all contribute to the development of the environmental values of the individual and society, which is shaped by knowledge and moral convictions about the environment. As irresponsible energy-wasting behavior is unsustainable in the long run and can lead to the depletion of natural resources, the use of alternative energy sources can provide a solution to this global problem. For this reason, the main goal of the representative research is to examine the possibilities of using and applying green and renewable energy sources in the case of all 25 settlements of the micro-region of Gyöngyös in the region of Northern Hungary. A questionnaire survey was used as the primary research method, the aim of which is to explore the extent of local governments' investments in renewable energy sources, and what other methods these local governments contribute to the development of environmental awareness of the local population. Based on the results obtained, according to the investments of the local governments, solar energy (e.g. solar panels) is the most efficient energy source, which is closely followed by the use of biomass. Developments and investments related to renewable energy are implemented to a significant extent from domestic or European Union tender sources. The amount of renewable energy investments planned in the future is expected to be between HUF 10 and 25 million in the case of smaller local governments, and more than HUF 100 million in the case of larger local governments. ; A zöld- és megújuló enerigaforrások, valamint a környezettudatosság jelentősége egyre nagyobb szerepet játszik az életünkbe, ahogy haladunk előre az időben. Fogalmi meghatározás szintjén is, már a legtöbb ember számára érthető és egyértelmű, hogy mit kellene vagy lehetne tenni a Föld megóvása érdekében. A megújuló energiaforrások használata, mint pl. a nap-, szél-, folyóvizek energiája, illetve a geotermikus energia, mind hozzájárulnak az egyén és a társadalom környezeti értékrendjeinek fejlődéséhez, melyet a környezetről alkotott tudás és morális meggyőződés alakít ki. Mivel a felelőtlen energiapazarló magatartás hosszútávon nem fenntartható, és a természeti erőforrások kimerüléséhez vezethet, így az alternatív energiaforrások használata nyújthat megoldást erre a világméretű problémára. Ennek okán, a reprezentatív kutatás legfőbb célja, a zöld- és megújuló energiaforrások felhasználási és alkalmazási lehetőségeinek vizsgálata, az Észak-magyarországi régióban található Gyöngyösi járás mind a 25 településének esetében. Elsődleges kutatási módszerként kérdőíves megkérdezés került alkalmazásra, melynek célja, hogy az önkormányzatok megújuló energiaforrásokkal kapcsolatos beruházásainak mértékét feltárja, illetve, hogy ezek az önkormányzatok milyen egyéb módszerekkel járulnak hozzá a helyi lakosság környezettudattosságának fejlesztéséhez. A kapott eredmények alapján, az önkormányzatok beruházásai szerint a napenergia (pl. napelemek) a leghatékonyabb energiaforrás, amelyet szorosan követ a biomassza felhasználás. A megújuló energiához kapcsolódó fejlesztések és beruházások jelentős mértékben hazai vagy európai uniós pályázati forrásokból valósulnak meg. A jövőben tervezett megújuló energia beruházások összege, a kisebb önkormányzatok esetében várhatóan többnyire 10 - 25 millió forint között lesz, a nagyobb helyi önkormányzatok esetében pedig, több mint 100 millió forint.

One of the biggest problems of game management is game damage which goes to great expense. It has been increasing since 1994 countrywide. In the last hunting year more than 1600 million HUF were paid nationwide for it. Nearly 10% of it was paid by the largest game manager company the SEFAG Inc. in Somogy county. According to various literary sources the reason of forest- and agricultural damage is the increasing number of deer and wild boar. In spite of it we suppose that game damage is influenced by other factors. We set examining these factors as an aim with the help of the methods of statistic and operative research. We have the basic pieces of information from the data base of the two forestries of SEFAG Inc. In the two forestries the amount of game damage, the number of the cases and the amount of missing crop grew. The quantity of damaged fields shows a downward tendency in the case of Kaposvár Forestry. There is a strong connection between the game damage cases and the amount of game damage. Per capita the game damage rose in the Kaposvár Forestry while in Zselic Forestry it fell. Examining the measurement of the fields we came to the conclusion that in most cases the majority of game damage falls to the areas with less than 5 ha. While the amount of game damage and the missing crop – depending on the forestries – are the largest in the cases of the areas with more than 10 ha. There is an inverse relationship between the plot size and the number of the cases, a medium inverse relationship between the plot size and the amount of game damage and a weak inverse correlation between the plot size and the missing crops. ; A vadgazdálkodás egyik legnagyobb problémája a nagy kiadásokat jelentő vadkár, amely 1994 óta országos szinten nő. Az elmúlt vadászati évben az országosan kifizetett összes vadkár több mint 1,6 milliárd Ft volt. Ennek közel 10%-át fizette Somogy megye legnagyobb vadgazdálkodója a SEFAG Zrt. Több irodalmi forrás szerint az erdei- és mezőgazdasági kár oka a túlszaporodott szarvas- és vaddisznóállomány. Ennek ellenére feltételezhető, hogy a vadkárt más tényezők is befolyásolják. Ezek vizsgálatát tűztük ki célul, a statisztika és az operáció kutatás módszereinek segítségével a SEFAG Zrt. Kaposvári és Zselici erdészeténél. Mindkét erdészetnél nőtt a vadkár összege, az esetek száma és a vadkár által kiesett termény mennyisége. A károsított parcellák mennyisége azonban a Kaposvári Erdészet esetében csökkenő tendenciát mutat. A vadkár esetek és a vadkár összege között szoros összefüggés van. Az egy hektárra vetített vadkár (q/ha, Ft/ha) a Kaposvári Erdészetnél nőtt, míg a Zselicinél csökkenő tendenciát mutat. A parcellaméret nagyságát vizsgálva arra a következtetésre jutottunk, hogy a vadkár esetek többsége az 5 hektárnál kisebb területekre esik, míg a vadkár összege és a kiesett termés mennyisége – erdészettől függően – a 10 hektár feletti területeken a legnagyobb. A parcellák nagysága az esetek számával ellentétes kapcsolatban van, a vadkár összegével közepes, míg a kiesett termény mennyiségével gyenge ellentétes kapcsolatot mutat.

The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed overview of the domestic policy changes affecting privately owned businesses in Hungary during the reign of the 2nd and 3rd Orbán governments. After careful selection and omission of the less important measures, 36 examples are discussed. Their common characteristics are their discriminatory nature, meaning that they supported some firms and/or state-owned entities, while other businesses - chiefly the ones owned by foreign investors - were negatively affected. These new laws, regulations, by-laws or daily practices were openly in conflict with the letters and the spirit of the acquis communautaire - the guiding principles of the European Union. The Hungarian authorities played on time. Their assumption was - and this assumption did prove to be correct in practice - that it would take years until the EU machinery would reach a verdict and instruct Hungary, as a member-state to repel the given legislation. An important finding of the paper is that in 16 cases out of the 36 cases presented, the previous Hungarian governments also relied on such discriminatory solutions, but these cases were not so costly for the targeted private businesses and were not implemented with such a brutal force. As it is well-known, parallel to the policy measures discussed in the paper, the 2nd and 3rd Orbán-governments proceeded with a broad renationalization policy as well. These events were discussed at great length in Mihályi (2015a).

Due to the accession to the EU, the possibilities of receiving European Union resources have opened up. A great number of the tenders launched by the government reaches the SMS-sector delayed. However, there are promoter and tender monitoring firms, the expenses of applying them cannot be covered by the SMS-sector. On the basis of the received replies it can be stated that tenders are called for a given region, consequently, they cannot be applied for in numerous cases. Tendering deadlines are short from publishing to submission, therefore, submission of the tender fails in many cases. The tenders usually relate to range of activities, which is also grounds for refusal. The system is slow and bureaucratic. The European Union resources influence financing of the businesses, but due to the fact the continuous development resources cannot be granted. Tenders are restricted to a limited strata owing to the current tender system. As a result of the bureaucracy, the tendering funds are allocated to too many areas, therefore the efficiency of the capital acquired by the funds deteriorates significantly.

This working paper investigates public policies that precede the rise of populism. A mixedmethod research design is applied: on the one hand, we use data from international surveys and databanks to explore the policy–populism nexus from a comparative European perspective. On the other hand, country case studies have been prepared to understand the country-specific historical and socio-economic features of populism and its potential policy roots. Four countries were selected as national case studies: two EU member states (Greece and Hungary) because of a strong, long-term support of populist parties; one EU member state (Lithuania), where support of populist parties remain moderate, although historical and socio-economic features suggest a likely rise of populism; and one country (Turkey) that exhibits the potential hybridization tendencies of populism and the role of policies in the shift from democratic towards authoritarian regimes. We found that the content of policies were weak predictors of the rise of populism. Country-specific measures were more important predictors than policy ideas. At the same time, our results demonstrate that the lack of activation policies may be a strong predictor of welfare populist attitudes of citizens, and the exclusion of a significant proportion of young people from the labour market clearly feeds populist attitudes. Another important finding is that crisis management policies matter, but not the socio-economic crisis in itself: the management of crisis by non-elected policy experts, through technocratic governance methods, will likely trigger populism. This is particularly true in societies where political polarization is high

In my research I decided to examine the characteristic features of management in civil organizations. In this context, I touched upon the conflict conditions of these structures. When examining conflicts, I had the assumption that in case of an organization with such a widespread network of connections and so many interactions, many sources of conflicts can be identified. An examination of the conflict, because I considered important, since it seemed that these organisations operate at a high level of conflict. In civil activities and in society it often occurs that the participants give different responses to a given issue. The civil interpretation conveys the concept of diversity and different opinions. Even the existence of these organizations expresses disagreement. Thus, they convey conflicts in themselves since they often get into conflicts even with the state powers. These results show that the examined civil organizations have hardly any conflicts. The goal of my examination conflicts was to explore how strong the conflicts are between civil organizations and the participants of their system of relations. I examined which participants get into conflicts and the analysis of the entire sample shows that conflicts are not really characteristic of civil organizations. If conflicts happen to develop, they mainly develop between the civil organizations and the members, the civil society and the supervising organizations. However, the implementation of tasks causes interaction in each type of organizations and interactions generate conflicts. Thus, the low level of conflicts means a low level of activity. Based on the results of conflict examinations, I concluded that the rate of conflicts can be used as a parameter of civil activity in certain cases.

The public administration, in particular to the administrative procedure follows a firm objective: to create of the customer friendly approach. Also, there is more and more emphasis recently on improving the efficiency and speed of the procedure. These are the two most important keywords of the decision planning and documentation. The aim of the research in this scientific paper is to detect and analyse the decision-making methods, concurrently being ready to incorporate them into the national administrative procedure systems. These methods are to provide lawful and effectively applicable alternative dispute settlement methods ready to use in Hungarian legal system and also to assist - apart form the aim to reach the basic aims of the administrative procedure - to create a fundament of the decisions made by the authority, having regard to circumstances in real life cases, viewpoint of customers and other parties, and the balance of the public interest. The scope of the paper also covers the theoretical and practical aspects of general mediation and mediation in administrative procedure, in view with the appearance of the topic within the renewing and current administrative procedural law regime. While examining the mediation in administrative procedure in a novel point of view, this work also analyses the role of this special type of mediation in terms of efficiency and charactesistics of the current and future legal solutions in administartive cases often involving parties with adverse interests. Conclusions and proposions in the paper may provide contribution to the spreading and correct treatment of alternative decision making methods in the administrative procedure. The publication of this scientific paper supported by the ÚNKP-16-1 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities (Hungary).

The lessons learned from the crisis management of the 2008 Great Recession are due to significant structural differences between the two centers of the world, the United States and the eurozone. This has been the worst and most widespread global economic downturn since the Great Depression. The crisis is over, but it seems that the crisis has long-lasting consequences. In the case of the United States, a monetary, fiscal and political union is realized, which with a single economic policy, operates as a coherent unit, uniting the three areas. GDP is rising, unemployment is at the lowest level since 1969 and government debt is the highest it has ever been which can cause problems in the long run. In the case of the eurozone, we can talk about a monetary union. The crisis has highlighted the structural flaws of the eurozone, because without a unified fiscal policy no effective economic policy can be achieved. The symptoms of the euro area crisis weren't the consequences of the global economic crisis; rather the stalling of the integration process, the lack of real convergence, and the weaknesses of monetary and fiscal policy were the problems that have been brought to the fore and exacerbated by the crisis. I consider the crisis management of the United States to be more successful, in which the single economic policy has played an important role – as long as the eurozone doesn't deepen integration, it will not be able to address vulnerabilities between its countries. For Central Europe to be competitive, it has to have the right economic policies and an independent monetary policy. The postcrisis recovery has taken place, but in order to avoid further crises and to have a faster convergence towards the eurozone, we need targeted steps which could create the opportunities.

The fragmentation of the Montenegrin society is significant, in terms of identities, ethnic groups and political values as well. However, the subsidized nature of the alternative of joining the EU is significant and almost unified, which can not be stated in the case of the NATO membership at all. The above mentioned fragmentation goes also with strong political division but the internal conflicts of the past 20 years have not led to violent occurrences, civil war, which can be considered a remarkable phenomenon among the Western-Balkan relations. The country is characterized by organized crime, nepotism, the presence of clan-like phenomena, corruption and the underdevelopment of democratic culture. Among the tasks of Montenegro regarding its accession to the EU, besides strengthening the jurisdiction, reducing the political nature of the administration, the fight againstorganized crime and in this context the elimination of the extensive corruption are prominently included.

This paper is aimed at analysing the impact of the crisis of the liberal international order on the transatlantic relations. Both the EU and the US have vital interest to maintain the existing international order, however regarding certain foreign policy goals we witness an increasingly divergent approach to world politics. This is the case with the Middle East, where the EU acts as a global player based on historical ties, while the United States have recently started a gradual disengagement from the region. The so-called post-American Middle East have its own opportunities as well as challenges for the European diplomacy. This article focuses on the differences between the EU and the US foreign policy goals related to the Middle East. It primarily addresses the Iranian nuclear program and the Middle East Peace Plan recently launched by the US. The author argues despite some differences in interests, the EU and the US do not perceive the region in an entirely different way.

The aim of the study and the related presentation was to analyze the rules of the Hungarian and Polish administrative procedures in relation to the client status of (minority) NGOs, especially those belonging to the Polish nationality, in order to draw conclusions and make recommendations in the administrative proceedings to develop and promote the participation of non-governmental organizations. The presence of these organizations, especially in cases where there is a conflict of interest and / or the presence of a large number of clients, can make a major contribution to increasing the transparency of the regulatory process, achieving the actual objectives of the regulatory process and exercising adequate social control. A comparison of the experiences of Hungary and Poland is made possible by the accession to the supranational legal order of the European Union, which started at a similar time, and by the harmonization processes and similar legal and social conditions. The research related to the lecture was supported by the Wacław Felczak Foundation, with a scholarship called "Jagello".