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Values – elites and ordinary people

This book reveals the diverse worlds of history, civic culture and values of South Africa, South Korea, Chile, Poland, Turkey, Germany and Sweden. It explores the similarities and contrasts between the values of the elites and the ordinary people. Written from various disciplinary perspectives and offering both empirical evidence and insiders' knowledge, this book is bound to interest a wide variety of readers.

The study on which the book reports was in the main based on analyses of value orientations of the parliamentary and media elites and those of the ordinary citizens. The data for the elites were obtained from surveys conducted for the purposes of the study; the data for the general population were drawn from the latest World Values Surveys.
The volume is divided into two parts. The first part, entitled Theory and history, considers the quality of democracy in the context of the historical and cultural heritage of the seven countries, their civic culture and notions of citizenship, and their constitutions as foundations of the democratic political order. The second part of the book, entitled Theory and empiricism, assesses the quality of democracy by means of comparative analyses of the convergence and divergence in value orientations of the elites and the masses, both within each case and across all the seven cases.

Intro -- EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH: BACKGROUND AND SELECT REPORTS -- EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH: BACKGROUND AND SELECT REPORTS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 EARTHQUAKES: RISK, DETECTION, WARNING, AND RESEARCH -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS REDUCTION PROGRAM (NEHRP) -- A Shift in Program Emphasis to Hazard Reduction -- NEHRP REAUTHORIZATION IN THE 111TH CONGRESS -- Authorization of appropriations in H.R. 3820 -- Other changes proposed in H.R. 3820 -- EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS AND RISK -- EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY -- NATIONAL SEISMIC HAZARDS MAPS AND EARTHQUAKE FORECAST FOR CALIFORNIA -- THE MAY 12, 2008, SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE IN CHINA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES -- JANUARY 12, 2010, MAGNITUDE 7.0 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES HAITI -- Potential Losses from Earthquakes -- A decrease in estimated loss? -- FEBRUARY 27, 2010, MAGNITUDE 8.8 EARTHQUAKE IN CHILE -- IS THERE A SIMILAR RISK TO THE UNITED STATES? -- The New Madrid Seismic Zone -- MONITORING -- Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) -- ANSS Funding -- Dense urban networks -- Regional networks -- Backbone stations -- National Strong-Motion Project (NSMP) -- Global Seismic Network (GSN) -- DETECTION, NOTIFICATION, AND WARNING -- National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) -- ShakeMap -- Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) -- Pre-disaster Planning: HAZUS-MH -- RESEARCH-UNDERSTANDING EARTHQUAKES -- U.S. Geological Survey -- National Science Foundation -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 PROMPT ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL EARTHQUAKES FOR RESPONSE (PAGER): A SYSTEM FOR RAPIDLY DETERMINING THE IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKES WORLDWIDE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PAGER PROCESSING -- Hypocenter and Magnitude Estimates -- Calculation of Ground Shaking: ShakeMap -- Exposure Estimates -- PAGER PRODUCTS -- Web Pages -- E-mail Alerts -- PAGER EXAMPLES.

"In the twentieth century, illiteracy and its elimination were political issues important enough to figure in the fall of governments (as in Brazil in 1964), the building of nations (in newly independent African countries in the 1970s), and the construction of a revolutionary order (Nicaragua in 1980). This political biography of Paulo Freire (1921-97), who played a crucial role in shaping international literacy education, also presents a thoughtful examination of the volatile politics of literacy during the Cold War. A native of Brazil's impoverished northeast, Freire developed adult literacy training techniques that involved consciousness-raising, encouraging peasants and newly urban peoples to see themselves as active citizens who could transform their own lives. Freire's work for state and national government agencies in Brazil in the early 1960s eventually aroused the suspicion of the Brazilian military, as well as of U.S. government aid programs. Political pressures led to Freire's brief imprisonment, following the military coup of 1964, and then to more than a decade and a half in exile. During this period, Freire continued his work in Chile, Nicaragua, and postindependence African countries, as well as in Geneva with the World Council of Churches and in the United States at Harvard University. Andrew J. Kirkendall's evenhanded appraisal of Freire's pioneering life and work, which remains influential today, gives new perspectives on the history of the Cold War, the meanings of radicalism, and the evolution of the Left in Latin America"--Provided by publisher

Performance-based management : how governments can learn from experience / F. Stevens Redburn [and others] -- Implementing OMB's program assessment rating tool : meeting the challenges of performance-based budgeting / John B. Gilmour -- Linking performance and budgeting : opportunities for federal executives / Philip G. Joyce -- PART and performance budgeting effectiveness / Lloyd A. Blanchard -- Performance budgeting : prospects for sustainability / Paul L. Posner and Denise M. Fontone -- The legacy of federal management change : PART repeats familiar problems / Beryl A. Radin -- Performance budgeting in local government / William C. Rivenbark -- The context and implications of administrative reform : the Charlotte experience / Pamela A. Syfert and Kim S. Eagle -- The role of performance management in American federalism / Richard P. Nathan -- Maximizing federal performance with state and local partners / Richard F. Keevey -- Performance measurement in HUD's Community Development Block Grant Program / Terry F. Buss -- OECD countries' experiences of performance budgeting and management : lessons learned / Teresa Curristine -- Institutionalizing monitoring and evaluation systems in five Latin American countries : Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Uruguay / Ariel Zaltsman -- The millennium challenge account : a new high-performance program / Terry F. Buss -- Reforming accountability in the United States and United Kingdom from rule-bound to performance-based accountability : case studies of the highways agencies / Teresa Curristine -- Results-based budgeting / Harry Hatry -- Rigorous program evaluation research : key to major improvements in government effectiveness / Jon Baron -- Strengthening the president's management hand : budgeting and financial management / F. Stevens Redburn and Philip G. Joyce.

A daunting challenge to the international community is how to go about lifting the world's huge poor population out of poverty. "Asset-based" approaches to development are aimed specifically at designing and implementing public policies that will increase the capital assets of the poor—i.e., the physical, financial, human, social, and natural resources that can be acquired, developed, improved, and transferred across generations. In this pathbreaking book, Caroline Moser and a group of experts with on-the-ground experience provide a set of case studies of asset-building projects around the globe. The authors use a cutting-edge research framework that moves beyond quick snapshot solutions to the problem of poverty. They highlight the ways in which poor households and communities can move out of poverty through longer-term accumulation of capital assets. Contributors include Michael Carter (University of Wisconsin), Monique Cohen (Microfinance Opportunities), Sarah Cook (Institute of Development Studies, Sussex), Hector Cordero-Guzman (Baruch College, CUNY), Lilianne Fan (Oxfam, UK), Pablo Farias (Ford Foundation, New York), Clare Ferguson (formerly DFID), Andy Felton (FDIC), Sarah Gammage (Rutgers University), Anirudh Krishna (Duke University), Amy Liu (Brookings Institution), Vijay Mahajan (BASIX, India), Paula Nimpuno-Parente (Ford Foundation, South Africa), Manuel Orozco (Inter-American Dialogue),Victoria Quiroz-Becerra (Baruch College, CUNY), Dennis Rodgers (London School of Economics), and Andres Solimano (CEPAL, Santiago, Chile).

Intro -- FOREWORD -- INTRODUCTION -- The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals -- The Human Rights Regime -- The International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda -- Mixed National/International Tribunals -- The International Criminal Court -- Friends and Foes of the Court -- The International Court of Justice and International Criminal Tribunals -- Notes -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- LIST OF PRESENTATIONS -- 1 THE WEAKNESSES OF NATIONAL JUSTICE -- Selected Countries and Responsible Leaders -- North Korea: Kim Jong Il -- Ethiopia: Mengistu Haile Mariam -- Uganda: Idi Amin Dada Oumee -- Indonesia: Generals Suharto and Wiranto -- Military Regimes in Latin America -- Chile: Augusto Pinochet -- Progress in Argentina -- Progress in Mexico -- Criminal Justice in Democratic Countries -- French amnesties and amnesia -- The US in Vietnam: unwilling military justice -- Justice denied: the Guantanamo detainees -- The position of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) -- The Third Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949 -- Military commissions -- Releases from Guantanamo -- Authorized torture revealed -- The Supreme Court decisions of 28 June 2004 -- Assessment -- A Test Case: the Trial of Saddam Hussein -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 2 UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION -- Implementation of the Principle -- Crimes under International Law Subject to Universal Jurisdiction -- War crimes -- Crimes against humanity -- Genocide -- Apartheid -- Torture -- Universal Jurisdiction at the National Level -- Belgium -- Spain -- Canada -- USA -- France -- Universal Jurisdiction: a Flawed Doctrine? -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 3 THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA -- Common Traits between the Two Generations of Tribunals -- Differences between the Two Generations of Tribunals -- The Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia -- Creation of the ICTY.

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- PART 1: BACKGROUND AND SCOPE -- 1. Introduction and Preview -- 2. Context of Change: Decentralization and State Reform in Latin America -- 3. Research Questions: Inventing Decentralized Government -- 4. Selection of Cases and Methods -- PART 2: CASES -- 5. FISCAL MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL RESOURCE MOBILIZATION -- 5-1. The Politics of Participation in Tijuana, Mexico: Inventing a New Style of Governance -- 5-2. Tax Management in the Municipalities of Valledupar and Manizales, Colombia -- 6. ADMINISTRATIVE PERFORMANCE AND MANAGEMENT -- 6-1. Modernizing a Provincial Public Sector: An Experiment in Mendoza, Argentina -- 6-2. Changing the Managerial Mindset: The FONDEVE in Conchalí, Chile -- 7. PARTICIPATION IN LOCAL AND REGIONAL DECISIONMAKING -- 7-1. Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil -- 7-2. Improving Basic Infrastructure in Mendoza, Argentina: MENPROSIF -- 8. PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION -- 8-1. Innovative Urban Transport in Curitiba, Brazil -- 8-2. Partnering for Services in Santa Cruz, Bolivia -- 9. PUBLIC-PRIVATE COLLABORATION -- 9-1. Partnering in Cali, Colombia, for Planning and Management -- 9-2. Privatizing Ports and Mines in Venezuelan States -- 9-3. Municipalities, Banks, and the Poor in Shelter and Infrastructure of Nicaraguan Cities -- PART 3: LESSONS FOR DONORS AND POLICYMAKERS -- 10. CHALLENGE FOR DONORS-SUSTAINING THE ENGINE OF REFORM -- 10-1. Promoting Democracy through Decentralization and Strengthening Local Governance: USAID's Approach and Experience -- 10-2. Policy Choices and Institutional Dynamics of Decentralization: Operational Implications for Technical Cooperation -- 11. Conclusions and Policy Lessons.

Universal fascism? Approaches and definitions / Roger Eatwell -- Caught in its own net: post-war fascism outside Europe / Roger Griffin -- The diffusion of German Nazism / Albrecht Hagemann -- I Fasci Italiani all'estero. The 'foreign policy' of the fascist party / Emilio Gentile -- Francoist Spain and Latin America, 1936-1953 / Raanan Rein -- "Portugal is here too!" Salazarism and the Portuguese community in Brazil / Helosia Paulo -- Fascism from above? Japan's Kakushin right in comparative perspective / Gregory J. Kasza -- Images and realities of Chinese fascism / William C. Kirby -- Fascism in interwar Australia / John Perkins and Andrew Moore -- The swastika among the coconuts: Nazism in New Guinea in the 1930's / John Perkins -- Kemalist authoritarianism and fascist trends in Turkey during the interwar period / Fikret Adanr̐ -- The failure of fascism in Jewish Palestine 1935-1948 / Joseph Heller -- Periphery and youth: fascist Italy and the Middle East / Haggai Erlich -- Fascism, Nazism, nationalism and the Foundation of Apartheid Ideology / Jeff J. Gay -- Fascism and authoritarianism in Brazil under Vargas (1930-1945) / Helgio Trindade -- The fascist and populist syndromes in the Argentine Revolution of the right / Alberto Spektorowski -- Was there fascism in Chile? The Movimiento Nacional Socialista in the 1930's / Mario Sznajder -- Mexico 1920's-1940's: revolutionary government, reactionary politics / Nicols̀ Cr̀denas and Mauricio Tenorio -- Depression Era, fascism and Nazism in the United States and Canada: threat to democracy or theatre of the absurd? / Donald I. Warren -- Was there fascism outside Europe? Diffusion from Europe and domestic impulses / Stein Ugelvik Larsen

Intro -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- 1. The Study of Latin American Politics -- The Fall and Rise of Democracy -- Sociological Laws and Historical Processes -- The Program to Be Developed -- 2. Tensions in the Class Structure: From Social Mobilization to Autonomous Organization -- The Social Pyramid -- Social Mobilization and Mobilizationism -- Factors Triggering a Mobilizational Coalition -- Populism as a Type of Mobilizational Coalition -- Populism as a Stage in the Development of a Party Bipolarity -- 3. Actors and Coalitions -- Social Actors as Collective Entities -- Political Weight -- The Church and Armed Forces: Effective and Normative Noninvolvement -- The State as an Autonomous Actor -- Intellectuals and Political Elites -- Coalitions -- Multiclass Integrative Parties: The Mexican Case -- 4. Violence and Revolution -- The Motivational Structure at the Level of the Individual -- The Structural Approach: Violence and Revolution -- Mass Society -- Violence, Repression, and Legitimacy -- The Level of Menace: Historical Comparisons -- 5. Military Interventionism -- The Military Role: Omnipotence or Illusion? -- Aristocratic Control: Nineteenth-Century Brazil -- Military Reformism: Tenentismo and Ibañismo -- The Military-lndustrial Convergence in Argentina -- From Moderating Role to Transformative Intervention -- 6. Socialist Labor Parties: The Early Experience -- The Problem of Organization: Militants and Bureaucrats -- Socialist Labor Parties -- The Contrast between Chilean and Argentine Social Structures -- The Peculiarity of the Impact of Immigration in Argentina -- The Intellectuals of the Labor Movement -- The EarlyArgentine Political Party System -- Authoritarian Populism in Chile: The First Ibáñez Experience -- 7. Varieties of Populism and Their Transformative Tendencies -- Aprista" or Middle-Class Populist Parties.

In recent years, scholars in the fields of refugee studies and forced migration have extended their areas of interest and research into the phenomenon of displacement, human response to it, and ways to intervene to assist those affected, increasingly focusing on the emotional and social impact of displacement on refugees and their adjustment to the traumatic experiences. In the process, the positive concept of "psychosocial wellness" was developed as discussed in this volume. In it noted scholars address the strengths and limitations of their investigations, citing examples from their work with refugees from Afghanistan, Cambodia, Vietnam, Palestine, Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, Eastern Europe, Bosnia, and Chile. The authors discuss how they define "psychosocial wellness," as well as the issues of sample selection, measurement, reliability and validity, refugee narratives and "voices," and the ability to generalize findings and apply these to other populations. The key question that has guided many of these investigations and underlies the premise of this book is "what happens to an ordinary person who has experienced an extraordinary event?" This volume also highlights the fact that those involved in such research must also deal with their own emotional responses as they hear victims tell of killing, torture, humiliation, and dispossesion. The volume will therefore appeal to practitioners of psychology, psychiatry, social work, nursing, and anthropology. However, its breadth and the evaluation of the strengths and disadvantages of both qualitative and quantitative methods also make it an excellent text for students

Intro -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Preface -- List of Acronyms -- 1. Security, Peace, and Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean Challenges for the Post-Cold War Era -- 2. The Use of Force in Latin American Interstate Relations -- Part I: The Transformation of Interstate Relations in Southern South America -- 3. Argentina's Security Policies: Their Rationale and Regional Context -- 4. Transition and Civil-Military Relations in Chile: Contributions in a New International Framework -- 5. Security Policies, Democratization, and Regional Integration in the Southern Cone -- Part II: The Impact on Latin American Countries of Participation in UN Missions -- 6. Institutionalization, Cooperative Security, and Peacekeeping Operations: The Argentine Experience -- 7. Peacekeeping and its Effects on Civil-Military Relations: The Argentine Experience -- 8. Exporting Peace by Other Means: Venezuela -- Part III: New and Nontraditional Security Threats in Central America and the Anglophone Caribbean -- 9. Security Collaboration and Confidence Building in the Americas -- 10. The Illicit Drug Trade in the Caribbean -- 11. Central American Regional Security: Postwar Prospects for Peace and Democracy -- 12. Security, Agenda, and Military Balance in Central America: Limits to Democratic Consolidation in the 1990s -- Part IV: U.S. Foreign and Military Policy and Inter-American Security Issues and Institutions -- 13. Why Latin America May Miss the Cold War: The United States and the Future of Inter-American Security Relations -- 14. Chameleon, Tortoise, or Toad: The Changing U.S. Security Role in Contemporary Latin America -- Notes -- Contributors -- Index.

Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures, Tables, and Exhibits -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- PART I: Theoretical Overview -- 1. Democracy and Its Arenas -- 2. "Stateness," Nationalism, and Democratization -- 3. Modern Nondemocratic Regimes -- 4. The Implications of Prior Regime Type for Transition Paths and Consolidation Tasks -- 5. Actors and Contexts -- PART II: Southern Europe: Completed Consolidations -- 6. The Paradigmatic Case of Reforma Pactada-Ruptura Pactada: Spain -- 7. From Interim Government to Simultaneous Transition and Consolidation: Portugal -- 8. Crisis of a Nonhierarchical Military Regime: Greece -- 9. Southern Europe: Concluding Reflections -- PART III: South America: Constrained Transitions -- 10. A Risk-Prone Consolidated Democracy: Uruguay -- 11. Crises of Efficacy, Legitimacy, and Democratic State "Presence": Brazil -- 12. From an Impossible to a Possible Democratic Game: Argentina -- 13. Incomplete Transition/Near Consolidation? Chile -- 14. South America: Concluding Reflections -- PART IV: Post-Communist Europe: The Most Complex Paths and Tasks -- 15. Post-Communism's Prehistories -- 16. Authoritarian Communism, Ethical Civil Society, and Ambivalent Political Society: Poland -- 17. Varieties of Post-Totalitarian Regimes: Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria -- 18. The Effects of Totalitarianism-cum-Sultanism on Democratic Transition: Romania -- 19. The Problems of "Stateness" and Transitions: The USSR and Russia -- 20. When Democracy and the Nation-State Are Conflicting Logics: Estonia and Latvia -- 21. Post-Communist Europe: Concluding Comparative Reflections -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

As the United Nations celebrates its 50th anniversary in 1995, it is enjoying a revival of interest among scholars, statesmen, and the general public. This development is closely related to changes in the basic parameters of the post-1945 world order, and the primary concern of this book is to examine, against this changing backdrop, multilateralism and the UN system from the perspective of what is called a "state/society complex," which refers to the forces operating within and across states. In addition to its unique perspective, this volume differs from previous studies in focusing attention on seldom-studied states and their policies and practices in relation to the UN system and multilateralism. The selected states fall into three distinct groupings: (1) two states (Germany and India) that are trying for a larger voice in the system; (2) two (Sweden and Romania) that have viewed the UN system as a means of projecting domestic aims onto a global stage; and (3) three - Chile, Jamaica, and Sierra Leone - that are greatly affected by the shifting currents in the multilateral sphere. The case-study contributors describe the most important issues that have been promoted or supported since 1945 and how multilateral participation may have changed, especially in the latter half of the post-war period, and finally consider the impact of their state's policies on the future of multilateralism

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part 1: Asia -- 1 Discovering the Positive Within the Negative: The Women's Movement in a Changing China -- 2 From Chipko to Sati: The Contemporary Indian Women's Movement -- 3 Men in Seclusion, Women in Public: Rokeya's Dream and Women's Struggles in Bangladesh -- 4 Rebirthing Babaye: The Women's Movement in the Philippines -- Part 2: Africa and the Middle East -- 5 The Dawn of a New Day: Redefining South African Feminism -- 6 The Many Faces of Feminism in Namibia -- 7 The Mother of Warriors and Her Daughters: The Women's Movement in Kenya -- 8 Wifeism and Activism: The Nigerian Women's Movement -- 9 Claiming Feminism, Claiming Nationalism: Women's Activism in the Occupied Territories -- Part 3: Latin America -- 10 Out of the Kitchens and onto the Streets: Women's Activism in Peru -- 11 Democracy in the Country and in the Home: The Women's Movement in Chile -- 12 Brazilian Feminism and Women's Movements: A Two-Way Street -- 13 Building Bridges: The Growth of Popular Feminism in Mexico -- Part 4: Russia, Europe, and the United States -- 14 Democracy Without Women Is No Democracy: Women's Struggles in Postcommunist Russia -- 15 Finding a Voice: Women in Postcommunist Central Europe -- 16 Extending the Boundaries of Citizenship: Women's Movements of Western Europe -- 17 Feminism Lives: Building a Multicultural Women's Movement in the United States -- Selected Bibliography -- About the Book and Editor -- About the Contributors -- Photo Credits -- Index

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction to Key Concepts / Stefanie Wickstrom and Philip D. Young -- I. Constructing Mestizaje -- 1. The Revolutionary Encounter / Rex Wirth -- 2. Mestizaje in Colonial Mexican Art / Sofía Irene Velarde Cruz -- 3. The Tradition of La Chaya in Vallenar, Chile: The Search for Imaginaries in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries / Iván Pizarro Díaz -- II. Barriers to Empowerment Through Identity -- 4. Born Indigenous, Growing Up Mestizos: Schooling and Youth in Arequipa, Peru / Mariella I. Arredondo -- 5. Questioning the Nation: Affirmative Action and Racial Quotas in Brazilian Universities / Paulo Alberto dos Santos Vieira -- 6. Political Subjectification, Mestizaje, and Globalization: Constructing Citizenship in Aid and Development Programs in the Peruvian Andes / Jorge Legoas P. and Fabrizio Arenas Barchi -- 7. The Door to the Future: Cultural Change and the Cheyenne Sun Dance / Jennifer Whiteman -- III. Empowerment -- 8. From Mestizos to Mashikuna: Global Infl uences on Discursive, Spatial, and Performed Realizations of Indigeneity in Urban Quito / Kathleen S. Fine-Dare -- 9. Indigenous Peoples as a New Category of Transnational Social Actors: An Analysis Based on the Case of Argentina / Sabine Kradolfer -- 10. Divine Design: Crafting and Consuming the Sacredin Afro-Brazilian Candomblé / Angela Castañeda -- 11. Women's Roles and Responses to Globalization in Ngäbe Communities / Philip D. Young -- 12. Politicizing Ethnicity: Strategies in Panama and Ecuador / Víctor Bretón Solo de Zaldívar and Mònica Martínez Mauri -- 13. Beyond Mestizaje: Andean Interculturality in Ecuador / John Stolle-McAllister -- References -- Contributors -- Index.