Suchergebnisse

2 Negro Congressmen with comparable constituencies but radically diff pol'al styles are analysed. It is argued that these diff's can be accounted for by assuming that each leader acts so as to maintain his org, & that the character of that org is determined by the city pol'al system of which it is a part. In one org, sustained by intangible incentives, leadership roles are general & diffuse, means are morally-endowed, & wealth is not suspect. In the other org, sustained by material rewards, leadership roles are specific & localized, means are purely instrumental & highly discretionary, & tangible gains must be shared. The city pol'al systems which shaped these org's were, in the first case, fragmented & weak &, in the second, unified & strong. IPSA.

The Eastern Airlines Collection, 1927-2008 (bulk 1965-2008), consists of news clippings, press releases, newsletters, annual reports, monthly reports, correspondence, memoranda, photographs, slides, an early scrapbook (or day book), artifacts (promotional items) and audiovisual materials. This collection mainly provides insight into publicity and outreach efforts at Eastern Airlines, but also its history, charitable work, and day-to-day operations. The materials were accumulated by Carolyn Lee Wills, who worked in the Public Relations Department of Eastern's Southern Regional Office from 1965 until 1987. ; Carolyn Lee Wills graduated from Georgia State University, where she studied journalism, history and speech. She also participated in many extra-curricular activities including Panhellenic Council, Delta Zeta Sorority, and yearbook. Before she began her work at Eastern Airlines, she traveled extensively throughout Europe, Asia, North and South America, Jamaica, the Bahamas, and Bermuda.; In 1965, Wills joined Eastern Airlines as a Representative of Women's Activities. In this role, she interpreted the company's program to women by working in the fields of fashion, radio, television, public relations, and promotions. In 1971, Wills became made Regional Manager of Public Relations. Eastern Airlines closed its Atlanta offices in November 1973, but found it difficult to cover their public relations needs in Atlanta from their headquarters in Miami. Four months after closing, Wills was re-hired by Eastern to manage the Southern Division covering Atlanta to Tokyo. While employed by Eastern Airlines, Wills served on many boards including American Women in Radio and Television, Georgia State University Alumni Association, and was a national representative of Delta Zeta Sorority. In 1966, she married attorney Charles H. Wills. The earliest incarnation of Eastern Airlines was Pitcairn Aviation, founded in 1927, which was the U.S. Postal Service contractor flying from New York to Atlanta. In 1930, the carrier was sold to North American Aviation owner Clement Keys and was renamed Eastern Air Transport. It soon added passenger routes and adopted the name Eastern Air Lines. Throughout the pre-World War II era, Eastern dominated passenger travel and air transport along the Atlantic coast, including the introduction of one-day service from New York to Miami in 1932. Famed pilot Eddie Rickenbacker bought the company in 1938 and was closely identified with it until his 1963 retirement. During the air travel boom of the 1950s and 1960s, Eastern Airlines grew into one of the ""Big Four"" United States carriers, enhancing its status as the lead air travel carrier on domestic east coast flights with the introduction of air shuttle service in 1961. Shuttle service was created as an alternative to bus routes and included hourly flights from Atlanta to Washington D.C., New York, and Boston. During this time, Eastern Airlines also expanded international service to Mexico, Bermuda, Puerto Rico, and Canada. Under the leadership of former astronaut Frank Borman (hired as an advisor in 1969, he became Chief Executive Officer in 1975), Eastern Airlines enjoyed continued successes in the industry until the enactment of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978.; Beginning with Eastern's early U.S. Postal Service government contract, the company had relied upon the regulated and protective policies governing the airline industry. Without government protection, Eastern's profits began to make a downward turn that eventually culminated in the selling of the company to Texas Air International, headed by Frank Lorenzo. Following deregulation, Lorenzo was able to purchase multiple airlines including Continental, Frontier, New York Air, and Eastern. To cut costs in the midst of declining profits, Lorenzo asked Eastern's union employees to take massive pay cuts in wages and benefits. Union workers refused to accept Lorenzo's demands and opted to go on strike. By claiming bankruptcy in 1989, Lorenzo was able to hire non-union workers to fill the jobs of striking employees. Lorenzo took his demands a step further when he asked the machinists' union to take a pay cut, which resulted in another strike that dealt the final blow to any hope that Eastern Airlines would recover lost profits. In 1991, Eastern Airlines was permanently grounded. Eastern's main hubs in Atlanta and Miami were taken over by various competitors and its concourses in New York and Newark were demolished. ; Personally identifiable information has been redacted from this item.

The Eastern Airlines Collection, 1927-2008 (bulk 1965-2008), consists of news clippings, press releases, newsletters, annual reports, monthly reports, correspondence, memoranda, photographs, slides, an early scrapbook (or day book), artifacts (promotional items) and audiovisual materials. This collection mainly provides insight into publicity and outreach efforts at Eastern Airlines, but also its history, charitable work, and day-to-day operations. The materials were accumulated by Carolyn Lee Wills, who worked in the Public Relations Department of Eastern's Southern Regional Office from 1965 until 1987. ; Carolyn Lee Wills graduated from Georgia State University, where she studied journalism, history and speech. She also participated in many extra-curricular activities including Panhellenic Council, Delta Zeta Sorority, and yearbook. Before she began her work at Eastern Airlines, she traveled extensively throughout Europe, Asia, North and South America, Jamaica, the Bahamas, and Bermuda.; In 1965, Wills joined Eastern Airlines as a Representative of Women's Activities. In this role, she interpreted the company's program to women by working in the fields of fashion, radio, television, public relations, and promotions. In 1971, Wills became made Regional Manager of Public Relations. Eastern Airlines closed its Atlanta offices in November 1973, but found it difficult to cover their public relations needs in Atlanta from their headquarters in Miami. Four months after closing, Wills was re-hired by Eastern to manage the Southern Division covering Atlanta to Tokyo. While employed by Eastern Airlines, Wills served on many boards including American Women in Radio and Television, Georgia State University Alumni Association, and was a national representative of Delta Zeta Sorority. In 1966, she married attorney Charles H. Wills. The earliest incarnation of Eastern Airlines was Pitcairn Aviation, founded in 1927, which was the U.S. Postal Service contractor flying from New York to Atlanta. In 1930, the carrier was sold to North American Aviation owner Clement Keys and was renamed Eastern Air Transport. It soon added passenger routes and adopted the name Eastern Air Lines. Throughout the pre-World War II era, Eastern dominated passenger travel and air transport along the Atlantic coast, including the introduction of one-day service from New York to Miami in 1932. Famed pilot Eddie Rickenbacker bought the company in 1938 and was closely identified with it until his 1963 retirement. During the air travel boom of the 1950s and 1960s, Eastern Airlines grew into one of the ""Big Four"" United States carriers, enhancing its status as the lead air travel carrier on domestic east coast flights with the introduction of air shuttle service in 1961. Shuttle service was created as an alternative to bus routes and included hourly flights from Atlanta to Washington D.C., New York, and Boston. During this time, Eastern Airlines also expanded international service to Mexico, Bermuda, Puerto Rico, and Canada. Under the leadership of former astronaut Frank Borman (hired as an advisor in 1969, he became Chief Executive Officer in 1975), Eastern Airlines enjoyed continued successes in the industry until the enactment of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978.; Beginning with Eastern's early U.S. Postal Service government contract, the company had relied upon the regulated and protective policies governing the airline industry. Without government protection, Eastern's profits began to make a downward turn that eventually culminated in the selling of the company to Texas Air International, headed by Frank Lorenzo. Following deregulation, Lorenzo was able to purchase multiple airlines including Continental, Frontier, New York Air, and Eastern. To cut costs in the midst of declining profits, Lorenzo asked Eastern's union employees to take massive pay cuts in wages and benefits. Union workers refused to accept Lorenzo's demands and opted to go on strike. By claiming bankruptcy in 1989, Lorenzo was able to hire non-union workers to fill the jobs of striking employees. Lorenzo took his demands a step further when he asked the machinists' union to take a pay cut, which resulted in another strike that dealt the final blow to any hope that Eastern Airlines would recover lost profits. In 1991, Eastern Airlines was permanently grounded. Eastern's main hubs in Atlanta and Miami were taken over by various competitors and its concourses in New York and Newark were demolished.

In the fall of 1956 a survey was made in Guilford County, North Carolina into readiness for Sch desegregation (SchD) of a stratified area sample of the white, adult M's in its LF (See SA 5707). Simultaneously, `Hunter type' ratings by various officials were used to locate 28 leaders of the industrial, 'progressive' central city in Guilford County. 23 of these leaders were interviewed for from 1.5-3 hours using a moderately standardized set of open-ended questions. This present article, Part III, reports the findings from the leader interviews & discusses them within a speculative & evaluative framework. Occup'ly, the leading group consisted of the city mayor, 6 businessmen, 6 clergymen, 4 educ'al officials, 4 newspaper editors, 2 lawyers, 2 association officials, 2 labor leaders & 1 highly placed Federal gov official. The mayor, 2 businessmen, 1 clergyman & a labor leader could not be interviewed. Of the 23 leaders interviewed, 14 favored SchD & 9 opposed. Leaders' opinions on SchD were not related to diff's in euuc'al attainment or to length of residence & integration in the local community. With the exception of clergymen, all of whom either openly favored SchD, or, at least, did not speak openly against it, leaders' occup's were not related to their opinions on the issue. Leaders favoring SchD followed a strategy of active agitation, openly expressing their views more often than leaders opposing SchD. However, as pressures for change in traditional Sch arrangements from outside & inside the community mounted, the conservative leaders tended to drop their strategy of quiet, dignified but determined resistance & participated openly in the public debate. In interviews, leaders expressed a range of att's on the issue corresponding to that of a majority of the county sample, the minority of white, adult M's willing to close the Sch's & use violence if necessary to maintain segregation not being represented among the top leadership group in the city. Ur leaders on both sides of the issue almost without exception expressed the kind of larger-than-local perspective, moderation, willingness to compromise & respect for law & order which, in the county sample, differentiated those most ready for SchD from from those less ready. In addition, leaders on both sides consider desegregation of the public Sch's in the city inevitable, differing mainly on how long the change will & should take. Given current trends in the southern US towards industrialization & urbanization; given current pressures from US courts, national mass media & opinion; &, assuming the kind of local community leadership uncovered in the present study, the following pol'al forecasts are made: (a) SchD will surely triumph; (b) it will do so quickly & with relatively low intermediate `costs' (in bitterness & hostility engendered among persons & groups, privation of Negro rights during the conflict period, loss of manpower & productive capacity, & rents & tears in the pol'al fabric). W. Delany.

The traditional city is in the process of transformation into the metropolis (Met). This new form of human settlement has been made possible & necessary by increasing productivity & DofL. It is the result of the interaction of 2 waves of migration, a long-distance movement from center to periphery. The Met is surrounded by a Met'an region. The Met performs the traditional city function of central leadership & the traditional countryside function of material production. The majority of the pop in developed countries live in Met'an areas, though each Met'an pop is dispersed over a large territory containing both Ur-developed land & open areas, with places of work & residence separated. Residential areas are segregated according to class or income of their residents; the 'good neighborhood' is a protected status symbol. Mfg is moving toward the satellite towns within Met'an regions, & the Met itself is becoming the center of service industry. These are the characteristics of the Met which produce a pattern of land use based on central business, industrial, residential, & open areas. In modifying the natural pattern of the Met to make it better, contradictory desiderata will have to be accommodated.

The Committee on Curriculum Planning and Development of the National Association of Secondary School Principals has published a list of 10 objectives for secondary schools, known as the Ten Common and Essential Needs That All Youth Have in a Democratic Society. They are generally referred to as The Ten Imperative Needs of Youth. 1: All youth need to develop saleable skills and those understandings and attitudes that make the worker an intelligent and productive participant in economic life. To this end, most youth need supervised work experience as well as education in the skills and knowledge of their occupation. 2: All youth need to develop and maintain good health and physical fitness. 3: All youth need to understand the rights and duties of the citizen of a democratic society, and to be diligent and competent in the performance of their obligations as members of the community and citizens of the state and nation. 4: All youth need to understand the significance of the family for the individual and society and the conditions conducive to successful family life. 5: All youth need to know how to purchase and use goods and services intelligently, understanding both the values received by the consumer and the economic consequences of their acts. 6: All youth need to understand the methods of science, the influence of science on human life, and the main scientific facts concerning the nature of the world and of man. 7: All youth need opportunities to develop their capacities to appreciate beauty in literature, art, music, and nature. 8: All youth need to be able to use their leisure time well and to budget it wisely, balancing activities that yield satisfaction to the individual with those that are socially useful. 9: All youth need to develop respect for other persons, to grow in their insight into ethical values and principles, and to be able to live and work cooperatively with others. 10: All youth need to grow in their ability to think rationally, to express their thoughts clearly, and to read and listen with understanding. This study surveys and attempts to evaluate the current practices of the Logan City High School program in the light of local philosophy of the school; summarizes these views, and makes recommendations for continuous development of the curriculum improvement program.

With the growing Ur'ization of the US scholars have increased their interest in cities-there are now specialized Ur subfields in sociol, pol, economics & geography. Inevitably, concern for the substance of city life involves concern for the method of inquiry. Are cities unique or can useful generalizations be made using the city as the unit of analysis? Anyone who talks about Ur structures of power comparatively must face 2 related questions: What is meant by power? How can its empirical dimensions by measured & established? The most crucial structures of policy-relevant power in the large Amer city are examined & an attempt is made partly to identify & partly to postulate a pattern of development that seems warranted by the histories & present circumstances of several cities. Necessarily, comparisons must be made among fragments of data drawn from widely diverse sources, conceptually & methodologically. The result cannot be definitive, but it may stimulate systematic res in Ur data on a comparative basis. The central role of elected pol'al leadership is stressed, as distanct from the analysis of Dahl, Hunter, Mumford, & Jacobs, through all may have a part of the truth about the convergence of power elements in the modern city. IPSA.

The hypo formulated by the authors of the People's Choice, on the basis of their study of the 1940 election, according to which most people take their opinions less from the mass media than from 'opinion leaders' among their acquaintance, has been confirmed & elaborated in several recent studies. Whereas the 1940 study was based on a random sampling, & merely showed that certain people said they were advice-givers, while others did not, subsequent work has provided information regarding the relations between opinion leaders & those they influence. A beginning was made in a study undertaken in Rovere, NJ, in which R's were asked to name the people to whom they turned for advice, & the latter were then interviewed. The Decatur study tried to go a step further, & to analyse not only the group of advice-givers as a whole, but the advisor-advisee dyad. A further contribution to the knowledge of the structure of such relationships was provided by the fact that advice-givers were also asked to name those they had influenced, & these latter were also sought out & interviewed. Thus the chain of influence was followed in both directions. Finally, in a very recent study of the manner in which doctors arrived at the decision to adopt a new drug, advantage was taken of the relatively small size of the medical community in a given city to interview all of Its members, & to establish a complete schema of the potentially relevant relationships in which the doctor is embedded. All of these studies taken together provide highly useful information not only about the structure of influence relationships, but also about the manner in which the formation of opinion takes place. It is found that leadership in one sphere does not necessarily imply leadership in another; the same persons are often advisors in one field & advisees in another. People are most frequently influenced by persons of their own SE level, except in the case of public affairs, where there is concentration of leadership in the highest status. Finally, the findings of the People's Choice have been borne out in that leaders in all spheres are more likely than others to be exposed to the media appropriate to their particular sphere of interest. IPSA.

Sjoberg, G. The preindustrial city.--Wade, R. C. The growth of cities on the American frontier.--Taeuber, C. The growth of American cities: 1960-69.--Gans, H. Social life in the suburbs.--Vidich, A. J. and Bensman, J. Small town in mass society.--Lerner, D. The Grocer and the Chief: a parable.--Doxiadis, C. A. The urban condition: present and future.--Buer, M. C. Industrialization in England.--Warner, W. L. and Low, J. O. The shoe industry in Yankee City.--Blumer, H. Industrialization and the traditional order.--Polanyi, K. The great transformation.--Goode, W. J. The family and industrialization.--Letwin, W. Four fallacies about economic development.--Theobald, R. Cybernetics and the problems of social organization.--Miller, D. R. and Swanson, G. E. The emergence of welfare-bureaucratic society.--Galbraith, J. K. The technostructure.--Gouldner, A. W. Red tape as a social problem.--Seeman, M. Antidote to alienation: learning to belong.--Bennis, W. G. Post-bureaucratic leadership.--Reuss, H. S. and Munsey, E. The ombudsman: a proposed scheme for the United States

Racial residential segregation is rapidly inundating the heart of the US city & converting it into a Negro city. The foundations of our Black Belts were laid by a half-cent of gov'al sanction & support of private segregatory devices: chiefly, judicial enforcement of racial restrictive covenants & the policies & practices of federal housing agencies. Such support & sanction has now been withdrawn, but the growth of the ghetto cannot be halted or the ghetto disestablished by mere abstention from support of discrimination on the part of gov, state or federal. What is needed is affirmative action by the state through fair-housing statutes & by the federal gov through broadened executive decrees & effective rules & regulations by federal housing agencies. The Black Belt spawns segregated public facilities & breeds frustration & despair on the part of Negro residents while it foments ill-will & discord between whites & Negroes. The federal gov must take leadership if these evils are to be minimized & ultimately eliminated. HA.

The traditional city is in the process of trans formation into the metropolis. This new form of human settle ment has been made possible and necessary by increasing pro ductivity and increasing division of labor. It is the result of the interaction of two waves of migration, a long-distance movement from country to city and a more recent short-distance movement from center to periphery. The metropolis is sur rounded by a metropolitan region. The metropolis performs the traditional city function of central leadership plus the tradi tional countryside function of material production. Thus, the majority of the population in developed countries live in metropolitan areas, although each metropolitan populace is dis persed over a large territory containing both urban-developed land and open areas, with places of work and residence sepa rated. Residential areas are segregated according to class or income of their residents; the "good neighborhood" is a fiercely protected status symbol. Manufacturing is moving toward the satellite towns within metropolitan regions, and the me tropolis itself is becoming the center of service industry. These are the characteristics of the metropolis which produce a pattern of land use based on central business, industrial, residential, and open areas. In modifying the natural pattern of the metropolis to make it better, contradictory desiderata will have to be accommodated.