Suchergebnisse

Zum 1.Juli 1997 wird die Stadt Chongqing, Provinz Sichuan, den Status einer regierungsunmittelbaren Stadt erhalten, die direkt der Zentralregierung unterstellt ist. Diese Entscheidung wurde von den Delegierten des Nationalen Volkskongresses Mitte März d.J. getroffen.

Cropland abandonment occurs frequently in many countries and regions around the world, particularly in those with poor environmental conditions, such as mountainous regions. In Chongqing county, China, over 76% of the total area is mountainous. Due to the lack of reliable remote sensing monitoring and identification methods, the spatial and temporal distribution of abandoned cropland areas and its underlying causes are poorly understood. Thus, the extent of cropland abandonment in Chongqing, since 2001, was estimated using land use trajectories. The following results were obtained: (1) the cropland abandonment rate was 12.2–15.4% from 2001 to 2020, with an average of 13.3% ; (2) hotspots of abandoned cropland were concentrated in the north and southeast. Cropland abandonment was clustered in the northern, southeastern, and southwestern areas ; (3) socio-economic factors (including gross domestic product density, population density, and road density) had a greater impact on the spatial distribution of abandoned cropland than environmental factors. Based on the results, the government should strive to reduce production costs associated with poor agricultural infrastructure, sporadic cropland, and higher labor costs by providing grain subsidies, undertaking cropland consolidation, encouraging land transfer, and improving agricultural infrastructure.

In developing a set of guidelines for development in Chongqing this paper has first contextualized the city in terms of Chinese urban design history. This urban history is argued to have been shaped by three distinct eras of authoritarian rule: Imperial rule, from the 8th century B.C. to the 19th century; Maoist rule, from 1949-1978; and post-Mao communist rule, from 1978 to the present. It is further argued that the corresponding central authority in each of these eras has relied on a strategy of directing urban development as a means to propagate ideology. This characterization is then linked to many of the current problems with the direction of development in Chongqing. The urban environment of Chongqing is then analyzed from various scales and perspectives through history. From this analysis, a set of design guidelines is produced. These guidelines address educational structures, theoretical principles, governmental and legal instruments, and environmental strategies. ; February 2010

The project is a "urban renewal" project at Shibati Community in Chongqing, China. The title "Real Estate" suggested that the land never become "real" until there are activities, communications happened between the occupants. The government did several renovation project in Chongqing, either totally destroy the entire site and build a copy on the site by saying we are preserving the history, or solely refurnished the façade of the houses but leave the inside of the house at a rough condition. The project is a critique of what the Chinese government and other official agencies in China have tended to respond to the issue of urban renewal and preservation of the vernacular architecture.

The project is a "urban renewal" project at Shibati Community in Chongqing, China. The title "Real Estate" suggested that the land never become "real" until there are activities, communications happened between the occupants. The government did several renovation project in Chongqing, either totally destroy the entire site and build a copy on the site by saying we are preserving the history, or solely refurnished the façade of the houses but leave the inside of the house at a rough condition. The project is a critique of what the Chinese government and other official agencies in China have tended to respond to the issue of urban renewal and preservation of the vernacular architecture.

This paper gives a brief description of the over quick urbanization since Chongqing, one of the biggest cities in China, has been a municipality directly under the Central Government in 1997, excessive development and exceeding increase of high-rise buildings because of its special geographical position which finally leads to the worsening of the urban outdoor thermal environment. Then, this paper makes a bright balance to the field measurement and simulated results of the wind speed field, temperature field of one multifunctional high-rise building in Chongqing university located in the city center, and the contrasted results validate the correctness of CFD in the outdoor thermal environmental simulation, expose the disadvantages of high-rise buildings on the aspects of blocking the wind field, decreasing wind speed which results in accumulation of the air-conditioning heat revolving around and periscian region where sunshine can not rip into. Finally, in order to improve the urban outdoor thermal environment near the high-rise buildings especially for the angle of natural ventilation, this paper simulates the wind environment in different architectural compositions and architectural layouts by CFD, and the simulated results show that freestyle and tower buildings which can guarantee the wind speed and take the air-conditioning heat away are much suitable and reasonable for the special Chongqing geography. These conclusions can also be used as a reference in other mountain cities, especially for the one with a great number of populations.

This paper gives a brief description of the over quick urbanization sinceChongqing, one of the biggest cities in China, has been a municipality directly under theCentral Government in 1997, excessive development and exceeding increase of high-risebuildings because of its special geographical position which finally leads to the worseningof the urban outdoor thermal environment. Then, this paper makes a bright balance to thefield measurement and simulated results of the wind speed field, temperature field of onemultifunctional high-rise building in Chongqing university located in the city center, andthe contrasted results validate the correctness of CFD in the outdoor thermal environmentalsimulation, expose the disadvantages of high-rise buildings on the aspects of blocking thewind field, decreasing wind speed which results in accumulation of the air-conditioningheat revolving around and periscian region where sunshine can not rip into. Finally, inorder to improve the urban outdoor thermal environment near the high-rise buildingsespecially for the angle of natural ventilation, this paper simulates the wind environment indifferent architectural compositions and architectural layouts by CFD, and the simulatedresults show that freestyle and tower buildings which can guarantee the wind speed andtake the air-conditioning heat away are much suitable and reasonable for the specialChongqing geography. These conclusions can also be used as a reference in othermountain cities, especially for the one with a great number of populations.

With rich and unique religious cultural resources, Chongqing develops its religious cultural tourism in a colorful content, but such problems that religious cultural tourism hasn't taken off in a big way, lack of brand, lack of cultural connotation, and lack of resources integration, etc. still exist. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should change ideas, understand and plan Chongqing religious cultural tourism from the perspective of macro-tourism, integrate various resources and plan management as a whole. At the same time, the religious circles should also play an important role in religious cultural tourism, pay attention to build religious cultural tourism projects with Chongqing characteristics, and work together to promote the healthy development of religious cultural tourism in Chongqing.

This project is contextualized in Shijing Xu and Michael Connelly's (2013-2020) SSHRC Partnership Grant Project, Canada-China Reciprocal Learning in Teacher Education and School Education. The goal of the SSHRC Partnership Grant Project is to compare Canadian and Chinese education in such a way that the cultural narratives of each provide frameworks for understanding and appreciating educational similarities and differences (Xu & Connelly, 2017). The overall goal centers on reciprocal learning in teacher education between Canada and China. Xu and Connelly (2017) emphasize research that focuses on centering the voices of teachers in both Canada and China. This work seeks to help the project by providing data about China's politics curriculum to create a better understanding of China's education system, and to gain some insight into the hopes and dreams of Chinese politics teachers.

The increasing prevalence of dyslipidemia has become a worldwide public health problem, and the prevalence varies widely according to socioeconomic, cultural and ethnic characteristics. Chongqing has experienced rapid economic development and is now the economic center of Southwestern China. There are scant data on serum lipid profile of residents in Chongqing, the largest municipality directly under the Central Government in China. We conducted a cross-sectional study in a representative sample of 5375 residents of Chongqing, aged ≥18 years, and estimated the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its associated risk factors. According to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, the age-standardized prevalence of dyslipidemia was 35.5% (34.4% among men and 37.6% among women). Among the 2009 patients with dyslipidemia, 44.2% had isolated hypertriglyceridemia, 14.7% had isolated hypercholesterolemia, 13.2% had mixed hyperlipidemia, and 28.0% had isolated low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The peak prevalence of dyslipidemia in men was between 30 and 39 years (48.2%), and then declined gradually; in women, the prevalence of dyslipidemia increased with age, with the peak prevalence occurring after age 60 (46.3%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that dyslipidemia was associated with age, education level, physical activity, obesity and central obesity for both men and women. In conclusion, the results indicated dyslipidemia, particularly hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, are very common in Chongqing. To prevent dyslipidemia, it is essential to conduct appropriate intervention programs aimed at risk factor reduction and implement routine screening programs for blood lipid levels in Chongqing, China.

The increasing prevalence of dyslipidemia has become a worldwide public health problem, and the prevalence varies widely according to socioeconomic, cultural and ethnic characteristics. Chongqing has experienced rapid economic development and is now the economic center of Southwestern China. There are scant data on serum lipid profile of residents in Chongqing, the largest municipality directly under the Central Government in China. We conducted a cross-sectional study in a representative sample of 5375 residents of Chongqing, aged ≥18 years, and estimated the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its associated risk factors. According to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, the age-standardized prevalence of dyslipidemia was 35.5% (34.4% among men and 37.6% among women). Among the 2009 patients with dyslipidemia, 44.2% had isolated hypertriglyceridemia, 14.7% had isolated hypercholesterolemia, 13.2% had mixed hyperlipidemia, and 28.0% had isolated low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The peak prevalence of dyslipidemia in men was between 30 and 39 years (48.2%), and then declined gradually ; in women, the prevalence of dyslipidemia increased with age, with the peak prevalence occurring after age 60 (46.3%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that dyslipidemia was associated with age, education level, physical activity, obesity and central obesity for both men and women. In conclusion, the results indicated dyslipidemia, particularly hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, are very common in Chongqing. To prevent dyslipidemia, it is essential to conduct appropriate intervention programs aimed at risk factor reduction and implement routine screening programs for blood lipid levels in Chongqing, China.

China has attained a miraculous two digit economic growth in the last three decades. Contributing to this growth was the inflow of migrant workers, amounting to more than 160 million today, from the countryside to cities. However, deprived of economic opportunities, excluded from the urban social provision, and denied an urban identity, these migrant workers are not fully integrated into cites: their urbanization remains shallow. As a result of government failures and as a potential source of inefficiencies in the economy, shallow urbanization should be rectified. To address this problem, central and local governments of China have proposed various policies, among which the most genuine and systematic are the policies of Chongqing. The policy scheme, featuring household registration reform, public housing projects, and land coupon experiments, may help to deepen urbanization. This paper looks at shallow urbanization from both theoretical and empirical perspective, and evaluates Chongqing's experiment on its effectiveness and sustainability in deepening urbanization. It concludes that Chongqing's policy experiment is well intended and designed, but certain problems inherent in the policy may hinder it from being fully effective and sustainable. It finally makes suggestions for improvements.

2011 2nd International Conference on Advances in Energy Engineering, ICAEE 2011, Bangkok, 27-28 December 2011 ; 201812 bcrc ; Version of Record ; Published

Adopting a political economic perspective, this dissertation identifies the nature and characteristics of urban restructuring through the lens of the Xinqu [new area] strategy. It contributes to China's urban studies in two ways. First, it conceptually frames the ambiguous term "urban restructuring" and uses a comparative view to apply Western theory to China. Second, it introduces the emerging Xinqu that is not included in previous studies to update the imprints of urban change and to enrich the literature. The core argument is that China's urban restructuring is inherently growth-oriented and multiscale and that the national new area strategy, as a self-regulation project, is associated and interacts with urban restructuring at multiple spatial levels in which the spaces is reconfigured, the government powers are reshuffled, and industrial activities are reorganized. This core argument is supported by findings from a four-stage study. First, under the changing governance context and policy shifts, the new area strategy has evolved from an isolated "policy zone" to a synergic "urban functional area" for both industrialization and rural urbanization. The new area remains growth-oriented, but with regulation and re-adjusted policies to reassure social instability and resolve tensions and contradictions, it "fixes" rural labor and facilitates a more efficient and flexible way of capital accumulation. Second, the LJNA greatly facilitates the (re)organization of industrial resources and (re)configuration of industrial spatial structure in Chongqing at multiple spatial levels, whereas the effects of LJNA on population redistribution are limited to the urban core. The omnipotent government and local elites play significant roles in industrial development and forge strategic partnerships with private and foreign sectors in the commercial housing and public service market to provide a high-quality environment for urban living. Third, the central, municipal, district, and township governments are involved in new area development and the process has elicited a rescaling of government powers, leading to multi-level governance of new area that de/recentralization occurs in the dynamic system. Chongqing's municipal government is integrating local resources to apply the national strategy and steering the new area development in each stage. Fourth, the new area strategy, though reorganizing local industrial resources and nurturing some new firms on site, generally fails to build inter-firm network for efficient production. The production and consumption market is domestic-oriented, locally based, and the share of the oversea market is quite small. Perception from the firms towards the business environment is overall positive. It reveals that the generous support from the local government is the primary factor attracting the tenants and that the tenants are not impressed with the essential qualities of the industrial parks. With a thorough comparison of the political background between China and the West, the thesis expands the application of Western concepts such as neoliberalism, spatial fix, urban entrepreneurialism, state rescaling, and growth machine to China's urban studies. It also thoroughly examines the operational mechanism of the local developmental state model and empirically generates significant insights into the future development of Chinese cities. ; published_or_final_version ; Urban Planning and Design ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

This work is a study in three parts: the first three chapters cover the creation of early Qing policies of administration and market regulation and the implementation of those policies in Chongqing during the era when it was still an imperial frontier. The middle two chapters detail the growth and expansion of nineteenth-century institutions of market governance and municipal administration during the era of Chongqing's rise as a major center of trade in the empire. The final three chapters document how merchants employed the court in addition to the other institutions outlined in previous chapters to resolve their disputes, and how these patterns changed over time.This study is, first and foremost, a reexamination of how central policies, local administrative conventions, and market practices combined to form a dynamic and sophisticated atmosphere for the conduct of exchange and the enforcement of economic agreements. Its major finding is that the Qing court of Chongqing relied upon several local administrative institutions - including collective responsibility units, merchant groups, and licensed brokerages - to monitor and intervene in market activity, and that the use of these institutions profoundly influenced the way that the court handled commercial disputes. From the middle of the eighteenth century, the Qing state chose not to invest in legal definitions of rights or obligations between individuals engaged in commerce, but rather to invest in administrative and legal means of supervising the local institutions that were given de facto responsibility over determining and enforcing commercial obligations outside of the court.The decision to govern markets indirectly reflected certain basic facts about the political economy of Qing China, and continued to determine the options available to the Qing state as its interest in intervening in economic affairs increased over time. The end result of the development of eighteenth-century and nineteenth-century market institutions was that, when the Qing state did codify several laws about the market in the early twentieth century, the most important innovations it offered were not laws about individual economic interaction, but rather the composition and function of the groups by which merchants were managed. I argue that this long transition must be understood to appreciate how and why China's markets were managed differently in the twentieth - and now the twenty-first - century.