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The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze the features of political modernization in traditional societies on the example of the North Caucasus. The main attention is paid to contradictions and factors that generate crises of political modernization. The conditions of the modernization process, the structural components of traditional societies are revealed, the types of crises accompanying the modernization process are characterized, the factors that determine the success of modernization in transforming societies are analyzed. This article also attempts to delve into the essence of the specifics of political modernization in the North Caucasus. The author examines the problem of modernization through the prism of political, socio-economic, cultural and other features of the region, which are deeply interconnected and have common roots. The author concludes that the success of democratic transit depends on the presence in society of a mature social base, structured civil society institutions, an effective multiparty system, which, due to various circumstances, have not developed in the North Caucasus. An equally important factor hindering modernization in this region is the polyethnicity and multi-confessional society characteristic of the North Caucasus. Religion, which has a fairly strong position in the region, has a significant influence on political processes. The article also examines the role of ethnic elites, whose activities determine the specifics of relations in society.

"This expert's view into the strategic directions, tactics, leaders, and significant attacks connected to Chechen and North Caucasus terrorists examines the network's operations as well as the success of Russia's counterterrorist responses. "--

Mountainous, Dagestan has become contested territory in a hegemonic competition between Moscow and resurgent Islam. With no majority nationality, the republic developed a distinctive system of calibrated power relations among ethnic groups and with Moscow, a system that has been undermined by the spillover of the wars in Chechnya, Wahhabi and Islamist recruiting efforts targeting youth, and Moscow's reassertion of the "power vertical." Underdevelopment, high birthrates, transiting pipelines, and the rising incidence of terrorist violence and assassinations add to the explosive potential of the region. The authors combine analysis of the dynamics of domination and resistance, and the distinctive forms of social organization characteristic of mountain societies that may be applicable to other areas such as Afghanistan. They offer a unique perspective on the civilizational collision course under way in the Caucasus today

The article reviews the content and features of the transformation of traditional and modern values of the multiethnic youth of the North Caucasus. The purpose of the study is to identify the common and differences in the values of the youth of the Russian and North Caucasian peoples, identify the risks of conflict in the process of transforming the values of the youth of the North Caucasus. The conceptual and theoretical basis is the theory of the transformation of values under the influence of the modernization of society by R. Inglehart and C. Welzel. The empirical basis is the results of a sociological survey of assessments and perceptions of young people in the North Caucasus. Complex processes of value transformation are taking place in the multiethnic youth communities of the region. For the youth of the North Caucasus, the most significant are such traditional values as respect for working people, a strong state, patriotism and traditional family, less significant are religious and collectivist values. It is also important to observe national customs and traditions Among modern values, the most important for young people are democracy and human rights, freedom of expression, political freedom and personal autonomy, individualism and tolerance. Spread of traditional and modern values varies among young people from different ethnic and confessional groups. Traditional values are of great importance for Muslims and representatives of the North Caucasian peoples.

Editors' note: We publish here posthumously one of the last unpublished articles by the great historian of the Caucasus, Moshe Gammer (1950-2013). Professor in the Department of Middle Eastern and African History at Tel Aviv University, Gammer specialized in the history of Muslim resistance to Russian rule in the Northern Caucasus, to which subject his best-known works, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan and The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule, were dedicated. The current article was originally written in 2010 for submission to Europe-Asia Studies, but could not be completed for health reasons. The text has been left unabridged, and the author's original preferences in terminology and toponymic spellings have been retained. The editors thank Ruth Frankl-Gammer and Dr Chen Bram for their kind assistance in publishing this article.

Der Kaukasus ist charakterisiert durch Instabilität, Konflikte und Governance-Defizite. Bei der Suche nach Unterstützung gerät "die Region" zwischen die Einflussnahme Russlands und die EU. Die EU gewinnt aufgrund von wirtschaftlichen und geostrategischen Gründen zunehmend Interesse am Südkaukasus, bemüht sich aber auch parallel um die Förderung von Demokratie und Menschenrechten. Gleichzeitig liegt die "Region" jedoch auch im Einflussbereich Russlands.Das Buch nennt die zentralen Konfliktlinien und zeigt die Herausforderung dieser Dreiecksbeziehung. Darüber hinaus werden Möglichkeiten, Ergebnisse und Grenzen des Einflusses der EU und Russlands im Nord- und Südkaukasus aufgezeigt. Die Kernfrage des Bandes lautet, ob sich die triangularen Beziehungen zwischen der EU, Russland und dem Kaukasus hin zu einem eher kooperativen oder kompetitiven Modus (weiter) entwickeln werden?Mit Beiträgen von:Michèle Knodt, Sigita Urdze, Uwe Halbach, Ghia Nodia, Alexey Gunya, Timur Tenov, Murat Shogenov, Aslan Chechenov, Tracey German, Birgit Wetzel, Chiara Loda, Elsevar Mammadov, Levan Kakhishvili, Aron Buzógany

Investigating changes in upbringing in the North Caucasus, a region notorious for violent conflict, this book explores the lives of the generation born after the dissolution of the USSR who grew up under conditions of turmoil and rapid social change. It avoids the 'traditional' presentation of the North Caucasus as a locus of violence, and instead presents the life of people in the region through the lens of the young generation growing up there. Using focus groups with teachers and students of different ethnic groups, as well as surveys and essays written by children, the book.

Religious diversity has had a dramatic impact on the development of the North Caucasus region. People do not identify primarily with either a national or international Islamic community, although the fundamentalist Vakhabite community has become a major regional force during the past decade. Numerous official attempts to suppress Vakhabite influence has resulted in the emergence of a clandestine Vakhabite network supported by Islamic radicals from abroad, mostly of Saudi & North African Arab origin. These have joined with the Khattab group to receive military training in terrorist camps in support of the Chechen resistance to Soviet forces. Following the first Chechen war (1994-1996), differences arose between the Sufi & Vakhatiite movements, with Sufi Muslims called for creation of a secular state that would preserve traditional social patterns, while Vakhabites demanded the eradication of local customs which they regard as having tainted Islamic purity. Adapted from the source document.