Ben shu zhu yao kao cha zhong yang di fang guan xi zai dang dai zhong guo de bian qian guo cheng ji qi yu cheng zhen hua he she hui fa zhan fang mian de lian xi.Zai da liang jing yan diao cha he li lun yan jiu de ji chu shang,Ben shu zhi chu,Er shi shi ji ba shi nian dai de cai zheng bao gan zhi he jiu shi nian dai de fen shui zhi shi li jie zhong yang di fang guan xi bian qian de guan jian yao su
In Mexico they are still few studies describing in detail the political violence against women. The aim of this paper is to describe the political violence that have faced síndicas in a State of Central Mexican Altiplano after his rise to office in January 2014. It should be noted that before parity was approved nationally in the selection Candidate / os to elected office, such a mechanism was approved for the election of municipal authorities in Tlaxcala. The agreement by the local election authority that resulted in the 2014-2016 triennium, women were elected in almost all of the receiverships. Of the 60 receiverships in the state, 56 of them were represented by women and 5 men, that is, 91% of this elected office. This circumstance led to changes in the power relationships inside and outside the hall that led to conflicts between the mayor and the ombudswoman, which in several cases were characterized, as noted by the Association of Councillors of Bolivia (ACOBOL) by aggressive behaviors caused physical, psychological or sexual harm against a woman in the exercise of political representation, to prevent and restrict the exercise of his office or induce her to make decisions against its will, its principles and the law. This research describes the strategies followed by the Syndic of Tlaxcala to deal with such behavior. The reflection is done from a gender perspective, ie considering the roles assigned to women generate discrimination and inequalities, which result in differential access to resources, and therefore power. This work was based on several interviews with actors / as relevant (president / is acting municipal and / or were, síndicas, among other) allowing learn about their views, experiences and strategies. I also used the hemerographic review to document the characteristics of the conflict. The findings point to visualize the consequences of questioning the way in which power is exercised in local government, the results of the absence of operational structures for the operation of the law and the need for equal numbers include women in order to build from local democracy. ; En México, aún son escasos los trabajos que describen con detalle la violencia política hacia las mujeres. Precisamente, el objetivo de este artículo es describir la violencia política que han enfrentado las síndicas en un estado del Altiplano Central mexicano después de su ascenso al cargo en enero de 2014. Es necesario señalar que, antes de que se aprobara la paridad a nivel nacional en la selección de candidatas/os a cargos de elección popular, dicho mecanismo ya había sido aprobado para la elección de autoridades municipales en Tlaxcala. El acuerdo tomado por la autoridad electoral local tuvo como resultado que, en el trienio 2014-2016, se eligieran mujeres en casi la totalidad de las sindicaturas: de las 60 sindicaturas en la entidad, 56 quedaron representadas por mujeres y 5 por hombres, esto es, el 91% de este cargo de elección popular. Esta circunstancia generó transformaciones en las relaciones de poder dentro y fuera del ayuntamiento. Estos cambios provocaron conflictos entre el presidente municipal y la síndica, que en diversos casos, se vieron caracterizados, como lo señala la Asociación de Concejalas de Bolivia (ACOBOL), por conductas agresivas que causaron daño físico, psicológico o sexual en contra de la mujer en ejercicio de la representación política. El objetivo era impedir y restringirel ejercicio de su cargo o inducirla a tomar decisiones en contra de su voluntad, de sus principios y de la ley.La presente investigación describe las estrategias seguidas por las síndicas de Tlaxcala para enfrentar tales conductas. La reflexión se realiza desde la perspectiva de género, es decir, considerando cómo los roles asignados a las mujeres generan discriminación y desigualdades, que se traducen en un acceso diferenciado a los recursos, y por lo tanto, al poder. Este trabajo se sustentó en diversas entrevistas a actores/as relevantes (presidentas/es municipales en funciones y/o que lo fueron, síndicas, entre otras/os), lo que permitió conocer de cerca sus opiniones, experiencias y estrategias. También recurrí a la revisión hemerográfica para documentar las características del conflicto. Las conclusiones apuntan a visibilizar las consecuencias de cuestionar la forma en que se ejerce el poder en los gobiernos locales, los resultados de la ausencia de estructurasoperativas para el funcionamiento de la ley y la necesidad de incluir paritariamente a las mujeres con la finalidad de construir democracia desde lo local.
Interest in the use of new technologies as an instrument for the modernisation of public management is something common in public administrations. Local governments have recently invested considerable human and material resources to try to deliver services in a more efficient way. Although the progress made in the implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) has been significant, an analysis of all local government shows that its impact on the reform policies has been unequal, and that the real objectives of these processes of modernisation have not always been the same. Most governments have chosen a strategy that reproduces the way that the traditional administration works; whereas only a few have tried to make use of the potential that ICT offers to provide more transparency, new online services and to make administrations more receptive to citizens' needs. The first section of this article gives global data about the development of ICT in Spanish municipalities. Next, the websites of Spanish cities are analysed to identify the factors that enhance e-government and its implementation in the benefit of transparency, interaction with citizens and accountability
Se discute el nuevo regionalismo italiano y sus relaciones con los gobiernos locales, haciendo mención al compromiso originario de la Constitución italiana de 1948, analizando las reformas que ocurrieron en los años 1990 y, posteriormente, los entes locales a posteriori del nuevo título V después de 2001. ; This essay discusses the new Italian regionalism and its relations with the local governments, mentioning the original commitment of the 1948 Italian Constitution and analyzing the reforms occurred in the years 1990, and later, the local authorities after the new title V since 2001.
本研究發現一個地區的經濟發展水平與當地居民對中央政府的信任程度負相關。 ; 本研究包括定量和定性兩個部份。定量部份,普通最小二乘線性回歸(OLS)分析和雙層回歸分析的結果顯示:區域經濟發展水平與人們對中央政府的信任存在顯著的負相關關係。控制了個人因素變量,上述相關關係仍然顯著。定性分析部份討論了傳統文化與信息流通在發達地區和欠發達地區如何影響政府信任。這部份分析發現文化因素和信息因素是導致某一地區的民眾比另一地區民眾更不相信中央政府的重要因素,但必須與經濟發展因素相結合才能發揮顯著作用。文化與信息受當地的經濟發展水平影響:一個地區的經濟發展水平越高,傳統文化的影響力越弱,信息化程度越高;反之,經濟發展水平越低,傳統文化的影響力越強,信息化程度越低。定量分析與定性分析都支持研究假設。 ; 把上述靜態觀察納入動態視角,從長遠看,區域經濟發展將削弱公眾對中央政府的信任。具體來說,假定目前的局勢延續,隨著中國越來越多的地區經濟得到發展,當地民眾對中央政府的信任會相應降低。據此推測,中國人的政府信任可能會經歷一個由"中央高、地方低再變為"中央低、地方更低的過程。 ; This research shows that the level of economic development in a region has a negative correlation with local residents' trust in the central government. ; This study draws on both quantitative and qualitative analyses. In the quantitative section, both OLS regression and hierarchical linear modeling show that the level of regional economic development has a significant negative correlation with public trust in the central government, controlling for individual factors. Qualitative analysis suggests that traditional culture and the flow of political information affect people's trust in government when they interact with economic development. In places where economy is underdeveloped, traditional culture has a larger impact and the flow of political information is less free. By contrast, in places where economy is more developed, traditional culture has a weaker effect and the flow of political information is freer. ; Putting the finding of the cross-sectional analysis into a dynamic perspective, it is suggested that the development of local economy may in the long run weaken local residents' trust in the central government. More specifically, assuming that the present situation continues, as more and more regions experience economic growth, local residents may develop weaker confidence in the central government. The pattern of trust in government may then evolve from the current "high trust in the central government and lower trust in local government into "low trust in the central government and even lower trust in local government. ...
