Suchergebnisse

Nowadays in Lithuania the quality of child care and de-institutionalization issues are hightly actualized. However, the latter remains just in discussion form, because there is a critical shortage of de-institutionalization promoting actions based on reasons and research. The final master research analyzes the needs of de-institutionalization of children in care in order to reveal how the adult's constructed guardianship system and decisions affects the children without parental care. The aim of thesis is to reveal the de-institutionalization interferences and opportunities. In order to get a good quality results in empirical studies the qualitative research methodology and semi-structured interview method was selected. Informants were selected through a selection criteria. Survey participants were selected from children, who live and lived in child care, and child care professionals. The total sample is 18 informants. The aim of the research - to investigate the transition to the child care system deinstucionalization problems and impact on children's social reality. Children's satisfaction with care (child care institutions, foster families, household foster care families) in the study is discussed. Child care highest valued is in foster families , household foster families, the lowest - in institutions. The results also had shown the need for high care system de-institutionalization systems. However, to reform this system is quite difficult for certain interference, such as a lack of political will, which encourages a lack of social services, poor and unequal distribution of resources between forms of care. The participants of the thesis refers to a myriad of recommendations , which could have modified the system - but it also shows, that the care system expectations and needs aren't heard of \"government \" because these expectations and the laws generally do not match. In the study analysis also revealed that children are poorly involved in the care process which affects them , not fully allowed in to needs of the child - adult guardianship system is designed not fully meet the expectations of children , particularly it can be said about child care institutions which children values very negatively. Institutional child care designed by adults has a negative impact in children social reality, leaving the unwanted consequences for further their lives. Turning to deinstucionalizuotos child care system , special attention should be given to children 's participation and foster care.

Nowadays in Lithuania the quality of child care and de-institutionalization issues are hightly actualized. However, the latter remains just in discussion form, because there is a critical shortage of de-institutionalization promoting actions based on reasons and research. The final master research analyzes the needs of de-institutionalization of children in care in order to reveal how the adult's constructed guardianship system and decisions affects the children without parental care. The aim of thesis is to reveal the de-institutionalization interferences and opportunities. In order to get a good quality results in empirical studies the qualitative research methodology and semi-structured interview method was selected. Informants were selected through a selection criteria. Survey participants were selected from children, who live and lived in child care, and child care professionals. The total sample is 18 informants. The aim of the research - to investigate the transition to the child care system deinstucionalization problems and impact on children's social reality. Children's satisfaction with care (child care institutions, foster families, household foster care families) in the study is discussed. Child care highest valued is in foster families , household foster families, the lowest - in institutions. The results also had shown the need for high care system de-institutionalization systems. However, to reform this system is quite difficult for certain interference, such as a lack of political will, which encourages a lack of social services, poor and unequal distribution of resources between forms of care. The participants of the thesis refers to a myriad of recommendations , which could have modified the system - but it also shows, that the care system expectations and needs aren't heard of \"government \" because these expectations and the laws generally do not match. In the study analysis also revealed that children are poorly involved in the care process which affects them , not fully allowed in to needs of the child - adult guardianship system is designed not fully meet the expectations of children , particularly it can be said about child care institutions which children values very negatively. Institutional child care designed by adults has a negative impact in children social reality, leaving the unwanted consequences for further their lives. Turning to deinstucionalizuotos child care system , special attention should be given to children 's participation and foster care.

The Lithuanian Ministry of Education adopted the sexual education and preparation for a family life policy in 2016. Policy formulation stage became the centreof the conflict between secular reproductive health and sex education activists and religious civil society organizations as well as Lithuanian Catholic Church which exerts its informal political power and utilizes institutional opportunity structures in various stages of policy-making. These groups clashed not only in the chambers of the Lithuanian Parliament but also in the media. Competing discourses were created and maintained in various public spaces. Non-governmental human rights organizations have tried to counter the discourse of oppositional conservative and religious political actors and actively participated in policy formulation. However,these attempts did not prevent the Ministry of Education from adopting a family and abstinence-oriented sex education,which favours specificreligious values. This paper seeks to understand religious influence in sexual education policy formation in Lithuania. I utilize news media articles and anonymous in-depth interviews with various relevant actors involved.This case study also enriches theoretical literature on informal institutions,and institutional opportunity structures concerningreligious actors influence morality policy-making.

The Lithuanian Ministry of Education adopted the sexual education and preparation for a family life policy in 2016. Policy formulation stage became the centreof the conflict between secular reproductive health and sex education activists and religious civil society organizations as well as Lithuanian Catholic Church which exerts its informal political power and utilizes institutional opportunity structures in various stages of policy-making. These groups clashed not only in the chambers of the Lithuanian Parliament but also in the media. Competing discourses were created and maintained in various public spaces. Non-governmental human rights organizations have tried to counter the discourse of oppositional conservative and religious political actors and actively participated in policy formulation. However,these attempts did not prevent the Ministry of Education from adopting a family and abstinence-oriented sex education,which favours specificreligious values. This paper seeks to understand religious influence in sexual education policy formation in Lithuania. I utilize news media articles and anonymous in-depth interviews with various relevant actors involved.This case study also enriches theoretical literature on informal institutions,and institutional opportunity structures concerningreligious actors influence morality policy-making.

The Lithuanian Ministry of Education adopted the sexual education and preparation for a family life policy in 2016. Policy formulation stage became the centreof the conflict between secular reproductive health and sex education activists and religious civil society organizations as well as Lithuanian Catholic Church which exerts its informal political power and utilizes institutional opportunity structures in various stages of policy-making. These groups clashed not only in the chambers of the Lithuanian Parliament but also in the media. Competing discourses were created and maintained in various public spaces. Non-governmental human rights organizations have tried to counter the discourse of oppositional conservative and religious political actors and actively participated in policy formulation. However,these attempts did not prevent the Ministry of Education from adopting a family and abstinence-oriented sex education,which favours specificreligious values. This paper seeks to understand religious influence in sexual education policy formation in Lithuania. I utilize news media articles and anonymous in-depth interviews with various relevant actors involved.This case study also enriches theoretical literature on informal institutions,and institutional opportunity structures concerningreligious actors influence morality policy-making.

The Lithuanian Ministry of Education adopted the sexual education and preparation for a family life policy in 2016. Policy formulation stage became the centreof the conflict between secular reproductive health and sex education activists and religious civil society organizations as well as Lithuanian Catholic Church which exerts its informal political power and utilizes institutional opportunity structures in various stages of policy-making. These groups clashed not only in the chambers of the Lithuanian Parliament but also in the media. Competing discourses were created and maintained in various public spaces. Non-governmental human rights organizations have tried to counter the discourse of oppositional conservative and religious political actors and actively participated in policy formulation. However,these attempts did not prevent the Ministry of Education from adopting a family and abstinence-oriented sex education,which favours specificreligious values. This paper seeks to understand religious influence in sexual education policy formation in Lithuania. I utilize news media articles and anonymous in-depth interviews with various relevant actors involved.This case study also enriches theoretical literature on informal institutions,and institutional opportunity structures concerningreligious actors influence morality policy-making.

Issues of protection by mechanisms of the International Law of migrant children is particularly relevant today because the numbers of migrant children are growing each year significantly. Master thesis "Migrant Children in the Context of Child Rights Convention" is devoted to the examining of the role of the Convention on the Rights of the Child as one of the essential instrument of protecting migrant children's rights in the International Law through a comprehensive analysis of the relevant articles of the Convention and legal problems related to them. The Convention on the Rights of the Child contains a complete list of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights that migrant children have and requires states to protect this category of children as the most vulnerable. The Convention on the Rights of the Child guarantees the right of migrant children to family reunification, effectively protects refugee and asylum-seeking children as a separate group of migrant children and limits the immigration detention of children what is always contrary to their best interests. Master thesis "Migrant Children in the Context of Child Rights Convention" is divided into general and specific parts, which provide logical argumentation that the Convention on the Rights of the Child is an crucial protective instrument of migrant children in International Law. Conclusions and recommendations illustrate the effectiveness of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the legal regulation of migrant children.

Issues of protection by mechanisms of the International Law of migrant children is particularly relevant today because the numbers of migrant children are growing each year significantly. Master thesis "Migrant Children in the Context of Child Rights Convention" is devoted to the examining of the role of the Convention on the Rights of the Child as one of the essential instrument of protecting migrant children's rights in the International Law through a comprehensive analysis of the relevant articles of the Convention and legal problems related to them. The Convention on the Rights of the Child contains a complete list of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights that migrant children have and requires states to protect this category of children as the most vulnerable. The Convention on the Rights of the Child guarantees the right of migrant children to family reunification, effectively protects refugee and asylum-seeking children as a separate group of migrant children and limits the immigration detention of children what is always contrary to their best interests. Master thesis "Migrant Children in the Context of Child Rights Convention" is divided into general and specific parts, which provide logical argumentation that the Convention on the Rights of the Child is an crucial protective instrument of migrant children in International Law. Conclusions and recommendations illustrate the effectiveness of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the legal regulation of migrant children.

This paper demonstrates the situation of the law of child's socialization, and legal education in Lithuania. The relevance of the problem of the law of child's socialization and legal education are addressed in the work of several authors: A. Maceina (1991), L. Jovaiša ( 1995, 2003), V. Šlapkauskas (2004), J. Galinaitytė (2001), A. Pekauskas, G. Grigaliūnaitė (2008), and the number of studies that reveal the state of legal education in Lithuania is very low. The problem is very relevant because all legislation only discusses the rights of children and little is suggested about the duties of children, while the legal education is based on the mutual relation of subjective rights and legal obligations. Children are not internalising moral ideas and moral principles, and the rules of law do not become their internal behaviour rules. Legal education projects in Lithuania are yet in initial stage. Lithuania has not yet developed a legal education system, which is necessary for the legal education to become a logical process. The work consists of four main parts. It describes the concept of the law of socialization and legal education. It analyzes the legislation relating the law of socialization and legal regulation of the education content and process. It demonstrates that the basis of legal education is the relation between subjective rights and legal obligations. The work presents a quantitative empirical study which purpose is to reveal how much children know and how they understand their rights and responsibilities. How much emphasis do parents and teachers give for the legal upbringing of children, what are relationships of parents, educators and children, how do parents and teachers understand children's rights and responsibilities and what difficulties they face in legal education of the younger generation. Based on the results of the survey we present recommendations for the improvement of the condition of legal education in Lithuania. The study data suggests that the condition of legal education remains a complex problem in Lithuania. Not all children are equally well aware of their rights and responsibilities. Part of adults fail to meet their obligations; do not guarantee the dignity of children, suggesting that children violate the rights of others because their rights and freedoms are not guaranteed and protected. Children know that there are no rights without duties and no responsibilities without rights, but this principle of law is not followed in the interaction with the environment. Thus, family and school provide too little attention to the formation of children's legal consciousness. The child's legal sense of responsibility is not developed. The role of teacher as the authority in the process of legal education is weakening, and this undermines the possibility of teachers to educate children, who would be guided by democratic norms of the law. The study ascertained that legal education of teachers and parents should be given more attention because they choose to inadequate tools and techniques of legal education, often themselves violate the rights of children, thereby having a negative impact on the formation of children's legal consciousness, which leads to the legal treatment of children in society.

This paper demonstrates the situation of the law of child's socialization, and legal education in Lithuania. The relevance of the problem of the law of child's socialization and legal education are addressed in the work of several authors: A. Maceina (1991), L. Jovaiša ( 1995, 2003), V. Šlapkauskas (2004), J. Galinaitytė (2001), A. Pekauskas, G. Grigaliūnaitė (2008), and the number of studies that reveal the state of legal education in Lithuania is very low. The problem is very relevant because all legislation only discusses the rights of children and little is suggested about the duties of children, while the legal education is based on the mutual relation of subjective rights and legal obligations. Children are not internalising moral ideas and moral principles, and the rules of law do not become their internal behaviour rules. Legal education projects in Lithuania are yet in initial stage. Lithuania has not yet developed a legal education system, which is necessary for the legal education to become a logical process. The work consists of four main parts. It describes the concept of the law of socialization and legal education. It analyzes the legislation relating the law of socialization and legal regulation of the education content and process. It demonstrates that the basis of legal education is the relation between subjective rights and legal obligations. The work presents a quantitative empirical study which purpose is to reveal how much children know and how they understand their rights and responsibilities. How much emphasis do parents and teachers give for the legal upbringing of children, what are relationships of parents, educators and children, how do parents and teachers understand children's rights and responsibilities and what difficulties they face in legal education of the younger generation. Based on the results of the survey we present recommendations for the improvement of the condition of legal education in Lithuania. The study data suggests that the condition of legal education remains a complex problem in Lithuania. Not all children are equally well aware of their rights and responsibilities. Part of adults fail to meet their obligations; do not guarantee the dignity of children, suggesting that children violate the rights of others because their rights and freedoms are not guaranteed and protected. Children know that there are no rights without duties and no responsibilities without rights, but this principle of law is not followed in the interaction with the environment. Thus, family and school provide too little attention to the formation of children's legal consciousness. The child's legal sense of responsibility is not developed. The role of teacher as the authority in the process of legal education is weakening, and this undermines the possibility of teachers to educate children, who would be guided by democratic norms of the law. The study ascertained that legal education of teachers and parents should be given more attention because they choose to inadequate tools and techniques of legal education, often themselves violate the rights of children, thereby having a negative impact on the formation of children's legal consciousness, which leads to the legal treatment of children in society.

Topic of the thesis is the implementation of one - child policy in China: the demographic and economic consequences. China's situation is unique because its demographic evolution was influenced by various birth planning policies. The greatest impact for the country development had a one - child policy, which formally were implemented since 1979 until 2015. The problem of this thesis is related to China's one-child policy, its development, demographic and economic changes during its implementation. The main object of this master's thesis is one–child policy and its impact on the main demographic and economic indicators. The aim is to find out if the one-child policy introduced in 1979 was successful and resulted in a positive demographic and economic changes. To achieve the aim of the thesis, were formulated following tasks: after the analysis of the demographic theories, construct theoretical approach which help assess the demographic situation in China; an overview the birth planning policies development until the one-child policy implementation in 1979; analyze the one-child policy characteristics of the implementation, development, application methods; perform an analysis of demographic characteristics until the one-child policy (1949 - 1979) and after (1979 - 2015); analyze macroeconomic indicators until the one-child policy (1949 - 1979) and after (1979-2015). The results showed that in China 1970 – 1979, before the implementation of the one-child policy, the country has experienced a dramatic decline in fertility due to the strict birth planning policy initiated by Mao Zedong. After Mao's death, when Deng Xiaoping became a political leader of China, he decided to to revive the country's economy, so country needed a new birth planning policy. In 1979, was introduced the one-child policy, according to which the state formally controlled the family planning process. Implementation of this policy for the past 35 years caused the problems such as rapid aging of society, striking gender imbalance, decreasing labor resources, low birth rates. However, despite these problems, demographic and economic indicators analysis showed that the one-child policy achieved its objectives and helped China to become one of the strongest countries in the world. One-child policy reduced rapid population growth, increased gross domestic product, significantly improved gross domestic product per capita, due to the low birth rate raised the part of economically active population, increased investments of the country.

Topic of the thesis is the implementation of one - child policy in China: the demographic and economic consequences. China's situation is unique because its demographic evolution was influenced by various birth planning policies. The greatest impact for the country development had a one - child policy, which formally were implemented since 1979 until 2015. The problem of this thesis is related to China's one-child policy, its development, demographic and economic changes during its implementation. The main object of this master's thesis is one–child policy and its impact on the main demographic and economic indicators. The aim is to find out if the one-child policy introduced in 1979 was successful and resulted in a positive demographic and economic changes. To achieve the aim of the thesis, were formulated following tasks: after the analysis of the demographic theories, construct theoretical approach which help assess the demographic situation in China; an overview the birth planning policies development until the one-child policy implementation in 1979; analyze the one-child policy characteristics of the implementation, development, application methods; perform an analysis of demographic characteristics until the one-child policy (1949 - 1979) and after (1979 - 2015); analyze macroeconomic indicators until the one-child policy (1949 - 1979) and after (1979-2015). The results showed that in China 1970 – 1979, before the implementation of the one-child policy, the country has experienced a dramatic decline in fertility due to the strict birth planning policy initiated by Mao Zedong. After Mao's death, when Deng Xiaoping became a political leader of China, he decided to to revive the country's economy, so country needed a new birth planning policy. In 1979, was introduced the one-child policy, according to which the state formally controlled the family planning process. Implementation of this policy for the past 35 years caused the problems such as rapid aging of society, striking gender imbalance, decreasing labor resources, low birth rates. However, despite these problems, demographic and economic indicators analysis showed that the one-child policy achieved its objectives and helped China to become one of the strongest countries in the world. One-child policy reduced rapid population growth, increased gross domestic product, significantly improved gross domestic product per capita, due to the low birth rate raised the part of economically active population, increased investments of the country.

Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction in the European Union Law This thesis analyses the institute of Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction in European Union law. The purpose of this institute is to discourage child's parents or other custody rights holders from unlawful child's removal and/or retention to other countries. The procedure of a child return is strictly regulated, inter alia, by the provisions set out in the 1980 Hague Convention on Child Abduction and Brussels II bis Regulation. As of 2022 Brussels II bis Regulation is being recast resulting changes in the legal regulation of this institute consequently they were described in this work. The first part of this thesis deals with the general concept of the institute, the jurisdictional rules, the principles of the protection of the best interests of a child. The second part of this thesis analyses the procedure of a child return in court, the peculiarities of the exemptions provided in the 1980 Hague Convention, the importance of the terms established by the previous mentioned laws. In the third part of this paper the author analyses the process after the decision of the court to return or to refuse to return child to the country of his origin. It is anticipated that this analysis will contribute to more effective application of the institute of the Child Abduction in the case law of Lithuania.

Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction in the European Union Law This thesis analyses the institute of Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction in European Union law. The purpose of this institute is to discourage child's parents or other custody rights holders from unlawful child's removal and/or retention to other countries. The procedure of a child return is strictly regulated, inter alia, by the provisions set out in the 1980 Hague Convention on Child Abduction and Brussels II bis Regulation. As of 2022 Brussels II bis Regulation is being recast resulting changes in the legal regulation of this institute consequently they were described in this work. The first part of this thesis deals with the general concept of the institute, the jurisdictional rules, the principles of the protection of the best interests of a child. The second part of this thesis analyses the procedure of a child return in court, the peculiarities of the exemptions provided in the 1980 Hague Convention, the importance of the terms established by the previous mentioned laws. In the third part of this paper the author analyses the process after the decision of the court to return or to refuse to return child to the country of his origin. It is anticipated that this analysis will contribute to more effective application of the institute of the Child Abduction in the case law of Lithuania.

Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction in the European Union Law This thesis analyses the institute of Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction in European Union law. The purpose of this institute is to discourage child's parents or other custody rights holders from unlawful child's removal and/or retention to other countries. The procedure of a child return is strictly regulated, inter alia, by the provisions set out in the 1980 Hague Convention on Child Abduction and Brussels II bis Regulation. As of 2022 Brussels II bis Regulation is being recast resulting changes in the legal regulation of this institute consequently they were described in this work. The first part of this thesis deals with the general concept of the institute, the jurisdictional rules, the principles of the protection of the best interests of a child. The second part of this thesis analyses the procedure of a child return in court, the peculiarities of the exemptions provided in the 1980 Hague Convention, the importance of the terms established by the previous mentioned laws. In the third part of this paper the author analyses the process after the decision of the court to return or to refuse to return child to the country of his origin. It is anticipated that this analysis will contribute to more effective application of the institute of the Child Abduction in the case law of Lithuania.