We study the effect of child care costs on the fertility behavior of Swedish women and find that reductions in child care charges influence fertility decisions, even when costs are initially highly subsidized. Exploiting the exogenous variation in child care costs caused by a Swedish child care reform, we are able to identify the causal effect of child care costs on fertility in a context in which child care enrolment is almost universal and the labor force participation of mothers is very high. A typical household planning another child experienced a reduction in expected future child care costs of SEK 106,000 (USD 17,800). This reduction resulted in 3-5 more child births per 1,000 women during an 18 month period, which corresponds to a 4-6 per cent increase in the birth rate.
"For further reading": p. 31. ; "This pamphlet is based mainly on Children in a democracy, the general report adopted by the White House conference on children in a democracy, January, 1940, and the research documents prepared for that conference."--p. 1. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Images of suffering children capture the moral imperative of humanitarian action. As a quintessential embodiment o victimhood, decontextualized images of childhood vulnerability articulate specific aesthetics, emotions, and politics that trigger feelings of compassion, mobilize donors' solidarity, and persuade public opinion of the need for immediate lifesaving actions, including those of a military nature. However, this image of children is deeply entangled in the civilizational trajectories of Western modernity and sets out a Eurocentric standard of childhood that at times contrasts with local cultural notions of "childhood" and children's material conditions in contexts outside Europe and North America. This dictionary entry discusses critically humanitarian representations of children in light of Southeast Asian, African and Latin-American de-centered constructions of childhood
Parents as the main caregivers play a very important role, because the parenting patterns will greatly affect the growth and development of children. Every parent hopes that their children can grow well according to the aspects of development and can grow optimally, so that later the children will become smart children. However, the busyness of the parents forced the parents to leave their children at the TPA. This is where TPA as a Children Gareden plays a very important role in the process of caring for a child. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the results of the implementation of democratic parenting in early childhood. This study uses a qualitative descriptive field research method. The research location is in the RAPSI RANUPAKSI Children Gareden, Karangpucung, South Purwokerto, Banyumas Regency. The research subjects include teachers or caregivers and parents of children. Data obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study describe the implementation of democratic parenting patterns and democratic values in parenting carried out by caregivers in early childhood in the RAPSI RANUPAKSI Children Gareden Karangpucung, South Purwokerto, Banyumas Regency, this research shows the process parenting activities, and democratic values in the childcare process in the Children Gareden . Recommendations for future research as a material for research renewal can be done not only in childcare institutions but also parenting patterns carried out by families. So it can be known the connection, relationships, wider and profound impact related to the relationship of foster care institutions and parents or families.
The focus of study of CRAN 2016—exploitation of children—reminded me of the following story.The cover* of the Summer 2009 issue of the Ottawa Citizen's style magazine was a graphic picture of a young teen girl dressed seductively and posing provocatively.To check my subjective reaction, I showed the magazine cover to several male and female colleagues. All agreed that the photo was sexually exploitive of youth.This brief story illustrates quite concretely, I think, some of my career-long observations and conclusions related to the harmful exploitation of children by the media:1. Whether intended or not, advertisers' depiction of children for commercial benefit can carry messages harmful to children—and to society.2. The media, who are dependent on advertising revenue, are complicit in delivering harmful advertising.3. Absent oversight, the media have near full control over their product and the ability to defend against criticism.4. Effective external oversight and regulation to protect children from harmful messaging can offset the dangers of media being a law unto itself.5. Government has a unique role and power to counter, through legislation and education, the commercial exploitation of children—and other vulnerable groups.
This chapter will begin by considering what it means to be a 'looked after' child or young person. Legislative and policy developments will be outlined from the wide ranging impact of the Kilbrandon Report (1964) to the Children and Young People (Scotland) Act 2014. The development of services and policy for and practice with looked after children will be outlined and contextualised within current Scottish Government strategy. Outcomes for looked after children will be explored via an analysis of the impact of those policies and implications for current and future practice will be identified.
In this study of the phenomenon of lead poisoning in children, the various approaches that several cities have employed to combat the problem are discussed. Several suggestions for dealing with the situation are proposed. These include educational programs, followup reports, legislation, and research.
For many Australians the labour market has become a less friendly place over the last two decades. One source of tension is the loss of full-time jobs. Since August 1975 the full-time employment-population ratio has fallen by 26 per cent among men and increased only one per cent among women. There has, however, been considerable part-time employment growth but not sufficient to offset full-time job losses. The young have been particularly affected by this job loss and there are numerous studies of teenage unemployment. It is noticeable, however, that less attention has been directed to the impact of inadequate employment growth on families with dependent children. Our objective in this essay is to move the focus away from measuring child poverty and direct it towards the fundamental labour market and social changes that are generating the rapid growth of government income support for children. The first question is to what extent has inadequate job growth over the last two decades found its way into families with dependent children? This is not a difficult question to answer and we provide the basic facts. Other subsequent questions that might be posed are more difficult. Why has so much joblessness located in families with dependent children, rather than elsewhere in the economy? What is the effect, on a child, of living for a substantial period in a family without work? To a large extent we can only conjecture as to the answers. There is no doubt that the changing labour market has brought increasing disadvantage to many individuals, families and children (Miller 1997, Gregory 1993). But it has also brought a new and exciting range of opportunities to others. For example, there has been substantial growth in employment and relative wages of women and many children have shared in these advantages. They have access to economic resources well above that of their parents when they were children. But just as employment and income inequalities are growing in the adult labour market so it is likely that there are growing inequalities of life chances among children. The difference in economic resources brought to children living in two income families and those living in jobless families is considerable.
OBJECTIVE--To examine the problem of accidental injury to children on farms. DESIGN--Prospective county based study of children presenting to accident and emergency departments over 12 months with injuries sustained in a farm setting and nationwide review of fatal childhood farm accidents over the four years April 1986 to March 1990. SETTING--Accident and emergency departments in Aberystwyth, Carmarthen, Haverfordwest, and Llanelli and fatal accidents in England, Scotland, and Wales notified to the Health and Safety Executive register. SUBJECTS--Children aged under 16. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Death or injury after farm related accidents. RESULTS--65 accidents were recorded, including 18 fractures. Nine accidents necessitated admission to hospital for a mean of two (range one to four) days. 13 incidents were related to tractors and other machinery; 24 were due to falls. None of these incidents were reported under the statutory notification scheme. 33 deaths were notified, eight related to tractors and allied machinery and 10 related to falling objects. CONCLUSIONS--Although safety is improving, the farm remains a dangerous environment for children. Enforcement of existing safety legislation with significant penalties and targeting of safety education will help reduce accident rates further.
The chaotic issue of street children is rampant across the globe especially in developing nations like Pakistan. The presence of around 150 million street children worldwide highlights the gravity of the situation, out of which 1.2 million are living in Pakistan. The extreme poverty, unequal distribution of wealth, high inflation and large families push children to the street. The need for survival compels these children to engage in hazardous labor, begging, trash collection, prostitution, and drug addiction. They receive no protection from state and faces dangerous risks on streets. However, the state is under the obligation to provide protection as well as free and quality education to all. At present, there is no as such particular policy develops regarding the education of these children. Hence, they remain deprived of their fundamental right to education. So, the study focuses on the current status regarding the education of street children; educational interventions carried out by the government of Pakistan and NGOs; and challenges experienced by NGOs regarding such interventions in the country. This research is based on case study methodology and a qualitative in its nature. The study concludes that deficient in implementing and translating existing policies into practice, inadequate laws, funds, and public institutions response combined with public detest makes these children deliberately invisible to state. In addition to that, the government is also hampering the work of NGOs providing free education to street children. The study recommends that the Pakistani government should develop tangible policy, laws, and funds for the education of these children. In addition, the government should facilitate NGOs working to fulfill the educational needs of street children. With the help of education, street children will be able to understand risks, challenges and prepare themselves to counter while living and working on the streets.
In this increasingly globalized world, with hundreds of millions of people living outside the country of their birth, and States guarding their sovereign right to control membership ever more closely, the number of children without secure citizenship status is on the rise. This article is a case study of non-citizen children in the Bahamas, focusing specifically on children born of Haitian parents without status, "Arendt's children". It examines how the Bahamas, a State party to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), fails to consider adequately the best interests of the Bahamian-born non-citizen child in its laws and policies. It analyses how the Bahamas' ratification of relevant human rights treaties translates into practice at the domestic level and concludes with an examination of ways in which Arendt's children might be integrated into the Bahamian polity.
A special issue of the "Indians at Work" news sheet from the Office of Indian Affairs. This issue includes art and writings from Native American children across the United States. Topics include: Arts and crafts; Indians foods; dances and rituals; poetry; animals; home duties; tribal customs; work; history; stories; and pottery making. All topics provide insights into the daily lives and activities of Native Americans from a child's perspective. This collection pertains to Public Health Nursing among Native American people, with emphasis on the Navajo Tribe. This collection consists of correspondence, a manuscript, a questionnaire and responses, personal reminiscences, articles, essays, government documents and pamphlets, as well as photographs (see Photographic Collection), which depict Reservation life through the eyes of Public Health nurses, Native Americans, and government officials, and includes a wealth of statistical material and government data. Spanning roughly sixty-five years, this collection offers insights into many facets of Public Health Nursing on Native American Reservations. One will find many personal reminiscences, interesting essays and stories, newspaper articles, and innumerable US Government documents, statistics, and memoranda pertaining to Reservation life
Immunizcion has been one Of the great Of century medicine for prevention and control Of human and anirnal infectious diseases. The routine immunization programs against childhood Save proved to be very successful in both developed and developing countries. The Government Of India initiated the Expanded Præram on immunization (EPO in 1978 Of providirg immunization for c] the children against su voccine preventable diseases i.e. Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pettussis, Tuberculosis, Polio and Measles. The achievements are remarkable and the incidences of these six diæases hove brought down significantly 2000}. is administered to the mother either during her pregnancy or prior to during the years to protect new borne against neonatal tetanus. The global Polio eradication initiative began in 1988 World health Assembly, 1988) thrægh 2001 , the number of reported Polio cases in world has been reduced by more than 99 percent from an estirnated < 1000 caæs and number Of counties where pcEo is from 125 b I O (MMWR, 2002).
When children in the 20th century were enlightened by books that were vividly portraying the violence of the Holocaust and the Miserable life of Asians who were interned in North America, the realm of children's literature undoubtedly enriched the awareness of the meaning of certain concepts such as freedom and safety in different cultures. in the 21st century, again, children's books have become the primary medium for most children to understand the unsafe world we live in. after the 9/11 tragedy, children were drawn by books into confronting the war against terrorism, yet instead of being subjected to political preferences or bias, they were offered several outstanding works that reveal the multicultural awareness, which has potential to eradicate the erroneous prejudices and stereotypes towards other cultures. Remarkably, the books under consideration were written by authors who come from quite distinct roots: Deborah Ellis and Rukhsana Khan.This study will focus on three books: Ellis' The Breadwinner and Parvana's Journey and Khan's Wanting Mor. These books help their readers to embark on a journey which reveals the impressive nature of the lives of those children in Afganistan who do not want to become involved in the war. Both writers in this study have chosen young girls as the heroines of the stories. This choice of protagonists, which is unlikely in today's culture in Afganistan, constructs an unusual perspective for the novels. By deconstructing the creation of these characters, this study will also try to point out discrepancies between these constructs and probable reality, in the attempt to show how these books offer the child reader an alternative understanding of what is meant by 'the war against terrorism'.
This is a descriptive study. A child soldier is a child under the age of 18 that is recruited into the armed forces and engages in political violence. Child Soldiers are recruited by a state or non-state armed group and used as fighters, cooks, suicide bombers, human shields, messengers, spies, or for sexual purposes. This work of research describes the plight of child soldiers taking in context the scenario of different nations. The International mechanisms to combat this problem have also been discussed in the research paper. THOMAS LUBANGAs trial has also been discussed.Further, the reasons behind the delivery of Child soldiers have also been highlighted. The research work also highlights the different challenges which are still to be contented.
