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The paper deals with the issue of cultural losses in the receptive process of Yu. M. Polyakov's novel I Planned an Escape. Cultural differences and language barriers complicate translator's work. Although there are many key cultural losses in the receptive process of the Chinese translation of the novel, the translation was generally successful. The reason for the success is the topical relevance, since great works of literature touch on issues that concern all of humanity, issues that know no boundaries. Secondly, the translator's skill in preserving the idiosyncrasies of the original author while referring the reader to parallels in his native culture, as brilliantly demonstrated by Zhang Jianhua's translation, can convey the hidden cultural meanings of a foreign-language work of fiction to the masses as much as possible. Thirdly, the Chinese reader, probably, is close to the type of hero who aspires to a happy and wealthy life, who manages to realize his desires, but never becomes truly happy. Everyone, even for a minute, if not for several minutes, has been or is becoming an Escapist.

The article presents the efforts of Krzysztof Zawisza the warden of Minsk to receive the money promised to him by August II. It was a gift from the king to reward the loyalty and service that Zawisza gave to the monarch. It took over 20 years to get the money because Michal Kociell the Lithuanian treasurer was the personal enemy of Zawisza. Nevertheless some part of the promised sum went to his hands. The purpose of the article is to show the conflict over the payment of money, and in this example to show the specificity of political relations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. The article is based on archival materials and raises an important topic for the history of the former lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

In article the criteria of an assessment of cost efficiency of the contract in foreign trade in the presence of aprioristic information on potential losses in the course of its execution developed on the basis of a method of the mathematical description of dynamics of the export-import transactions performed by the organization are offered.

In article supercomputer technologies application in social and economic and
technological researches analysis results are presented. It is revealed that these
technologies are applied in the core at the decision of volume technological, design
and analytical tasks with usage of a considerable quantity of information. These tasks
dare, as a rule, numerical methods with obtaining of approximate results having
significant enough errors which estimation of boundary values is often more difficult,
than technical calculations. It is shown that the complex decision of social and
economic tasks with usage of the big arrays of statistical information is represented
more comprehensible to usage of supercomputer technologies with usage handling
static information and forecasting newest methods. The authoring concept of system
engineering of modeling and monitoring of innovative activity in the building sphere,
containing methods of conversion and usage of the statistical information in
forecasting is offered, methods of the decision of the formulated tasks are considered.

The article deals with the topical issue of optimizing the company's expenses in a crisis. The author gives examples of costs that the company should get rid of immediately, and which ones should be eliminated last, how to avoid mistakes when reducing costs so as not to get even more significant losses, and, as a result, the loss of business.

Modern sociology places dignity and justice at the center of social debate. In estatebased societies only the aristocrats possessed the right to dignity and honor. The article analyzes these concepts as elements of the general structure of meaning underlying the institutions of modern societies. However, the progress of society conducive to their entry into the state of modernity the right to dignity kept extending towards an ever greater number of citizens. Dignity became an element of the policy of equality that tended to override the line of distinction charted by estates or other social subjects. In the early years of equalization policy, the struggle of dignity and equality assumed the form of recognition of the so-called natural rights of man, that constituted the essence of human condition. The idea of natural rights led to a debate and later to policy measures that resulted in the modern concept of citizenship. The latter asserted the right of every human being to dignity, equality before law and freedom to engage in productive, entrepreneurial activity without interference from other actors of political or economic life. The idea of equality, embedded in citizenship, came to be expressed in the policy of inclusion that overcame social prejudice and consequently in policies that extended political recognition to ever wider social groups. In the 20th century the egalitarian policy led to a wider scope of social rights that were regarded as a necessary condition of social justice and human independence. At present the principles of dignity and justice are implemented in social policy as acquired "capabilities" — a sum of life forces and means that allow citizens to uphold their citizenship regardless of the conditions in which they find themselves. Inclusion turns into the main vector of social policy, setting out to endow citizens with equal rights and resources that are necessary for their implementation.

The paper addresses the effects of the tobacco epidemic in Russian regions, including the impact of cigarettes affordability on mortality attributed to tobacco. As a characteristic of such consequences, the authors consider the standardized mortality rates from lung cancer in the Russian regions. Regression analysis of the factors of regional lung cancer mortality reveal a high level of losses in the northern and eastern regions as well as significant gender differences. It indirectly shows the incompleteness of female tobacco epidemic in Russia — men are more active in quitting smoking, especially those from high-income and highly educated groups of urban population. Decomposition of regional differences shows the dominant role of the territorial factor: 72% of differences among men and 55% among women are due to what of eight federal districts they belong. Gender wage gap is also an important factor for men (more equity corresponds to lower losses from tobacco epidemic). We explain this by greater tolerance towards male smoking in regions with higher levels of gender inequality. For women, other factors turned out to be significant: about 25% of differences are explained by the risk of secondhand smoke and another 13% — by poor environmental situation. Despite high price that Russia pays for the consequences of mass smoking, the affordability of cigarettes by international standards remains high. At the same time, econometric modeling shows no significant effect of prices on tobacco mortality: most likely, in Russia, the threshold value after which an increase in price significantly reduces the future losses from smoking has not yet been reached. The research is conducted with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) under grant No. 19-29-07546 mk "The Impact of Human Capital on Current and Future Economic Growth in Russia".

The article raises the issue of the relationship between contributory negligence and recourse between multiple tortfeasors. While using historical and comparative examples, the author concludes that it may be possible to jointly consider these concepts. The Roman law knew neither contributory negligence nor right of recourse which would allow for loss apportionment, and that is associated with punitive features of Roman actions in tort. In Germany, both concepts became widespread no earlier than after the civil law codification, and further case law applied rules on contributory negligence to recourse. In English law, contributory negligence as a partial defence and right of recourse appeared only in the course of the legislative reforms of the 20th century. Considering justifications for the similarity of these concepts offered in the doctrine, the author prefers the view that both imply several parties being outcome responsible for the loss. Upon the analysis of imputing acts of third persons as contributory negligence, it is shown that contributory negligence and right of recourse can be used interchangeably in certain contexts. The observed similarity of the two relation types, if true, by virtue of the equal treatment principle, requires that the same scale be applied to them, and implies admissibility of a parallel study.

It is impossible to imagine a modern world without conflicts. Struggle occurs every day between people for the possession of any good. Conflicts occur in different social strata and between people of different ages and different sexes. But what is conflict? And why are they constantly, even when we do not notice it? How to resolve the conflict in your favor or at least without losses?

The main research issues discussed in the article concern the impact of technological and epidemiological challenges on the employment of women and men, as well as the reasons for their asymmetric impact on employees depending on gender. The choice of these two challenges is determined, on the one hand, by their relevance, and on the other, by the fact that, although they are fundamentally different in both character and duration of their impact on the labor market, the consequences of their impact on women's employment are the same and in both cases lead to job losses. The article shows that the same consequences for women's employment from such different challenges are not accidental. This is due to the fact that the causes and risk factors of priority job loss for women as a result of the technological and epidemiological challenges are identical, since they are based on gender segregation of employment in the labor market, which divides jobs and entire industries into «male» and «female». In the technological challenge, the reason for the priority and more widespread loss of jobs by women is due to the fact that they are more often than men engaged in routine work in which is a large proportion of repetitive operations that are easy to automate and delegate to robots or artificial intelligence (AI). During the epidemiological challenge, more "female" than "male" jobs fell into the risk zone of unemployment, because as a result of self-isolation most enterprises and organizations in the service sphere, such as shopping centers, hairdressers and beauty salons, hotels and boarding houses, museums and libraries were closed, as well as airports and travel agencies — and all these enterprises employed mainly women. On account of the high risk of unemployment, these activities were included in the "List of economy sectors most affected by coronavirus" developed by the Government to provide priority targeted support. However, according to the information from the Ministry of Finance, less than a fifth of the service sector organizations and individual entrepreneurs will be able to receive this assistance, and therefore it is unlikely to avoid an increase in female unemployment.

Today, the world over a debate is going on regarding the usefulness of the forms of democracy that different states have adopted over time. The meaning and associations with the concept of democracy and its attendant political forms have changed at critical points in history. These changes have been attributed both to, evolutionary and revolutionary impulses that have expanded or transformed the ways in which democracy and the relationship of its political forms with the people had been primarily understood. The most enduring association of democracy with freedom and equality is a historical product that came into being with the onset of capitalism with its philosophical basis in political liberalism. The dominance of capitalist liberal democracy has given such stability to this association that "democracy" can no longer be imagined in any other political imaginary and that its associated meanings of freedom and equality are self-evident and inherent not only to the concept itself but to capitalism. The paper interrogates such ahistorical understanding of the concept of democracy and recuperates the radical history of contentions over its meanings and its most abiding political form i. e. constitutional democracy. The transcendence of national boundaries towards a global citizenship has put a strain on the fundamental operative terrain of constitutional democracy. The values of freedom and equality laid out in the Constitution premised on a liberal contract are more undermined today, than ever before with transnational capital and global citizenship breaking the bounds of constitutional purview. This has brought the concept and political forms of constitutional democracy into a state of crisis today. Can re-looking at the past traces of suppressed contentions over the meaning and forms of democracy give us any insight as to how we can work through the constitutional crisis today? If the meaning and associations with democracy is not eternal but historical, can we bring it them within other political imaginaries?

The novel My Romance (Paris, 1929) written in exile by E.N. Chirikov
(1864–1932) and dedicated to the so-called 'tragedy of refugee' has become the object
of consideration in this article. In this novel, the writer started from thinking about
the fate of millions of exiles who were forced to leave Russia as a result of the Civil
War and the Red Terror, and focused on depicting the fate of a woman in conditions
of loss of home, family and former social status. Chirikov's appeal to the 'women's
issue' led to the use of a gender approach in the analysis of the text of the work, which
in turn allowed to demonstrate the unique place of My Romance in the literature of
the Russian emigration. The latter actually ignored the problem of changing of
women's status in the family circle and beyond provoked by the very course of history
in the first quarter of the 20th century, and focused exclusively on preserving for
posterity the memory of pre-revolutionary Russia, etc. Chirikov in My Romance
clearly recorded the breaking of traditional female-male gender 'roles', revealing
their dependence on socio-political processes. Thus, he discovered the artificiality
and conventionality of many norms of female and male behavior familiar to
contemporaries and summed up the debate about the status of women in the family
circle and beyond which had been heard in Russian society for almost a century. At
the same time, Chirikov demonstrated in My Romance that a man compared to a
woman is more painfully enduring the loss of traditional gender functions, revealing
greater spiritual weakness and moral vulnerability

The article deals with the analyses of the modern history of economic thought methodology. The study traces the causes, which led to the loss of dominance of the proponents of absolutist interpretation of the history of economic thought in historiography. The factors that led to the expansion of the methodological arsenal used by the historians of economic thought at the turn of XX–XXI centuries are determined. The author attempts to systematize the content of the key approaches to the study of the history of economic thought. The article reveals the main advantages and disadvantages of the most widespread present time methodological principles of studying the history of economic thought and examines the prospects to achieve historiographical consensus.

For a long time in Russia there is a problem of not so much a decrease in the total population, but a deterioration in its quality. In particular, this is due to the problem of brain drain (brain drain), which began massively in the 90s. At the beginning of the 21st century, attempts began to address this issue, including — since 2007, a program of return resettlement of compatriots was launched. Currently, it places a certain emphasis on the resettlement of precisely "talented compatriots", however, there are no real results. The main problems of resettlement are: finding a job, housing, studying children and partly — difficulties in obtaining citizenship. In this paper, an attempt was made to find out the occurrence of difficulties in finding a workplace, since in fact "talented people are needed by everyone" and conclusions were drawn about the real complexity of integrating into the Russian reality of a talented person from abroad.