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PROSPECT THEORY OFFERS POWERFUL INSIGHTS AND PROPOSITIONS INTO POLITICAL DECISION-MAKING, ESPECIALLY IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS. EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT STATESMENT ARE INDEED RISK-ACCEPTANT FOR LOSSES. THIS WOULD HELP EXPLAIN OBSERVED PATTERNS IN BARGAINING, DETERRENCE, THE ORGINS OF WARS, AS WELL AS SUGGESTING WHY STATES ARE LESS LIKELY TO BEHAVE AGGRESSIVELY WHEN DOING SO WOULD PRODUCE GAINS THAN WHEN SUCH BEHAVIOR MIGHT PREVENT LOSSES.

A rational choice perspective ground this analysis of why trade unions, confronted with firms equally intransigent in their commitments to work-force reductions, sometimes actively resist job loss & at other times passively acquiesce. Case studies of British Leyland & Fiat automobile plants reveal that unions at the former acquiesced, whereas those at the latter resisted mass work-force reductions in 1980. As the literatures on corporatism & on contemporary industrial relations both describe Italian & British labor relations as antagonistic, they fail to anticipate the different outcomes for these two cases. It is argued here that the outcomes may be understood as products of the rational calculations that union leaders make within the constraints of labor market institutions. Specifically, union responses to the threat of large-scale work-force reductions vary with the presence or absence of seniority-based mechanisms for allocating job loss. 1 Figure, 68 References. Adapted from the source document.

The central flaw in the policies both of privatising state‐owned assets and contracting out local authority services is that they protect existing producers. Sudha Shenoy, of the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, uses the 'Austrian' analysis of constant change in conditions of supply and demand to show why all producers must be exposed to the threat of loss from dissatisfied

Contemporary models of citizenship are critiqued in an attempt to conceptualize a more comprehensive notion of European citizenship. Four models of citizenship are identified: a rights-based model linked to liberalism; a duties-based model connected with conservatism; a participation-based model associated with democratic radicalism; & an identity-based model related to communitarianism. Arguing that issues of citizenship are subverted by discourses of nationalism, a postnational notion that emphasizes a citizen's rights, duties, participation, & identity is presented. In contemporary Europe, the traditional notion of citizenship based on rights & participation has been replaced by a supranational concept that privileges cultural identity of diversity. Consequently, a postnational notion of identity that reveres human rights, the environmnent, democracy, & multiculturalism is needed to contest current trends. 1 Figure, 64 References. Adapted from the source document.

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Refugees — Return visit to State of origin — Circumstances in which withdrawal of refugee status is justified — Effect on minors of withdrawal of refugee status of their father — Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1, paragraph C — The law of Switzerland