Suchergebnisse

The creation of the EMU and the introduction of the Euro is a historic event for the EU countries. The debates on the desirability of the EMU provoked a vast economic literature dealing with the theory of the optimum currency area, costs and benefits of the EMU, symmetric versus asymmetric shocks, alternative mechanisms of adjustment in a monetary union and so forth. Until recently, for the Central European candidate countries for a full membership in the EU, these issues seemed to be too far away, as they concentrated on devising their own monetary and exchange rate systems suitable for their transition period. The challenges of the EMU for the Central European countries have scarcely been dealt with in both Western and Eastern economic literature. Inclusion of Central European Countries in the European Monetary Union aims to fill this gap, by focusing on the most direct issue of relevance for the Central European countries with respect to the EMU - why, how and when these countries are expected to join the EMU. The papers included in this volume study the relationship between the EU accession process of the Central European candidate countries and their involvement in the process of European monetary integration. The book focuses on two main issues. First, are these countries - now or possibly later - a part of the European optimum currency area so that they should belong to the Euro area in the near future? Second, if so, how and when should they undertake necessary adjustments in their monetary and exchange rate policies and join the ERM 2 and the EMU?

The accession of ten new members to the European Union on May 1st 2004 was among the most significant developments in the history of European integration. Based upon studies conducted by the European Forecasting Network, this 2006 book analysed key aspects of the impact of this enlargement with reference to eight of the ten new Member States, namely the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). It demonstrated that the enlargement had the potential to create profound consequences for both the new Member States and the pre-accession members of the Union, given the unparalleled magnitude of the enlargement, the fact that the CEECs had levels of prosperity and economic development well below the Union average, and their history of participation in centrally planned regimes. The contributions examined regional policy, the debate about accession to the EMU, the macroeconomic trajectories of the Central and Eastern European economies and their likely development

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2: Central Bank Independence and Democracy -- 2.1 The ESCB, the Eurosystem and the ECB: Institutional Aspects -- 2.2 Dimensions of Independence Within the ESCB -- 2.2.1 Institutional Independence -- 2.2.2 Personal Independence -- 2.2.3 Financial Independence -- 2.2.4 Functional Independence -- 2.2.4.1 Prohibition of Instructions and Influence -- 2.2.4.2 Correlation Between Independence and the Maintenance of Price Stability -- 2.3 Relationship to the Principle of Democracy -- 2.3.1 Democracy in the European Union -- 2.3.2 The Concept of Legitimation -- 2.3.2.1 Legitimacy and Legitimation -- 2.3.2.2 Input and Output Legitimation -- 2.3.3 The Concept of Democratic Accountability and Its Application to the ECB -- 2.3.3.1 Political Accountability -- 2.3.3.2 Administrative Accountability -- 2.3.3.3 Judicial Accountability -- 2.3.4 Democratic Safeguarding of Independence in the Case Law of the ECJ -- References -- Chapter 3: Dimensions of Independence in the Various Tasks of the ECB -- 3.1 Monetary Policy -- 3.1.1 Objectives and Means -- 3.1.2 Demarcation and Interaction Between Economic and Monetary Policy -- 3.1.2.1 Crisis-Induced Non-Standard Measures -- 3.1.2.2 Proceedings Before the FCC and the ECJ: OMT/PSPP -- 3.1.2.3 Demarcation as a Matter of Competence and Independence -- 3.1.2.4 The Competence-Related Principle of Proportionality as a Delimitation Criterion -- 3.1.3 Functional Characteristics of Monetary Policy -- 3.1.3.1 Capacity of Control Institutions -- 3.1.3.2 Fundamental Rights and Essentiality -- 3.1.3.3 Embedment of Independence through Clear Commitment to the Aim of Stability -- 3.2 Other Traditional Central Bank Functions -- 3.2.1 Issuance of Banknotes -- 3.2.1.1 Division of Competences Regarding Monetary Law.

The accession of ten new members to the European Union on May 1st 2004 is among the most significant developments in the history of European integration. Based upon studies conducted by the European Forecasting Network, this book analyses key aspects of the impact of this recent enlargement with reference to eight of the ten new Member States, namely the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). It demonstrates that the enlargement could have profound consequences on both the new Member States and on the pre-accession members of the Union, given the unparalleled magnitude of the enlargement, the fact that the CEECs have levels of prosperity and economic development well below the Union average, and their history of participation in centrally planned regimes. The contributions examine regional policy, the debate about accession to the EMU, the macroeconomic trajectories of the Central and Eastern European economies to date and their likely future development.

Agriculture posed considerable tensions for the processes of enlargement of the European Union, because of its continuing importance both in the economies of the applicant countries of Central and Eastern European countries which have joined EU on the 1st may 2004., and in the EU budget and acquits communautaire. The preparation of agriculture in the candidate countries to join the EU was rendered more complex by the fact that the Community's Common Agricultural Policy was a moving target. The aim of this paper is to show the bases elements of the Common Agricultural Policy, but also to provide a survey of recent developments relating to agriculture in the EU and new member states of the EU before their accession to EU and their preparation to access on the enlarged market, in order to indicate the main challenges and difficulties posed by enlargement. It seems likely that agricultural policy in the enlarged EU will attach increased priority to objectives such as rural development and the environment. However, these new priorities may be expensive to realize, and may impose a growing burden on the national budgets of EU member states.

The central challenges facing the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia as they work to catch up to advanced European Union (EU) income levels are discussed in this new book. Focusing on the region's growth performance, and outlining two growth scenarios that illustrate the range of investment and productivity growth rates under the income catchup objective, the authors draw upon extensive resources to identify strengths and weaknesses

The aim of the article is to present the spatial diversity of the sectoral transformation of the employment structure in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the period 2010–2018. The current level of development of the service sector in the EU is primarily a consequence of the political and economic conditions that have existed in these countries in recent decades. With today's changes in the global economy, related to the transition from industrial to post-industrial to informational phase of civilization, the adaptation processes of various economic structures are an important research issue. The result is a redevelopment of a sectoral economic structure in which industrial activity, a fundamental economic base in the industrial phase, gives way to service activities, especially related to the digital economy. Understanding the rules governing the evolution of the three-sectoral structure of employment in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe is an important problem both theoretically and practically. The author presents the mechanisms for changing the three-sector employment structure over time in the different countries of Central and Eastern Europe, finding not only the intensity of change but also their consistency. This approach shows one of the most crucial elements of the competitiveness of regional and national spatial systems.

Political Science; European Union - De serie 'Werkdocumenten' omvat stukken die in het kader van de werkzaamheden van de WRR tot stand zijn gekomen en die op aanvraag door de raad beschikbaar worden gesteld. De verantwoordelijkheid voor de inhoud en de ingenomen standpunten berust bij de auteurs.

Examines the impact of the EU on the quality of democracy in eight post-communist countries: Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, Ukraine and Armenia. Considering both the political and legal aspects, this title focuses on inter-institutional accountability.