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"This article/research that I translated from Hasan Hanefi examines, in terms of Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno, the ancient Christianity throughout the history. While Hasan Hanefi, here, researched Christianity beliefs in the presence of Ancient Christians, on the one hand, he criticizes of it, on the other hand, from own viewpoint, aims for explanation of it. Hasan Hanefi, also here, compares the Christianity beliefs established by the institution of papacy with philosophies of his age in which includes schools like communism, socialism and existentialism. According to what Hasan Hanef said, Unamuno follow such a conclusion: the contemporary Christianity has lost that noble ore and effect arising from jesus son of mary, who is prominent with/stamped with the life, the dynamism and regeneration and the spritual ressurrection; whether individually or socially, it has become such a thing that loses it's effect and power on spirits. We also may said: Our author Hasan Hanefi, in terms of essence and nature of Christianity, make comparisons between the philosophies and trends of his age and philosophies that will come later and have an impact on humanity, especially on Europeans… After all this, definitely, he concludes such a result: Some philosophies is closer to, in it's essence and nature, the Christianity religion and the message of jesus, than the Christianity religion institutionalized throughout the history! and he maintains his explanations: that Christianity religion has lost, especially throughout scholastic ages, it's nature and divine character and, no matter where and when one lives, except a blind devotion, has become a mechanic belief ineffective on human sprit!."

The holy persons (saints), who have an important place for Byzantine Art and Christianity, have been kept alive in depictions, religious buildings, temples and churches in Anatolia and Europe since early times. The fact that the information about the lives of these saints, who are described as the representatives and servants of God on earth, is missing in the Turkish literature, has been effective in recent studies in this field. After the studies on doctor saints, reaching very little data about these three women saints is an important deficiency for those who study Byzantine medicine and saint lives. With this study, data on the lives of doctor saints were compiled and new information was brought to the literature by evaluating their lives, lifestyles and the location of their graves. The study was supported with new records and finds, and a suggestion was made about the school where the saints were educated. It was tried to determine the place of the saints in the Christian world by discussing the accuracy of some claims. These saints, who are considered as "Mothers of Medicine", should be given the necessary dedication in the society. Although the data about these three saints are scarce, it is considered worthy to be researched and introduced with their exemplary lives and aspects, as they are prominent professionally. The belief that the continuation of their cults in the places they live and the belief that the region will also contribute to faith tourism makes it necessary to think and research on the subject.

İslam dinine ve Müslümanlara karşı bir akım haline gelen ve "İslam korkusu" olarak tanımlanan İslamofobi, bugün küresel düzeyde dünyayı tehdit eden bir hastalık haline gelmiştir. İslamofobi, başta Amerika Birleşik Devletleri olmak üzere Batılı ülkelerin iç ve dış politikalarında kullanılan ayrımcılık, ötekileştirme yöntemi olarak uluslararası alanda kullanılmaktadır. Tek tip bir İslamofobiden bahsetmek mümkün değildir. Hindistan'da, Tayland'da, Çin'de, Kıta Avrupası'nda, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde İslamofobi uygulamaları görülmektedir. Nedenler farklı olsa da ortak nokta İslam korkusu-İslam düşmanlığıdır ve her geçen gün batı demokrasilerinde İslamofobi artmaktadır. İslamofobi 11 Eylül 2001 saldırıları ile artmış ve Batılı devletlerin dış politikalarının merkezine oturmuştur. Bu tarihten sonra Batılı ülkelerde Müslümanlar, o ülkenin kendi vatandaşları dahi olsa ayrımcılığa uğramışlardır. Başta Amerika Birleşik Devletleri olmak üzere, Batı dünyasında Müslüman göçmenler ve mültecileri hedef alınmış, dışlanmış ve ötekileştirilmiştir. İslamofobi odaklı Batı siyasetinin sonucunda Avrupa'da hoşgörüsüz, ırkçı, milliyetçi sağ partiler ortaya çıkmış ve güçlenmişlerdir. Bu durum böyle devam ederse dünya barışı tehlikeye girecek ve Huntington'un "Medeniyetler Çatışması" tezi haklı çıkacaktır. Son yıllarda iyice artan İslamofobinin sebep olduğu aşırı sağ ve ırkçı hareketler dünya genelinde hızla güç kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, dünya barışını tehdit eden İslamofobinin tarihsel ve siyasal kökenlerini inceleyerek, İslamofobinin nedenlerini tespit etmek; ayrıca İslamofobiyle mücadelede ne tür yöntemlerin kullanılması gerektiğinin tespitini yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. ; Islamophobia, which has become a movement against Islam and Muslims, defined today as the fear of Islam and has become a threat to the world at the global level. Islamophobia is used in the international arena as means to overcome the discrimination used in the domestic and foreign policies of Western countries, especially the United States. There is no standardized Islamophobia. Islamophobia practices are observed in India, Thailand, China, Europe and the United States. Although the reasons are different, the common point is that fear of Islam and antIslam. Islamophobia increased with the attacks of September 11, 2001 and became the center of foreign policy of Western states. Since then, Muslims in Western countries has been discriminated even if they are citizens of that country. Migrants and Muslim refugees have been targeted, excluded and marginalized in the Western world, particularly in the United States. Due to the Western policy on Islamophobia, intolerant, racist and nationalist far-right parties have emerged and gained wider in Europe. If this situation continues like this, the peace of the world will be in danger and the thesis of the clash of civilizations of Huntington will be justified. Far-right, racist movements that cause Islamophobia, which have proliferated in recent years, are rapidly gaining power around the world. This study aims to identify the historical and political origins and causes of Islamophobia that threaten the peace of the world. It also aims to determine the methods to be used in the fight against Islamophobia. Islamophobia emerged in the Western world and there are historical, cultural, religional, economical, political and social reasons.

Varna is located on a coastal plain situated on a bay having the same name in the Northeastern part of Bulgaria. Founded as a Greek colony in the 6th century BC, Varna was incorporated into the Danubian Bulgarian State (First Bulgarian State) in the late 8th century and converted to Christianity during the second half of the 9th century. Varna fell under Byzantine rule in 971 and this lasted for a long time. As from 13th century, Turkic people migrating to Anatolia were settled in Varna located within the borders of the Bulgarian State. Some of them returned to Anatolia and some others stayed in Dobruja and adopted Christianity. The descendants of these Christian Turks, called the Gagauz, founded an independent beylik in Dobruja. The capital city of this beylik was Kaliakra (Keligra) and was later moved to Varna. Varna and its surrounding region fell under Ottoman rule during the reign of Sultan Murad I. The Crusade of Varna 1444 between the Ottoman Empire and the Crusaders took place around the vicinity of Varna. After 1444, the Yoruk groups were settled in the villages destroyed by their abandoned populations. Administratively, Varna was subjected to the sanjak of Silistra from the 16th century. The data in the cadastral record books (tahrir defteri) indicate that the population of Varna increased throughout the 16th century. Under Ottoman rule, Varna was one of the commercially important centers on the route leading to Istanbul from the North of the Black Sea. Offering chances in terms of economic and commercial activities, Varna attracted both Muslims and non-Muslims. Varna was raided many times by the Prince of Wallachia Michael in the late 16th century, and by the Cossacks in the 17th century. The archive records show that the population of the district of Varna was reconstructed following these raids. New districts (Hacıoğlu Pazardzhik and Balchik) were founded around Varna in the second half of the 16th century. In the 17th century, the number of the villages and the population of Varna decreased due to not only the Cossack attacks but also these newly founded districts. This paper provides information regarding Varna coming under the Ottoman domination, its administrative organization, its settlement, and demographics. This information will contribute to the history of the district Varna's administration, socio-economics, settlement, and demographics.

Saamentutkimus tänään is an introduction to the Sámi studies, i.e. the scientific study of the Sámi people. It gives many-faceted basic information of the Sámi people and presents up-to-date views of the disciplines related to the Sámi studies, e.g. history, archeology, genetics, linguistics, comparative religion, folkloristics, ethnology etc. It provides scientifically based knowledge of the Sámi during the prehistory and pre-Christianity, dealing with reindeer herding, handicraft, the Sámi languages, Sámi literature and art and civil right questions, including participation in the international movement of the indigenous people. All the authors are eminent experts of their scholarly fields, and all the articles have been revised by the Academic representatives of the Sámi themselves - "Teos esittelee saamentutkimuksen keskeisten alojen uusimmat tulokset ja näkemykset ja päivittää saamelaisia ja saamelaiskulttuuria koskevat tiedot genetiikasta kielitieteeseen ja historiasta nykykulttuuriin. Kirjassa perehdytään myös saamelaisten aineelliseen ja henkiseen perinnekulttuuriin: käsityöhön, poronhoitoon, folkloreen, taiteisiin sekä muinais- ja kansanuskoon. Erityisen painon teoksessa saavat ajankohtaiset ihmisoikeus- ja alkuperäiskansakysymykset. Kaikki kirjoittajat ovat alojensa aktiivitutkijoita. Kirja on 1995 julkaistun Johdatus saamentutkimukseen -teoksen kokonaan uudistettu ja huomattavasti laajennettu laitos."

One of the most important topics of Christianity is the Last Judgment. The Byzantines, as a Christian society, showed great interest to this subject and produced many pieces of art depicting it. This scene consists of several themes coming together. Among the most important themes of the scene is Abraham and Hades's Bosom. Using these themes, the artists have kept the event alive in the minds of people about what will happen in the afterlife. While Abraham's Bosom is depicted to the right of Jesus as the area where those who found salvation are located, Hades's Bosom is located on his left side and those, who will face their punishment are seen there. The artists depicted the scenes in connection with each other. However, there is an important difference here. While Abraham's Bosom is an intermediate form for those who will attain salvation, Hades's Bosom has been the part of eternal fire. To make the picture more dramatic and remarkable, the painter depicted the lake of fire with the dragon of Hades swallowing the dead. Thus, the viewer can now clearly see what kind of suffering human beings will face in afterlife. The artists created a contrast between the two themes by using many permeable structures and transferred this to the paintings.

Anahtar Kelimeler : Dinlerarası Diyalog, Strateji, Teo-strateji, Misyonerlik, 11 Eylül OlayıÖZET11 EYLÜL 2001 SONRASI TÜRKİYE'DE DİN MERKEZLİ BATI STRATEJİLERİII. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra başlayan süreçte, başını ABD'nin çektiği Batı Dünyası, stratejilerinin merkezine dini oturtmuştur. Bu sürecin üç önemli aşaması olmuştur. Birincisi, 1965 yılında başlayan dinlerarası diyalog aşaması; ikincisi SSCB'nin dağılması, üçüncü ve en dikkat çekici aşaması 11 Eylül Olayı'dır. Anılan süreçte İslam, Hıristiyanlık karşısında en büyük rakip ve dolayısıyla en büyük tehlike; Türkiye ise din merkezli bu stratejilerin muhatabı olan en önemli ülkesi olmuştur. "11 Eylül 2001 Sonrası Türkiye'de Din Merkezli Batı Stratejileri" adlı çalışmamızda temelde 11 Eylül Olayı sonrası Hıristiyan Batı Dünyası'nın teo-stratejilerinin ana hedef ülkesi durumunda olan Türkiye'deki yansımaları ele alınmıştır. Araştırmamız giriş, dört bölüm, sonuç, ekler ve bibliyografyadan oluşmaktadır. Girişte araştırmanın konusu, amacı, önemi, iddia ve varsayımları, sınırları, yöntemi, ilgili literatür, temel kavramlar, teorik çerçeve ve plan ele alınmaktadır. Birinci bölümde Batı'nın İslam Dünyası ve Türkiye ile ilişkilerinin tarihi arka planı ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde Batı'nın din ve siyaset ilişkilerine bakışının temel belirleyicisi olan Pavlus ile İslam ve Türkiye siyasetinin temsili teorisyenleri olan Toynbee ve Huntington ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde 11 Eylül Olayı tasvir edilmiş ve stratejik sonuçlarına değinilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde ise Batının Türkiye üzerindeki teostratejik hedeflerinin başlıca göstergelerine değinilmiştir. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEName and Surname : Mustafa Tahir ÖztürkField : TheologyProgramme : Sociology of ReligionSupervisor : Associated Professor Ali CoşkunDegree Awarded and Date : Doctorate-July 2010Keywords : Interreligious Dialogue, Strategy, Teo-strategy, Missionary, September 11 EventABSTRACTRELIGION CENTERED WESTERN STRATEGIES IN TURKEY AFTER SEPTEMBER 11, 2001Western world, under the lead of the United States, has taken "religion" as a core for their international strategies, particularly after the Second World War. This period can be investigated under three different stages. First stage called as the interreligious dialogue stage started in the year of 1965, dissolution of the Soviet Union opened the second stage in 1991. The third and the most striking stage started with the September 11. In the period which embraced three of aforementioned stages, Islam is considered as the most powerful opponent of Christianity and also the biggest danger for it. Hence, Turkey became the most important country which confronted with this religion centered western strategies. This work, entitled "Religion Centered Western Strategies in Turkey after September 11, 2001" focuses mainly on the impact of teo-strategies of Christian Western World on Turkey which became his main target after the September 11. Our research consists of an introduction part, four chapters, the conclusion, appendices and the bibliography. In introduction part the aim and scope, hypotheses, limitation and methodology, briefly theoretical background, of this work are framed. Whilst the first chapter touches briefly on historical background of relations between Western and Islamic World and Turkey, second chapter focuses on Pavlus who is the main determiner of the Western view on religion and politics, Toynbee and Huntington who are the representatives of Western politics for Islam and Turkey. In the third chapter, the September 11 is described and the strategic results of the event are explored. In the last chapter, i.e. fourth one, the main indicators of teo-strategic goals of Western for Turkey are handled.