Suchergebnisse

The dissertation was prepared in 2000–2004 at the Vilnius Pedagogical University and in 2004-2007 at Mykolas Romeris University, The dissertation is defend without PhD studies Scientific supervisor: Prof. Habil. Dr. Stasys Puškorius (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S). The doctoral dissertation will be defended at the Management and Administration Research Council of Mykolas Romeris University: Chairman of the Council: Prof. Habil. Dr. Adolfas Kaziliūnas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S) Members: Prof. Dr. Eugenijus Chlivickas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jolanta Palidauskaitė (Kaunass University of Technology, Social Science, Sociology 05S) Prof. Dr. Alvydas Pumputis (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Law 01S) Prof. Habil. Dr. Stasys Puškorius (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Opponents: Prof. Habil. Dr. Borisas Melnikas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Prof. Habil. Dr. Vygantas K. Paulikas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) The public defence of the doctoral dissertation will take place at Management and Administration Research Council on 28th December, 2007 at 10 a.m. in the Senate Hall of Mykolas Romeris University (Room C-230). Address: Ateities str. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania The summary of the doctoral dissertation was sent out on 20th November, 2007. The doctoral dissertation is available at the library of the Mykolas Romeris University and Lithuanian National Library of Martynas Mazvydas (Gedimino Av. 51, Vilnius). Introduction In the modern world the mindset of people as well as self-organization factors of various social groups change. Traditional ideologies that used to reflect the thinking of the majority of people in the past are now losing their popularity, and new ideas appear as unlimited pluralism settles in. Sometimes these ideas are old ones that have come from the past. An example would be the idea of communitarianism – some followers claim that this idea should already be called an ideology. When analysing communitarian ideas, most of them may be found in the ideologies of conservatives, Christian democrats, and social utopians or even anarchists–communists." Therefore it is necessary for contemporary man to choose from many strong or weaker ideological attitudes and to solve the dual problem: to identify new values that are often related with one of the segments of the "new public management" – participation of citizens and communities. So one of the traditional values, closely related with the "new public management" when reforming the public sector (especially when talking about self-governance), is considered more often in the Western democratic states nowadays – this value is sociality. Sociality in the democratic world in the context of public administration was and still is considered to be a special value that defines the quality of social organizations, and therefore it is promoted in various ways in the context of creating civil society, and it is one of the factors of modernisation of the public sector. Analysis of local communities from the managerial point of view may be based on the term of subsidiarity (discretion, additionality) that states that what may be done better by a community should not be done by the state. But where the forces of one man or a community are not enough, society and the state should support their efforts according to means. According to the classical definition of subsidiarity, matters that can be handled by individuals on their own should not be taken from them and assigned to the society as in this way justice would be offended. Scientific novelty of the dissertation may be defined by the following statements: • There are no dissertations in the area of public administration that would analyse especially the functionality of local communities, so this attempt to define and analyse the functionality of non-formal local communities of villages and towns allows to expect polemic with works of other authors that analyse the problem of sociality on the whole; • Factors that influence the functionality of contemporary local community have not been grouped and analysed till now; • The definition of factors and actions of local community functionality will enable to expect a faster realisation and implementation of these principles in practice for Lithuania that is developing state and self-governance local administration based on the principles of de-centralisation and subsidiarity; • The problems and directions of creation, development and expansion of local community functionality were analysed thoroughly and systematically, and theoretical and practical recommendations for solving these problems were prepared for the first time in Lithuania; • The concept that defines a functional local community has not been formed. Practical advantage of the dissertation. The actions intended by the author if performed by institutions existing in local communities will enable politicians, public officials and active citizens to draw attention to certain factors that influence the functionality of local communities and to choose certain managerial actions when creating functional local communities. When defining functional local community the author based himself on theoretical material as well as on personal experience because, having worked as a mayor of a regional municipality for five years, he had set the stimulation of mustering people in local communities as one of his strategic goals. From this point of view the dissertation will be useful for praticians because, according to Richard Fenn, the analysis of all subjects, especially the phenomenon of society, requires the researcher to indulge into institutional details – to experience institutions' habits, day-to-day life, successes and misfortunes, as they are experienced by all who live [169, p. 31]. Scientific problem. Lately sociality has been discussed a lot, but there has been no discussion about what it is in local communities, and only one its active form is acknowledged – the existence of a formalised community centre (registered community centres are counted). No attempt is made for local communities in villages and towns to be functional (while that is the basis of self-governance), and no analysis is performed about what its functionality as well as the efficiency of self-governance depends on. The research emphasizes that: • As traditional values of public life are vanishing, the appearing niche is being filled by negative phenomena that make public life more problematic (empirical data collected on alcoholism, neglect of children, criminality); there is discussion about whether this may be resisted by organising citizens into self-organization groups (cultural, charity, youth groups were researched) thus making local communities functional so that they may contribute to the efficiency of public life; • The functionality of villages and towns (that we call local communities) of contemporary Lithuania has withered or manifests itself episodically, while the re-creation of functionality is one of the activity criteria of public institutions and dimensional expression of democratic (real self-governance) management; • It has been noticed that social capital in Western countries is constantly rebuilding itself thus strengthening administrative structures – local government (municipality, eldership) and local institutions (the church, school, cultural institutions, etc.), citizen initiatives, so it should be discussed if functional local community could be one of such links since full-fledged social capital is not functioning yet in our country? The aim of the dissertation is to indicate that systematic managerial actions performed in certain factors may create functional local communities in Lithuanian villages and towns. Goals of the dissertation: 1. to determine factors that influence local community; 2. to define functional local community; 3. to determine the possibilities of institutions existing in local communities to form a functional local community; 4. to plan specific actions and functions of institutions when creating functional local communities; 5. to prepare practical recommendations for interested government institutions, formal and non-formal citizen groups what priority actions should be performed when creating functional local communities. Research object is non-formal local communities of Lithuanian villages and towns, the institution system that creates functional communities. Research subject is functional local communities. Hypotheses: 1. It is presumable that certain factors have a bigger influence on the creation of functional local community. 2. It is presumable that functional local community will start appearing if a system of factors that influence sociality will be formed in institutions of local self-governance (eldership, school, cultural institutions), parishes, and when organising social and physical security in villages and towns. CONTENTS OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Introduction Chapter 1. Analysis of Functionality of Local Communities in the Works of Western and Lithuanian Scientists and in EU Documents. 1.1. Works of Western Scientists and EU Documents about Functionality of Local Communities. 1.2. Works of Lithuanian Scientists on the Functionality of Local Communities. 1.3. Concepts Related to Local Community. 1.4. Conclusions. Chapter 2. Development of Local Communities in Lithuania in the 20th Century. 2.1. Local Communities in Lithuania before World War II. 2.2. The Soviet Period – Interrupted Tradition of Sociality. 2.3. Local Community in Lithuania after the Restoration of Ind

The dissertation was prepared in 2000–2004 at the Vilnius Pedagogical University and in 2004-2007 at Mykolas Romeris University, The dissertation is defend without PhD studies Scientific supervisor: Prof. Habil. Dr. Stasys Puškorius (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S). The doctoral dissertation will be defended at the Management and Administration Research Council of Mykolas Romeris University: Chairman of the Council: Prof. Habil. Dr. Adolfas Kaziliūnas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S) Members: Prof. Dr. Eugenijus Chlivickas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jolanta Palidauskaitė (Kaunass University of Technology, Social Science, Sociology 05S) Prof. Dr. Alvydas Pumputis (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Law 01S) Prof. Habil. Dr. Stasys Puškorius (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Opponents: Prof. Habil. Dr. Borisas Melnikas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Prof. Habil. Dr. Vygantas K. Paulikas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) The public defence of the doctoral dissertation will take place at Management and Administration Research Council on 28th December, 2007 at 10 a.m. in the Senate Hall of Mykolas Romeris University (Room C-230). Address: Ateities str. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania The summary of the doctoral dissertation was sent out on 20th November, 2007. The doctoral dissertation is available at the library of the Mykolas Romeris University and Lithuanian National Library of Martynas Mazvydas (Gedimino Av. 51, Vilnius). Introduction In the modern world the mindset of people as well as self-organization factors of various social groups change. Traditional ideologies that used to reflect the thinking of the majority of people in the past are now losing their popularity, and new ideas appear as unlimited pluralism settles in. Sometimes these ideas are old ones that have come from the past. An example would be the idea of communitarianism – some followers claim that this idea should already be called an ideology. When analysing communitarian ideas, most of them may be found in the ideologies of conservatives, Christian democrats, and social utopians or even anarchists–communists." Therefore it is necessary for contemporary man to choose from many strong or weaker ideological attitudes and to solve the dual problem: to identify new values that are often related with one of the segments of the "new public management" – participation of citizens and communities. So one of the traditional values, closely related with the "new public management" when reforming the public sector (especially when talking about self-governance), is considered more often in the Western democratic states nowadays – this value is sociality. Sociality in the democratic world in the context of public administration was and still is considered to be a special value that defines the quality of social organizations, and therefore it is promoted in various ways in the context of creating civil society, and it is one of the factors of modernisation of the public sector. Analysis of local communities from the managerial point of view may be based on the term of subsidiarity (discretion, additionality) that states that what may be done better by a community should not be done by the state. But where the forces of one man or a community are not enough, society and the state should support their efforts according to means. According to the classical definition of subsidiarity, matters that can be handled by individuals on their own should not be taken from them and assigned to the society as in this way justice would be offended. Scientific novelty of the dissertation may be defined by the following statements: • There are no dissertations in the area of public administration that would analyse especially the functionality of local communities, so this attempt to define and analyse the functionality of non-formal local communities of villages and towns allows to expect polemic with works of other authors that analyse the problem of sociality on the whole; • Factors that influence the functionality of contemporary local community have not been grouped and analysed till now; • The definition of factors and actions of local community functionality will enable to expect a faster realisation and implementation of these principles in practice for Lithuania that is developing state and self-governance local administration based on the principles of de-centralisation and subsidiarity; • The problems and directions of creation, development and expansion of local community functionality were analysed thoroughly and systematically, and theoretical and practical recommendations for solving these problems were prepared for the first time in Lithuania; • The concept that defines a functional local community has not been formed. Practical advantage of the dissertation. The actions intended by the author if performed by institutions existing in local communities will enable politicians, public officials and active citizens to draw attention to certain factors that influence the functionality of local communities and to choose certain managerial actions when creating functional local communities. When defining functional local community the author based himself on theoretical material as well as on personal experience because, having worked as a mayor of a regional municipality for five years, he had set the stimulation of mustering people in local communities as one of his strategic goals. From this point of view the dissertation will be useful for praticians because, according to Richard Fenn, the analysis of all subjects, especially the phenomenon of society, requires the researcher to indulge into institutional details – to experience institutions' habits, day-to-day life, successes and misfortunes, as they are experienced by all who live [169, p. 31]. Scientific problem. Lately sociality has been discussed a lot, but there has been no discussion about what it is in local communities, and only one its active form is acknowledged – the existence of a formalised community centre (registered community centres are counted). No attempt is made for local communities in villages and towns to be functional (while that is the basis of self-governance), and no analysis is performed about what its functionality as well as the efficiency of self-governance depends on. The research emphasizes that: • As traditional values of public life are vanishing, the appearing niche is being filled by negative phenomena that make public life more problematic (empirical data collected on alcoholism, neglect of children, criminality); there is discussion about whether this may be resisted by organising citizens into self-organization groups (cultural, charity, youth groups were researched) thus making local communities functional so that they may contribute to the efficiency of public life; • The functionality of villages and towns (that we call local communities) of contemporary Lithuania has withered or manifests itself episodically, while the re-creation of functionality is one of the activity criteria of public institutions and dimensional expression of democratic (real self-governance) management; • It has been noticed that social capital in Western countries is constantly rebuilding itself thus strengthening administrative structures – local government (municipality, eldership) and local institutions (the church, school, cultural institutions, etc.), citizen initiatives, so it should be discussed if functional local community could be one of such links since full-fledged social capital is not functioning yet in our country? The aim of the dissertation is to indicate that systematic managerial actions performed in certain factors may create functional local communities in Lithuanian villages and towns. Goals of the dissertation: 1. to determine factors that influence local community; 2. to define functional local community; 3. to determine the possibilities of institutions existing in local communities to form a functional local community; 4. to plan specific actions and functions of institutions when creating functional local communities; 5. to prepare practical recommendations for interested government institutions, formal and non-formal citizen groups what priority actions should be performed when creating functional local communities. Research object is non-formal local communities of Lithuanian villages and towns, the institution system that creates functional communities. Research subject is functional local communities. Hypotheses: 1. It is presumable that certain factors have a bigger influence on the creation of functional local community. 2. It is presumable that functional local community will start appearing if a system of factors that influence sociality will be formed in institutions of local self-governance (eldership, school, cultural institutions), parishes, and when organising social and physical security in villages and towns. CONTENTS OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Introduction Chapter 1. Analysis of Functionality of Local Communities in the Works of Western and Lithuanian Scientists and in EU Documents. 1.1. Works of Western Scientists and EU Documents about Functionality of Local Communities. 1.2. Works of Lithuanian Scientists on the Functionality of Local Communities. 1.3. Concepts Related to Local Community. 1.4. Conclusions. Chapter 2. Development of Local Communities in Lithuania in the 20th Century. 2.1. Local Communities in Lithuania before World War II. 2.2. The Soviet Period – Interrupted Tradition of Sociality. 2.3. Local Community in Lithuania after the Restoration of Ind

Nowadays increasing number of scientists and politicians pay attention to the humanization of Old Town public spaces. Particular interest is drawn to the matterof city expansion as the subject of the Old Town humanization and adaptability to public use is included in the city expansion programmes. In regard to the relevance of the subject and issues related to it, the main aim of this paper was to provide suggestions for the humanization of the Old Town public spaces after analysing the current situation of the Klaipeda Old Town and the examples of public spaces that have already established. Firstly, the particularities of Klaipeda's historical development that determined the shaping of public spaces were revealed involving the transformation of public spaces at the end of Soviet era and the birth of Independence as well as the issues that ensued. Secondly, some examples of humanized spaces were analysed. Finally, the Klaipeda City administration was offered suggestions for the Old Town humanization and recommendations related to different phases of the city's evolution. The latter consisted of: accentuating the shape of a certain era's identity, depicting significant historical moments, emphasising the image of a seaside city, incorporating art and culture in the public spaces and improving the quality of the overall environment that the people are surrounded by.

Nowadays increasing number of scientists and politicians pay attention to the humanization of Old Town public spaces. Particular interest is drawn to the matterof city expansion as the subject of the Old Town humanization and adaptability to public use is included in the city expansion programmes. In regard to the relevance of the subject and issues related to it, the main aim of this paper was to provide suggestions for the humanization of the Old Town public spaces after analysing the current situation of the Klaipeda Old Town and the examples of public spaces that have already established. Firstly, the particularities of Klaipeda's historical development that determined the shaping of public spaces were revealed involving the transformation of public spaces at the end of Soviet era and the birth of Independence as well as the issues that ensued. Secondly, some examples of humanized spaces were analysed. Finally, the Klaipeda City administration was offered suggestions for the Old Town humanization and recommendations related to different phases of the city's evolution. The latter consisted of: accentuating the shape of a certain era's identity, depicting significant historical moments, emphasising the image of a seaside city, incorporating art and culture in the public spaces and improving the quality of the overall environment that the people are surrounded by.

Nowadays increasing number of scientists and politicians pay attention to the humanization of Old Town public spaces. Particular interest is drawn to the matterof city expansion as the subject of the Old Town humanization and adaptability to public use is included in the city expansion programmes. In regard to the relevance of the subject and issues related to it, the main aim of this paper was to provide suggestions for the humanization of the Old Town public spaces after analysing the current situation of the Klaipeda Old Town and the examples of public spaces that have already established. Firstly, the particularities of Klaipeda's historical development that determined the shaping of public spaces were revealed involving the transformation of public spaces at the end of Soviet era and the birth of Independence as well as the issues that ensued. Secondly, some examples of humanized spaces were analysed. Finally, the Klaipeda City administration was offered suggestions for the Old Town humanization and recommendations related to different phases of the city's evolution. The latter consisted of: accentuating the shape of a certain era's identity, depicting significant historical moments, emphasising the image of a seaside city, incorporating art and culture in the public spaces and improving the quality of the overall environment that the people are surrounded by.

The paper examined the geodetic (cadastral) measurements during the formation or cadastral proceedings violations committed by the city of Vilnius and the Vilnius region. Overview of global positioning system, measuring methods, the errors and accuracy of coordinates measured in the Lithuanian State GPS Network. Discuss the Republic of Lithuania laws, government regulations and other legal acts, the articles that define the cadastral work methodology through cadastral case, the combination of turning points outside the bordering neighbors, and the importance of the correct boundary of the construction, measurement of land area and more. The most common reason for errors committed by surveyors who carry out the cadastral measurements of the city of Vilnius and the Vilnius region, which influences the occurrence of errors and the need for cadastral measurements. Spatial planning documents for non-compliance with reality. The cadastral error analysis in Vilnius and Riga district information was taken from the Vilnius County Land Management Department of Land Use Control Division, which controls cadastral files and updates the cadastral data.

The paper examined the geodetic (cadastral) measurements during the formation or cadastral proceedings violations committed by the city of Vilnius and the Vilnius region. Overview of global positioning system, measuring methods, the errors and accuracy of coordinates measured in the Lithuanian State GPS Network. Discuss the Republic of Lithuania laws, government regulations and other legal acts, the articles that define the cadastral work methodology through cadastral case, the combination of turning points outside the bordering neighbors, and the importance of the correct boundary of the construction, measurement of land area and more. The most common reason for errors committed by surveyors who carry out the cadastral measurements of the city of Vilnius and the Vilnius region, which influences the occurrence of errors and the need for cadastral measurements. Spatial planning documents for non-compliance with reality. The cadastral error analysis in Vilnius and Riga district information was taken from the Vilnius County Land Management Department of Land Use Control Division, which controls cadastral files and updates the cadastral data.

Crime has always been one of the major concerns of residents of many cities around the world. It is one of the fundamental threats faced at every level of society - individual, organizational, sub-national, national, international/global. The need to assure a high level of security for the city's inhabitants and visitors is one of the most important tasks of local government. It is clear that only a comprehensive strategy with different crime fighting methods can bring positive results. Although theories coming from social sciences dominate this field of research, the authors of the paper emphasize the role of other perspectives, especially those developed by urban planners. The second part of the paper describes the process and results of the empirical research conducted in Vilnius city which was aimed at identifying the most vulnerable to crime open public spaces of the city applying the space syntax theory. The analysis helped to identify several common tendencies and specific proposals for local governments aiming to achieve a higher level of security in their cities and a better quality of life for local population.

Crime has always been one of the major concerns of residents of many cities around the world. It is one of the fundamental threats faced at every level of society - individual, organizational, sub-national, national, international/global. The need to assure a high level of security for the city's inhabitants and visitors is one of the most important tasks of local government. It is clear that only a comprehensive strategy with different crime fighting methods can bring positive results. Although theories coming from social sciences dominate this field of research, the authors of the paper emphasize the role of other perspectives, especially those developed by urban planners. The second part of the paper describes the process and results of the empirical research conducted in Vilnius city which was aimed at identifying the most vulnerable to crime open public spaces of the city applying the space syntax theory. The analysis helped to identify several common tendencies and specific proposals for local governments aiming to achieve a higher level of security in their cities and a better quality of life for local population.

Crime has always been one of the major concerns of residents of many cities around the world. It is one of the fundamental threats faced at every level of society - individual, organizational, sub-national, national, international/global. The need to assure a high level of security for the city's inhabitants and visitors is one of the most important tasks of local government. It is clear that only a comprehensive strategy with different crime fighting methods can bring positive results. Although theories coming from social sciences dominate this field of research, the authors of the paper emphasize the role of other perspectives, especially those developed by urban planners. The second part of the paper describes the process and results of the empirical research conducted in Vilnius city which was aimed at identifying the most vulnerable to crime open public spaces of the city applying the space syntax theory. The analysis helped to identify several common tendencies and specific proposals for local governments aiming to achieve a higher level of security in their cities and a better quality of life for local population.

Crime has always been one of the major concerns of residents of many cities around the world. It is one of the fundamental threats faced at every level of society - individual, organizational, sub-national, national, international/global. The need to assure a high level of security for the city's inhabitants and visitors is one of the most important tasks of local government. It is clear that only a comprehensive strategy with different crime fighting methods can bring positive results. Although theories coming from social sciences dominate this field of research, the authors of the paper emphasize the role of other perspectives, especially those developed by urban planners. The second part of the paper describes the process and results of the empirical research conducted in Vilnius city which was aimed at identifying the most vulnerable to crime open public spaces of the city applying the space syntax theory. The analysis helped to identify several common tendencies and specific proposals for local governments aiming to achieve a higher level of security in their cities and a better quality of life for local population.

The place of the preparation of the work. The Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, Department of Food Safety and Quality. Academic supervisor. Professor Dr. Dalia Sekmokienė. The scope of the work: 76 pages including 22 pictures, 6 tables, 1 appendix, 63 literature sources. The aim of the study. To analyse the peculiarities of the consumption of energy drinks, the supply of energy drinks and their labelling in Ukmerge town. Research Methods. The survey was conducted in April in 2014. The respondents of the survey were divided into four groups: "under 18 year - olds", "18 year - olds and older", "sportsmen" and "teachers". The analysis of results was performed using the statistic packets SPSS 19.0, 20.0 and 22.0, and MS Office Excel 2007. The analysis of the market of three biggest supermarkets in Ukmerge (PC "Rimi supermarket", UAB Palink "Iki" and PC, "Norfa XXL") was conducted in January and February in 2016. All energy drinks in these supermarkets were analysed considering their type, manufacturer and ingredients. Energy drinks were bought or their photographs were taken. The labelling of 4 most popular brands was analysed. The survey was conducted in accordance to the requirements of Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 119:2002 "The Labelling of Food Products", to provisions of the European Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods, and recommendations provided by the codex for promotion and labelling of energy drinks. Results. The survey showed that 9,6 % of people consume energy drinks, whereas more than 55 % of respondents do not consume these drinks, 35 % of respondents declared occasional consumption of energy drinks. According to the results, the statistical number of men, who consume energy drinks, was higher than the number of women, moreover, the choice of family members, who consume energy drinks, had no influence on them. The data of the survey indicates that people without a university degree tend to consume energy drinks more often. Young people from 17 to 19 drink energy drinks more often, though statistically significant differences among the age groups were not observed. The results of the survey do not distinguish essential differences inthe consumption of energy drinks between the respondents in the town and in villages. The majority of respondents (24,21 %) consume energy drinks when they feel tired. More than 46 % of respondents, who sometimes or constantly consume energy drinks, specify that the most appropriate capacity of a bottle or a can is 0,25 l. While analysing, what denotes the respondents' choice of energy drink type, 37 % of respondents chose the best known brand, where as 29,79 % chose the cheapest drink. Most often respondents decided to consume energy drinks themselves. According to the answers of respondents, the most popular brands of energy drinks were "Red Bull", "Dynamit ORIGINAL", "Monster", "Burn" and "Battery +". The results of the energy drink market indicated 22 brands of energy drinks. The other manufacturers cover the greatest part (80 %) of the market. The majority of energy drinks were sold in cans of 0,5 l. The dominant part of the market is occupied by energy drinks of "Red Bull" (27,27 %) and "Monster" (22,27 %) brands, which provide various types of energy drinks (sugar free, tropical fruit flavour, with ginseng, with vitamins). All supermarkets shelved energy drinks in separate sections that are away from alcoholic drinks and soft drinks. Caffeine was found in all energy drinks, where as 81,48 % energy drinks had 32 mg caffeine in 100 ml. All energy drinks had vitamin B. 3,70 % energy drinks were without taurine. 29,62 % of energy drinks contained the extract of guarana, 74,04 % were with sugar, and 25,92 % were with sweeteners instead of sugar. The analysis of the labelling of energy drinks depicted that most of them are compatible with the requirements of Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 119:2002 "The Labelling of Food Products". 1 type of energy drink package had no Lithuanian translation. 25,92 % of energy drinks had health claims, 18,51 % had nutrition claims. 59,09 % of energy drink package manufacturers included additional information or recommendations for users: "do not add to alcohol", "use moderately", "misuse may be hazardous to your health". Conclusions. According to the data of the questionnaire, the majority of respondents do not consume energy drinks, while other respondents consume them occasionally. Men consume more energy drinks than women (p < 0,05). It can be concluded that people, who chose to consume energy drinks, were not influenced by their family members. Statistically people without a university degree, compared to people with a university degree, tend to use energy drinks more often. People who are younger than 19 consume energy drinks more often. The results of the survey do not depict the considerable different between the residents of the town and villages and their interest in hazards to their health caused by energy drinks. The majority of respondents knew about the impact of energy drinks and their stimulating ingredients to the body of young people. It was ascertained that the majority of respondents consume energy drinks when they feel tired. Most often they buy 0,25 l capacity energy drinks as well as the cheapest and best known brands. The biggest part (80 %) of the energy drink market is occupied by the manufacturers of other countries. The majority (40,74 %) of energy drinks are sold in 0.5 l cans. Energy drinks were shelved in separate sections that are away from alcoholic drinks and soft drinks in all supermarkets. Caffeine and vitamin B were found in all energy drinks. 3,70 % energy drinks were without taurine. Some of them (29,62 %) had guarana extract, 25,92 % were sugar free but had sweeteners. The labelling of the majority of energy drinks conformed to the requirements of Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 119:2002 "The Labelling of Food Products". 25,92 % of energy drinks included health claims, 18,51 % included nutrition claims. 59,09 % of energy drinks' package manufacturers included additional information or recommendations to the user: "do not add to alcohol", "use moderately", "misuse may be hazardous to your health".

The place of the preparation of the work. The Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, Department of Food Safety and Quality. Academic supervisor. Professor Dr. Dalia Sekmokienė. The scope of the work: 76 pages including 22 pictures, 6 tables, 1 appendix, 63 literature sources. The aim of the study. To analyse the peculiarities of the consumption of energy drinks, the supply of energy drinks and their labelling in Ukmerge town. Research Methods. The survey was conducted in April in 2014. The respondents of the survey were divided into four groups: "under 18 year - olds", "18 year - olds and older", "sportsmen" and "teachers". The analysis of results was performed using the statistic packets SPSS 19.0, 20.0 and 22.0, and MS Office Excel 2007. The analysis of the market of three biggest supermarkets in Ukmerge (PC "Rimi supermarket", UAB Palink "Iki" and PC, "Norfa XXL") was conducted in January and February in 2016. All energy drinks in these supermarkets were analysed considering their type, manufacturer and ingredients. Energy drinks were bought or their photographs were taken. The labelling of 4 most popular brands was analysed. The survey was conducted in accordance to the requirements of Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 119:2002 "The Labelling of Food Products", to provisions of the European Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods, and recommendations provided by the codex for promotion and labelling of energy drinks. Results. The survey showed that 9,6 % of people consume energy drinks, whereas more than 55 % of respondents do not consume these drinks, 35 % of respondents declared occasional consumption of energy drinks. According to the results, the statistical number of men, who consume energy drinks, was higher than the number of women, moreover, the choice of family members, who consume energy drinks, had no influence on them. The data of the survey indicates that people without a university degree tend to consume energy drinks more often. Young people from 17 to 19 drink energy drinks more often, though statistically significant differences among the age groups were not observed. The results of the survey do not distinguish essential differences inthe consumption of energy drinks between the respondents in the town and in villages. The majority of respondents (24,21 %) consume energy drinks when they feel tired. More than 46 % of respondents, who sometimes or constantly consume energy drinks, specify that the most appropriate capacity of a bottle or a can is 0,25 l. While analysing, what denotes the respondents' choice of energy drink type, 37 % of respondents chose the best known brand, where as 29,79 % chose the cheapest drink. Most often respondents decided to consume energy drinks themselves. According to the answers of respondents, the most popular brands of energy drinks were "Red Bull", "Dynamit ORIGINAL", "Monster", "Burn" and "Battery +". The results of the energy drink market indicated 22 brands of energy drinks. The other manufacturers cover the greatest part (80 %) of the market. The majority of energy drinks were sold in cans of 0,5 l. The dominant part of the market is occupied by energy drinks of "Red Bull" (27,27 %) and "Monster" (22,27 %) brands, which provide various types of energy drinks (sugar free, tropical fruit flavour, with ginseng, with vitamins). All supermarkets shelved energy drinks in separate sections that are away from alcoholic drinks and soft drinks. Caffeine was found in all energy drinks, where as 81,48 % energy drinks had 32 mg caffeine in 100 ml. All energy drinks had vitamin B. 3,70 % energy drinks were without taurine. 29,62 % of energy drinks contained the extract of guarana, 74,04 % were with sugar, and 25,92 % were with sweeteners instead of sugar. The analysis of the labelling of energy drinks depicted that most of them are compatible with the requirements of Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 119:2002 "The Labelling of Food Products". 1 type of energy drink package had no Lithuanian translation. 25,92 % of energy drinks had health claims, 18,51 % had nutrition claims. 59,09 % of energy drink package manufacturers included additional information or recommendations for users: "do not add to alcohol", "use moderately", "misuse may be hazardous to your health". Conclusions. According to the data of the questionnaire, the majority of respondents do not consume energy drinks, while other respondents consume them occasionally. Men consume more energy drinks than women (p < 0,05). It can be concluded that people, who chose to consume energy drinks, were not influenced by their family members. Statistically people without a university degree, compared to people with a university degree, tend to use energy drinks more often. People who are younger than 19 consume energy drinks more often. The results of the survey do not depict the considerable different between the residents of the town and villages and their interest in hazards to their health caused by energy drinks. The majority of respondents knew about the impact of energy drinks and their stimulating ingredients to the body of young people. It was ascertained that the majority of respondents consume energy drinks when they feel tired. Most often they buy 0,25 l capacity energy drinks as well as the cheapest and best known brands. The biggest part (80 %) of the energy drink market is occupied by the manufacturers of other countries. The majority (40,74 %) of energy drinks are sold in 0.5 l cans. Energy drinks were shelved in separate sections that are away from alcoholic drinks and soft drinks in all supermarkets. Caffeine and vitamin B were found in all energy drinks. 3,70 % energy drinks were without taurine. Some of them (29,62 %) had guarana extract, 25,92 % were sugar free but had sweeteners. The labelling of the majority of energy drinks conformed to the requirements of Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 119:2002 "The Labelling of Food Products". 25,92 % of energy drinks included health claims, 18,51 % included nutrition claims. 59,09 % of energy drinks' package manufacturers included additional information or recommendations to the user: "do not add to alcohol", "use moderately", "misuse may be hazardous to your health".

Emotional attachments are not only an important way of dealing with physical structures that people encounter in their everyday but also an indicator of people's imagination of urban space and meanings that they attach to it. This article focuses on emotions arising from the use of given urban spaces and affective investments that lie in the physical space of three Lithuanian cities, Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. Using the quantitative data (a survey conducted within the research project "Social Exclusion in Lithuanian Cities: Forms of Spatial Segregation and Polarization" (2012), the article analyzes the structures of feeling of power/powerlessness that people attach to different neighborhoods in Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. Examining the geography of emotions that people draw with regard to their neighborhoods, the paper argues that respondents often articulate socio-spatial segregation and spatial inequality in terms of the weighty emotions of passivity, insecurity, mistrust in their abilities to affect local change and local government's decisions. It can be argued that these emotions create social barriers and distances. They prevent the emergence of positive, socially bonding collective practices and provoke some collective urban experience (for instance, feeling unsafe and "disposable") that contribute to socio-spatial segregation of some neighborhoods in the Lithuanian cities, particularly those that are at the lowest end of social hierarchies (working-class and Soviet style neighborhoods). They divide and fragment these neighborhoods and communities instead of bringing them closer together and create the so-called places of marginality marred by the growing urban inequality and social antagonisms.

Emotional attachments are not only an important way of dealing with physical structures that people encounter in their everyday but also an indicator of people's imagination of urban space and meanings that they attach to it. This article focuses on emotions arising from the use of given urban spaces and affective investments that lie in the physical space of three Lithuanian cities, Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. Using the quantitative data (a survey conducted within the research project "Social Exclusion in Lithuanian Cities: Forms of Spatial Segregation and Polarization" (2012), the article analyzes the structures of feeling of power/powerlessness that people attach to different neighborhoods in Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. Examining the geography of emotions that people draw with regard to their neighborhoods, the paper argues that respondents often articulate socio-spatial segregation and spatial inequality in terms of the weighty emotions of passivity, insecurity, mistrust in their abilities to affect local change and local government's decisions. It can be argued that these emotions create social barriers and distances. They prevent the emergence of positive, socially bonding collective practices and provoke some collective urban experience (for instance, feeling unsafe and "disposable") that contribute to socio-spatial segregation of some neighborhoods in the Lithuanian cities, particularly those that are at the lowest end of social hierarchies (working-class and Soviet style neighborhoods). They divide and fragment these neighborhoods and communities instead of bringing them closer together and create the so-called places of marginality marred by the growing urban inequality and social antagonisms.