UK: У статті обґрунтовано актуальність радикальних соціально-економічних змін, що відбуваються в суспільстві та потребують нової моделі розвитку міської політики в Україні; моніторингу малих і середніх міст для розробки і реалізації комплексних програм їх соціально-економічного розвитку. Вирішення цього завдання вимагає активного використання ресурсів просторових даних, що інтегрують інформацію про потенціал міст та їх соціально-економічний і природно-ресурсний стан. EN: The article substantiates the relevance of radical socio-economic changes taking place in society and requires a new model of urban policy development in Ukraine. Solving this problem requires the active use of spatial data on the socio-economic and natural-resource status of cities, integrating information on the potential of cities. An efficient urban economy is a prerequisite and an engine for raising the level of public welfare. It is based on the approach to man as the highest value, self-aim and the main condition for the development of society. In the current conditions of globalization and regionalization of the economy, local governments are becoming increasingly popular with strategic management of urban development that can help local authorities determine and increase the competitive advantages of cities more efficiently. However, so far, there has not been a single approach to assessing the strategic management of urban development. The purpose of the article is to identify the main problems and trends of the socio-economic development of small and medium-sized cities in order to develop an effective strategy, where target integrated programs that can form a concrete, individual "economic landscape" of the region should be the main tools for managing the implementation of the chosen strategy. It is precisely in this category of cities that both the positive and the negative effects of socio-economic reforms, the development of small and medium-sized cities, and, to a greater extent, the further socioeconomic development of regions and the country as a whole are the most acute. Implementation of a complex of scientific research and implementation of the monitoring system for urban development is not only a timely but also a prerequisite for the implementation of an effective and environmentally sound economic policy in the region. Keywords: small towns and middle cities, strategic development, integrated city development program.
The dissertation was prepared in 2000–2004 at the Vilnius Pedagogical University and in 2004-2007 at Mykolas Romeris University, The dissertation is defend without PhD studies Scientific supervisor: Prof. Habil. Dr. Stasys Puškorius (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S). The doctoral dissertation will be defended at the Management and Administration Research Council of Mykolas Romeris University: Chairman of the Council: Prof. Habil. Dr. Adolfas Kaziliūnas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S) Members: Prof. Dr. Eugenijus Chlivickas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jolanta Palidauskaitė (Kaunass University of Technology, Social Science, Sociology 05S) Prof. Dr. Alvydas Pumputis (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Law 01S) Prof. Habil. Dr. Stasys Puškorius (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Opponents: Prof. Habil. Dr. Borisas Melnikas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Prof. Habil. Dr. Vygantas K. Paulikas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) The public defence of the doctoral dissertation will take place at Management and Administration Research Council on 28th December, 2007 at 10 a.m. in the Senate Hall of Mykolas Romeris University (Room C-230). Address: Ateities str. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania The summary of the doctoral dissertation was sent out on 20th November, 2007. The doctoral dissertation is available at the library of the Mykolas Romeris University and Lithuanian National Library of Martynas Mazvydas (Gedimino Av. 51, Vilnius). Introduction In the modern world the mindset of people as well as self-organization factors of various social groups change. Traditional ideologies that used to reflect the thinking of the majority of people in the past are now losing their popularity, and new ideas appear as unlimited pluralism settles in. Sometimes these ideas are old ones that have come from the past. An example would be the idea of communitarianism – some followers claim that this idea should already be called an ideology. When analysing communitarian ideas, most of them may be found in the ideologies of conservatives, Christian democrats, and social utopians or even anarchists–communists." Therefore it is necessary for contemporary man to choose from many strong or weaker ideological attitudes and to solve the dual problem: to identify new values that are often related with one of the segments of the "new public management" – participation of citizens and communities. So one of the traditional values, closely related with the "new public management" when reforming the public sector (especially when talking about self-governance), is considered more often in the Western democratic states nowadays – this value is sociality. Sociality in the democratic world in the context of public administration was and still is considered to be a special value that defines the quality of social organizations, and therefore it is promoted in various ways in the context of creating civil society, and it is one of the factors of modernisation of the public sector. Analysis of local communities from the managerial point of view may be based on the term of subsidiarity (discretion, additionality) that states that what may be done better by a community should not be done by the state. But where the forces of one man or a community are not enough, society and the state should support their efforts according to means. According to the classical definition of subsidiarity, matters that can be handled by individuals on their own should not be taken from them and assigned to the society as in this way justice would be offended. Scientific novelty of the dissertation may be defined by the following statements: • There are no dissertations in the area of public administration that would analyse especially the functionality of local communities, so this attempt to define and analyse the functionality of non-formal local communities of villages and towns allows to expect polemic with works of other authors that analyse the problem of sociality on the whole; • Factors that influence the functionality of contemporary local community have not been grouped and analysed till now; • The definition of factors and actions of local community functionality will enable to expect a faster realisation and implementation of these principles in practice for Lithuania that is developing state and self-governance local administration based on the principles of de-centralisation and subsidiarity; • The problems and directions of creation, development and expansion of local community functionality were analysed thoroughly and systematically, and theoretical and practical recommendations for solving these problems were prepared for the first time in Lithuania; • The concept that defines a functional local community has not been formed. Practical advantage of the dissertation. The actions intended by the author if performed by institutions existing in local communities will enable politicians, public officials and active citizens to draw attention to certain factors that influence the functionality of local communities and to choose certain managerial actions when creating functional local communities. When defining functional local community the author based himself on theoretical material as well as on personal experience because, having worked as a mayor of a regional municipality for five years, he had set the stimulation of mustering people in local communities as one of his strategic goals. From this point of view the dissertation will be useful for praticians because, according to Richard Fenn, the analysis of all subjects, especially the phenomenon of society, requires the researcher to indulge into institutional details – to experience institutions' habits, day-to-day life, successes and misfortunes, as they are experienced by all who live [169, p. 31]. Scientific problem. Lately sociality has been discussed a lot, but there has been no discussion about what it is in local communities, and only one its active form is acknowledged – the existence of a formalised community centre (registered community centres are counted). No attempt is made for local communities in villages and towns to be functional (while that is the basis of self-governance), and no analysis is performed about what its functionality as well as the efficiency of self-governance depends on. The research emphasizes that: • As traditional values of public life are vanishing, the appearing niche is being filled by negative phenomena that make public life more problematic (empirical data collected on alcoholism, neglect of children, criminality); there is discussion about whether this may be resisted by organising citizens into self-organization groups (cultural, charity, youth groups were researched) thus making local communities functional so that they may contribute to the efficiency of public life; • The functionality of villages and towns (that we call local communities) of contemporary Lithuania has withered or manifests itself episodically, while the re-creation of functionality is one of the activity criteria of public institutions and dimensional expression of democratic (real self-governance) management; • It has been noticed that social capital in Western countries is constantly rebuilding itself thus strengthening administrative structures – local government (municipality, eldership) and local institutions (the church, school, cultural institutions, etc.), citizen initiatives, so it should be discussed if functional local community could be one of such links since full-fledged social capital is not functioning yet in our country? The aim of the dissertation is to indicate that systematic managerial actions performed in certain factors may create functional local communities in Lithuanian villages and towns. Goals of the dissertation: 1. to determine factors that influence local community; 2. to define functional local community; 3. to determine the possibilities of institutions existing in local communities to form a functional local community; 4. to plan specific actions and functions of institutions when creating functional local communities; 5. to prepare practical recommendations for interested government institutions, formal and non-formal citizen groups what priority actions should be performed when creating functional local communities. Research object is non-formal local communities of Lithuanian villages and towns, the institution system that creates functional communities. Research subject is functional local communities. Hypotheses: 1. It is presumable that certain factors have a bigger influence on the creation of functional local community. 2. It is presumable that functional local community will start appearing if a system of factors that influence sociality will be formed in institutions of local self-governance (eldership, school, cultural institutions), parishes, and when organising social and physical security in villages and towns. CONTENTS OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Introduction Chapter 1. Analysis of Functionality of Local Communities in the Works of Western and Lithuanian Scientists and in EU Documents. 1.1. Works of Western Scientists and EU Documents about Functionality of Local Communities. 1.2. Works of Lithuanian Scientists on the Functionality of Local Communities. 1.3. Concepts Related to Local Community. 1.4. Conclusions. Chapter 2. Development of Local Communities in Lithuania in the 20th Century. 2.1. Local Communities in Lithuania before World War II. 2.2. The Soviet Period – Interrupted Tradition of Sociality. 2.3. Local Community in Lithuania after the Restoration of Ind
The dissertation was prepared in 2000–2004 at the Vilnius Pedagogical University and in 2004-2007 at Mykolas Romeris University, The dissertation is defend without PhD studies Scientific supervisor: Prof. Habil. Dr. Stasys Puškorius (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S). The doctoral dissertation will be defended at the Management and Administration Research Council of Mykolas Romeris University: Chairman of the Council: Prof. Habil. Dr. Adolfas Kaziliūnas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S) Members: Prof. Dr. Eugenijus Chlivickas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jolanta Palidauskaitė (Kaunass University of Technology, Social Science, Sociology 05S) Prof. Dr. Alvydas Pumputis (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Law 01S) Prof. Habil. Dr. Stasys Puškorius (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Opponents: Prof. Habil. Dr. Borisas Melnikas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Prof. Habil. Dr. Vygantas K. Paulikas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) The public defence of the doctoral dissertation will take place at Management and Administration Research Council on 28th December, 2007 at 10 a.m. in the Senate Hall of Mykolas Romeris University (Room C-230). Address: Ateities str. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania The summary of the doctoral dissertation was sent out on 20th November, 2007. The doctoral dissertation is available at the library of the Mykolas Romeris University and Lithuanian National Library of Martynas Mazvydas (Gedimino Av. 51, Vilnius). Introduction In the modern world the mindset of people as well as self-organization factors of various social groups change. Traditional ideologies that used to reflect the thinking of the majority of people in the past are now losing their popularity, and new ideas appear as unlimited pluralism settles in. Sometimes these ideas are old ones that have come from the past. An example would be the idea of communitarianism – some followers claim that this idea should already be called an ideology. When analysing communitarian ideas, most of them may be found in the ideologies of conservatives, Christian democrats, and social utopians or even anarchists–communists." Therefore it is necessary for contemporary man to choose from many strong or weaker ideological attitudes and to solve the dual problem: to identify new values that are often related with one of the segments of the "new public management" – participation of citizens and communities. So one of the traditional values, closely related with the "new public management" when reforming the public sector (especially when talking about self-governance), is considered more often in the Western democratic states nowadays – this value is sociality. Sociality in the democratic world in the context of public administration was and still is considered to be a special value that defines the quality of social organizations, and therefore it is promoted in various ways in the context of creating civil society, and it is one of the factors of modernisation of the public sector. Analysis of local communities from the managerial point of view may be based on the term of subsidiarity (discretion, additionality) that states that what may be done better by a community should not be done by the state. But where the forces of one man or a community are not enough, society and the state should support their efforts according to means. According to the classical definition of subsidiarity, matters that can be handled by individuals on their own should not be taken from them and assigned to the society as in this way justice would be offended. Scientific novelty of the dissertation may be defined by the following statements: • There are no dissertations in the area of public administration that would analyse especially the functionality of local communities, so this attempt to define and analyse the functionality of non-formal local communities of villages and towns allows to expect polemic with works of other authors that analyse the problem of sociality on the whole; • Factors that influence the functionality of contemporary local community have not been grouped and analysed till now; • The definition of factors and actions of local community functionality will enable to expect a faster realisation and implementation of these principles in practice for Lithuania that is developing state and self-governance local administration based on the principles of de-centralisation and subsidiarity; • The problems and directions of creation, development and expansion of local community functionality were analysed thoroughly and systematically, and theoretical and practical recommendations for solving these problems were prepared for the first time in Lithuania; • The concept that defines a functional local community has not been formed. Practical advantage of the dissertation. The actions intended by the author if performed by institutions existing in local communities will enable politicians, public officials and active citizens to draw attention to certain factors that influence the functionality of local communities and to choose certain managerial actions when creating functional local communities. When defining functional local community the author based himself on theoretical material as well as on personal experience because, having worked as a mayor of a regional municipality for five years, he had set the stimulation of mustering people in local communities as one of his strategic goals. From this point of view the dissertation will be useful for praticians because, according to Richard Fenn, the analysis of all subjects, especially the phenomenon of society, requires the researcher to indulge into institutional details – to experience institutions' habits, day-to-day life, successes and misfortunes, as they are experienced by all who live [169, p. 31]. Scientific problem. Lately sociality has been discussed a lot, but there has been no discussion about what it is in local communities, and only one its active form is acknowledged – the existence of a formalised community centre (registered community centres are counted). No attempt is made for local communities in villages and towns to be functional (while that is the basis of self-governance), and no analysis is performed about what its functionality as well as the efficiency of self-governance depends on. The research emphasizes that: • As traditional values of public life are vanishing, the appearing niche is being filled by negative phenomena that make public life more problematic (empirical data collected on alcoholism, neglect of children, criminality); there is discussion about whether this may be resisted by organising citizens into self-organization groups (cultural, charity, youth groups were researched) thus making local communities functional so that they may contribute to the efficiency of public life; • The functionality of villages and towns (that we call local communities) of contemporary Lithuania has withered or manifests itself episodically, while the re-creation of functionality is one of the activity criteria of public institutions and dimensional expression of democratic (real self-governance) management; • It has been noticed that social capital in Western countries is constantly rebuilding itself thus strengthening administrative structures – local government (municipality, eldership) and local institutions (the church, school, cultural institutions, etc.), citizen initiatives, so it should be discussed if functional local community could be one of such links since full-fledged social capital is not functioning yet in our country? The aim of the dissertation is to indicate that systematic managerial actions performed in certain factors may create functional local communities in Lithuanian villages and towns. Goals of the dissertation: 1. to determine factors that influence local community; 2. to define functional local community; 3. to determine the possibilities of institutions existing in local communities to form a functional local community; 4. to plan specific actions and functions of institutions when creating functional local communities; 5. to prepare practical recommendations for interested government institutions, formal and non-formal citizen groups what priority actions should be performed when creating functional local communities. Research object is non-formal local communities of Lithuanian villages and towns, the institution system that creates functional communities. Research subject is functional local communities. Hypotheses: 1. It is presumable that certain factors have a bigger influence on the creation of functional local community. 2. It is presumable that functional local community will start appearing if a system of factors that influence sociality will be formed in institutions of local self-governance (eldership, school, cultural institutions), parishes, and when organising social and physical security in villages and towns. CONTENTS OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Introduction Chapter 1. Analysis of Functionality of Local Communities in the Works of Western and Lithuanian Scientists and in EU Documents. 1.1. Works of Western Scientists and EU Documents about Functionality of Local Communities. 1.2. Works of Lithuanian Scientists on the Functionality of Local Communities. 1.3. Concepts Related to Local Community. 1.4. Conclusions. Chapter 2. Development of Local Communities in Lithuania in the 20th Century. 2.1. Local Communities in Lithuania before World War II. 2.2. The Soviet Period – Interrupted Tradition of Sociality. 2.3. Local Community in Lithuania after the Restoration of Ind
The article deals with the problem of the influence of Sovietization and decommunization on the urban environment of modern Ternopil region: the cities of Ternopil and Zalishchyky and the town of Skala-Podilska. The author gives a detailed analysis of the changes that took place in 1939-1991 in their architectural form. It is stated that if Zalishchyky and Skala-Podilska have preserved to some extent the unique, pre-war building of the centre, having lost some primary monuments, logical city planning, sculpting and decor on the facades, then Ternopil has lost its historical heart almost wholly, becoming a typical socialist city. The reasons that caused the destruction, redevelopment or reconstruction of architectural ensembles and religious-cult objects in Ternopil territory were determined: 1. ideological (ideological opponents and the soviet regime became statues of saints, memorials and graves of participants of Ukrainian liberation competitions, etc; they were destroyed as monuments of national cultural or religious load); 2. Communist regime crackdowns and efforts to conceal their results (entrances to separate, underground premises of Ternopil have been destroyed since they became the mass graves of prisoners in the city prison (1941); 3. impossibility of further exploitation due to "irreparable damage" caused by military actions, lack of funds for reconstruction or absence of economically justified need for operation of the object (yes, in Ternopil a department store destroyed during the war); 4. adaptation of the object for the fulfilment of new functions (the Jesuit church in Ternopil in the postwar period was rebuilt in the premises of a garment factory); 5. human factor when the destruction of memorials occurred as a result of the personal initiative or passive position of party functionaries, "labour collectives" and the population of cities in general.Particular attention was paid to the restoration or reconstruction of architectural monuments and the elimination of totalitarian symbols in the process of decommunization in 1991 - the beginning of the 21st century. It was noted that as of 2016, there were virtually no monuments in Ternopil that had a communist ideological load. ; У статті розглядається проблема впливу радянізації та декомунізації на урбаністичне середовище населених пунктів сучасної Тернопільської області: міст Тернопіль і Заліщики та містечка Скала-Подільська. Дається детальний аналіз змін, що відбулися у 1939-1991 рр, в їх архітектурному вигляді. Констатовано, що якщо Заліщики та Скала-Подільська певною мірою зберегли унікальну, довоєнну забудову центру, втративши кілька основних пам'яток, логічне міське планування, ліплення і декор на фасадах, то Тернопіль втратив своє історичне осердя фактично повністю, перетворившись у типове соціалістичне місто з шаблонною радянською забудовою. Визначено причини, що обумовили руйнування, перепланування чи реконструкцію архітектурних ансамблів та релігійно-культових об'єктів на теренах Тернопілля: 1. ідеологічна (ідеологічними противниками радянського режиму ставали статуї святих, меморіали та могили учасників українських визвольних змагань тощо; їх, як пам'ятки, що мають національно-культурне чи релігійне навантаження, знищували); 2. репресії, розгорнуті комуністичним режимом, та намагання приховати їхні результати (входи в окремі підземні приміщення Тернополя знищені, оскільки стали братськими могилами в'язнів міської тюрми (1941 р.)); 3. неможливість подальшої експлуатації внаслідок "непоправної шкоди", завданої військовими діями, брак коштів на відбудову або відсутність економічно обґрунтованої потреби для експлуатації об'єкту (так, у Тернополі на місті напівзруйнованого під час війни костелу побудовано універмаг); 4. пристосування об'єкту для виконання нових функцій (Єзуїтський костел у Тернополі у післявоєнний період перебудовано в приміщення швейної фабрики); 5. людський фактор, коли руйнування пам'яток відбувалися внаслідок особистої ініціативи або пасивної позиції партійних функціонерів, "трудових колективів" та населення міст взагалі. Окрема увага приділена питанню відбудови чи реконструкції архітектурних пам'яток та усуненню тоталітарних символів у рамках процесу декомунізації 1991 р. – початку ХХІ ст. Зазначено, що станом на 2016 р. у Тернополі фактично не залишилося жодної пам'ятки, яка б мала комуністичне ідеологічне навантаження.
Significant growth in the population of the planet, migration processes, rapid economic, political, social and technological progress have led not only to the development of the human and technical capabilities, but also to the evolution of the criminal activity. Throughout its existence the mankind has actively countered the criminal manifestations of its socially dangerous representatives, but the success of these measures was largely dependent on a well thought-out and effective strategy to prevent the crimes. The modern period of development of criminology is marked by diversity of ideas and concepts that try to explain the causes and conditions of committing the crimes, as well as to find a key "lever" in their avoidance. The XXI century is characterized by a high degree of urbanization and an outflow of people from countryside to large cities. A significant number of large cities and cities-millionaires dictate the need to ensure safety of their population from criminal acts and accidents. To this end, dozens of crime prevention programs are being developed and implemented annually at the local, regional and state levels. One of such programs is creation of a secure space, which involves the safe city-planning and architectural-spatial features that can adversely affect the criminality level of a territory, since most of situational and street crimes are committed under significant influence of a particular life situation. Thus, the effective use of these developments will significantly reduce the number of criminal offenses committed on the streets, near houses, enclosed premises and territories which are isolated and inaccessible to visual surveillance.
Nowadays increasing number of scientists and politicians pay attention to the humanization of Old Town public spaces. Particular interest is drawn to the matterof city expansion as the subject of the Old Town humanization and adaptability to public use is included in the city expansion programmes. In regard to the relevance of the subject and issues related to it, the main aim of this paper was to provide suggestions for the humanization of the Old Town public spaces after analysing the current situation of the Klaipeda Old Town and the examples of public spaces that have already established. Firstly, the particularities of Klaipeda's historical development that determined the shaping of public spaces were revealed involving the transformation of public spaces at the end of Soviet era and the birth of Independence as well as the issues that ensued. Secondly, some examples of humanized spaces were analysed. Finally, the Klaipeda City administration was offered suggestions for the Old Town humanization and recommendations related to different phases of the city's evolution. The latter consisted of: accentuating the shape of a certain era's identity, depicting significant historical moments, emphasising the image of a seaside city, incorporating art and culture in the public spaces and improving the quality of the overall environment that the people are surrounded by.
Nowadays increasing number of scientists and politicians pay attention to the humanization of Old Town public spaces. Particular interest is drawn to the matterof city expansion as the subject of the Old Town humanization and adaptability to public use is included in the city expansion programmes. In regard to the relevance of the subject and issues related to it, the main aim of this paper was to provide suggestions for the humanization of the Old Town public spaces after analysing the current situation of the Klaipeda Old Town and the examples of public spaces that have already established. Firstly, the particularities of Klaipeda's historical development that determined the shaping of public spaces were revealed involving the transformation of public spaces at the end of Soviet era and the birth of Independence as well as the issues that ensued. Secondly, some examples of humanized spaces were analysed. Finally, the Klaipeda City administration was offered suggestions for the Old Town humanization and recommendations related to different phases of the city's evolution. The latter consisted of: accentuating the shape of a certain era's identity, depicting significant historical moments, emphasising the image of a seaside city, incorporating art and culture in the public spaces and improving the quality of the overall environment that the people are surrounded by.
Nowadays increasing number of scientists and politicians pay attention to the humanization of Old Town public spaces. Particular interest is drawn to the matterof city expansion as the subject of the Old Town humanization and adaptability to public use is included in the city expansion programmes. In regard to the relevance of the subject and issues related to it, the main aim of this paper was to provide suggestions for the humanization of the Old Town public spaces after analysing the current situation of the Klaipeda Old Town and the examples of public spaces that have already established. Firstly, the particularities of Klaipeda's historical development that determined the shaping of public spaces were revealed involving the transformation of public spaces at the end of Soviet era and the birth of Independence as well as the issues that ensued. Secondly, some examples of humanized spaces were analysed. Finally, the Klaipeda City administration was offered suggestions for the Old Town humanization and recommendations related to different phases of the city's evolution. The latter consisted of: accentuating the shape of a certain era's identity, depicting significant historical moments, emphasising the image of a seaside city, incorporating art and culture in the public spaces and improving the quality of the overall environment that the people are surrounded by.
The article analyzes the development of cities and territorial communities in terms of compliance with sustainable development goals, criteria and principles of economic development of Ukraine in the implementation of the reform of decentralization of power and local self-government. Scientific principles of assessment of sustainable development of cities and territorial communities in Ukraine are formulated in accordance with the postulates of sustainable development and taking into account the institutional features of decentralization reform in Ukraine, taking into account the requirements for forming comprehensively viable and economically self-sufficient territorial communities. The article assesses the readiness for cooperation and unification of cities and communities of Ukraine. Agreements depending on the spheres of cooperation of territorial communities are considered. The state and dynamics of intermunicipal cooperation processes in Ukraine are analyzed.
The article highlights changes in communication in "civil landscapes" of Ukrainian cities, as the parameters of temporality and spatial phenomenology. It is noted that the public space of a city is a special social and cultural form of being under conditions of Ukrainian's conflict. The methodological basis of the study is the concept of national identity, the theory of communicative action, as well as a cultural approach to the analysis of the temporal-spatial phenomenon of the city. The need for research practices focused on comprehending urban identity from the point of view of a "civic approach", establishing national values, and taking into account the communitarian principles of the formation of such an identity is articulated. Civil urban sites are analyzed through the prism of lighting of nationally sensitive time-space. Differences in communicative-spatial transformations of Ukrainian cities, character of presentation of their national-cultural identity in communicative space are described. The pro-active practices of the locals re-vitalizing the Ukrainian space, through the prospect of designing a "national-cultural reality" – of Ukrainian citizenship are outlined. The violation of the cordial eye of the majority of national identities, as if they were based on the front line of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the coveted national-cultural frontiers of Ukraine, move forward. There is a shift in worldview boundaries along the national identity of communities that find themselves on the front lines of the Russian-Ukrainian war and become defensive national-cultural frontiers of Eastern Ukraine. It is noted that the spatial connections of Ukrainian cities and communities require a more powerful national-cultural articulation of the symbolic structure of urban politics and topos' mnemonics.
The purpose of the article is to characterize the process of forming the simplified public administration in non-district towns and posads of Chernihiv province, its structure, limits of competence, the number of voters and commissioners delegated according to the Regulation of 1892. Research methods are determined by the goal, based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. They are represented by general scientific methods of analysis, induction and special-historical: historical-genetic and historical-comparative. The scientific novelty of this article is that it is the first attempt to study simplified public self-government of the late XIX on the materials of Chernihiv province. Using a representative source base, absolute and relative number of voters and commissioners in non-district towns and posads at a specified time were calculated. As a result of the study we can make the following conclusions. The simplified public administration was started in 20 localities of Chernihiv province, 3 non-district towns and 17 posads by the reform of 1892. Owners of real estate, worth at least 100 rub., from which they paid taxes to the local budget, were given the opportunity to vote. They elected a meeting of commissioners endowed with administrative power, the executive – relied on the chief and his assistants. The limits of the simplified self-government competence covered a wide range of economic and household issues, which were resolved collegially, by a majority vote of commissioners. The activity took place within the city legislation, under the direct control of provincial administration and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The existing electoral system minimized the number of people with the right to express their will, who, by social affiliation, usually came from privileged classes. The simplified structure of public administration allowed to accumulate the power in hands of a meager number of commissioners, which made it impossible to represent proportionally the interests of all social strata in ...
Actuality. Management as a phenomenon of culture and an exclusively unique object of scientific knowledge occupies a special place in the life of society. As historical development of mankind is complicated as organizational structures, as well as the culture of management and a set of theories that describe them. However, modern science does not take into account that radical changes in organizational reality occur not continuously, but during the bifurcation of civilization. A specific culture that arose precisely in such conditions is mechanistic management, the study of which is devoted to this article. Purpose and methods. The purpose of the article is a theoretical and historical analysis of the culture of mechanistic management, the identification of the basic determinants of the genesis of this management culture and the formation of the main directions of its development in conditions of industrialism. The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical principle of cognition, systemic, civilization, historical approaches to the study of social phenomena and processes, and the fundamental provisions of the theory of management. Results. The objective preconditions of the formation of a culture of mechanistic management are determined: European science and mechanism arising from the Newtonian picture of the world – the presentation of organizational reality as a machine, as well as atomism, rationalism and social Darwinism as a "natural law" about inter-species struggle; Protestant ethics as a justification of profit; political economy, which introduced the economy in the form of a machine operating under the laws of Newtonian mechanics; great scientific and technical discoveries, demanding new forms of organization of production. The essence of the article is given, comparative characteristics are given and prospects of further application of the main directions of culture of mechanistic management: scientific organization of labor and management are outlined; administrative management; the ...
The creativity of Spengler and the ambiguity of his theory have caused and continue to cause profound interest, as well as fierce debates. Spengler introduced his cultural historical doctrine in the book "The Decline of the West", in which he sought to reflect all the diversity of historical metamorphoses of humanity. His advanced concept of high cultures allowed him to approach the analysis of contemporary political processes from a historical perspective. "The Decline of the West" has already become an integral part of the European spiritual culture. This paper attempts to analyze Spengler's philosophy of history. During the research, the authors have used the comparative-historical method, the methodology of philosophical hermeneutics, as well as the integrative anthropological approach.