Chinese Intellectuals and the West
In: Pacific affairs: an international review of Asia and the Pacific, Band 40, Heft 1/2, S. 139
ISSN: 1715-3379
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In: Pacific affairs: an international review of Asia and the Pacific, Band 40, Heft 1/2, S. 139
ISSN: 1715-3379
In: Comparative studies in society and history, Band 1, Heft 1, S. 26-37
ISSN: 1475-2999
The Chinese scholar-official had long constituted a special type of iron-clad intelligentsia, firmly based on the Confucian tradition and accustomed to rule China with unchallenged authority. This tradition was threatened for the first time in 1838 with the outbreak of the "Opium" or First Anglo-Chinese War. Outwardly, this was a simple military defeat by a "barbarian" force on one frontier of China, remote from the capital and court at Peking. As such it was nothing new in Chinese history. Hsiung-nu, Toba Tartars, Mongols and Manchus had threatened and overrun Chinese borders through the centuries. To most articulate Chinese both this and successive assaults on China through the nineteenth century, were adequately explained by the traditional and reassuring formula.
In: Pacific affairs: an international review of Asia and the Pacific, Band 34, Heft 1, S. 75
ISSN: 1715-3379
In: Comparative studies in society and history, Band 1, Heft 1, S. 23-25
ISSN: 1475-2999
The rapidly mounting Occidental pressure that China felt after 1800, and her evident need of new devices to meet it, faced the Chinese intellectual with hard decisions. His reactions become more understandable if we consider them in the context of his history – a context of which he was particularly aware, since his training and his approach to political problems were strongly historical. His position had not always been as secure as it seemed ostensibly in 1800; his outlook and even his identity had undergone several transformations before he arrived at the Confucian orthodoxy of the Manchu period. Two centuries after Confucius, the dominant thinkers were power-oriented Legalists, eclipsed by the Confucians only after permanently discrediting themselves through their brutally oppressive methods of unifying government and thought. After the 2nd century, Confucian ardor declined; intellectual leadership (and an important share of political influence) had passed to essentially anti-political Taoists and anti-worldly Buddhists. The Confucianists of the 10th and 11th centuries established their intellectual primacy and unchallenged political leadership only through an intense ideological struggle with these rivals.
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In: Pacific affairs: an international review of Asia and the Pacific, Band 43, Heft 3, S. 426
ISSN: 1715-3379
In: Political science quarterly: a nonpartisan journal devoted to the study and analysis of government, politics and international affairs ; PSQ, Band 82, Heft 2, S. 308-310
ISSN: 1538-165X
In: Pacific affairs, Band 40, Heft 1, S. 139
ISSN: 0030-851X
In: The Western political quarterly, Band 23, Heft 1, S. 214
ISSN: 1938-274X
In: Political science quarterly: a nonpartisan journal devoted to the study and analysis of government, politics and international affairs ; PSQ, Band 87, Heft 3, S. 478-479
ISSN: 1538-165X
In: Pacific affairs, Band 34, Heft 1, S. 75
ISSN: 0030-851X
In: Pacific affairs, Band 34, Heft 1, S. 75
ISSN: 0030-851X