Suchergebnisse

Downtown development policies of four Sunbelt central cities are examined for their ability to meet the needs of low-income female residents. It is argued that policies which emphasize access to mass transportation, public participation, & flexible zoning are more helpful to such women than policies driven by purely market incentives. Moreover, market-driven policies are best predicted by the extent of private sector domination of downtown planning processes rather than whether the mayor of the city is male or female. It is suggested that political processes must be oriented to meeting the needs of women if more amenable downtown policies are to be written. 50 References. D. M. Smith

"Um erfolgreich zu sein, brauchen soziale Bewegungen ein Credo, das Eigenschaften, Ursachen und mögliche Lösungen eines sozialen Problems so popularisiert, dass potentielle Anhänger und Unterstützer motiviert sind, sich in vielfältigen Formen zu engagieren. In dem Vortrag werden die Verfasser argumentieren, dass es den deutschen Umweltschutzbewegungen in den verschiedenen Zeitepochen bisher nicht gelungen ist ein anziehendes Gesellschaftsmodell zu entwickeln, in dem die 'Stadt' bzw. urbane Lebensformen einen positiven Beitrag zur Qualität der Umwelt leisten können. Dies ist immer ein Kernmangel der Bewegung gewesen und bleibt es vermutlich auch in Zukunft. Dieses Manko ist tief verwurzelt in der Geschichte der deutschen Umweltbewegungen. Der Vortrag wird Grundzüge dieser spezifischen Vorkriegsgeschichte der Stadtfeindlichkeit darstellen. Desgleichen werden die neue Umweltbewegung der 70er und 80er Jahren analysiert. Erst jetzt wurde hier die Stadt in eine umfassende gegenkulturelle Theorie von Umweltproblemen und -lösungen einbezogen. Die Stadt und ihre Industrien allerdings wurden auch in diesen Konzepten lediglich als Verursacher der Probleme betrachtet. Einige der von der Umweltbewegung geförderten Maßnahmen konnten durchgesetzt werden, aber die Hiobsbotschaften auf das eigene Auto und das eigene Haus im Grünen zu verzichten, wie auf den Konsum, waren nicht umzusetzen. Obwohl die Umweltorganisationen heute auch weiterhin viele Unterstützer haben und sich eines gewissen Wachstums erfreuen können, haben sie ihre Strategien insofern geändert, dass jetzt der Naturschutz in Deutschland und in den Entwicklungsländern in den Vordergrund gestellt wird. Im Kampf gegen den Stadtverkehr und Landschaftszersiedlung werden nur noch Rückzugsgefechte betrieben und eine grundsätzliche Kritik der städtischen Konsumgesellschaft wird nicht mehr propagiert. Gleichwohl könnten diese neuen Konzepte zur nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung ironischerweise die Eckpfeiler eines positiven Konzepts von Stadt und Umwelt begründen, dies allerdings, angesichts des wirtschaftspolitischen Klimas, mit bisher wenig Resonanz in Politik und in der Bevölkerung." (Autorenreferat)

A full digital transformation is unfolding and great hopes are vested in the potentials of digital tools for communication and visualisation in planning processes, for analysing and modelling spatial information, and also for managing whole cities and regions. However, actual practices differ vastly, and the debate increasingly points to the pitfalls and dangers of a disconnect between citizens, spatial justice and democratic decision making. Examples of smart cities show a huge variety of interpretations and implementations in Europe. Therefore, digital tools should not become a goal in themselves, but need a clear societal and spatial vision and open political debates. This chapter looks at digital technologies in spatial planning as an increasingly political agenda in France and in Germany. In many regards, both countries must deal with similar opportunities and challenges posed by digital technologies, companies and global platforms. These are mediated differently through national political and planning systems and a more centralised approach in France versus a muchdecentralised agenda in Germany.

This study focuses on the "European city" model and its impact on urban policies, emphasising city centre housing as a central issue. The urban renaissance as it is discussed in literature will also be reconsidered, as this study seizes on these two subject matters and explores their relation looking at Berlin's historic city centre as the study area. The development of Berlin's historic city centre as a housing location since 1990 is analysed showing how in four phases the change of this area from a marginal populated urban frontier to one of Berlin's most favoured and expensive housing locations has developed using the "European City" as a development model.

Discusses the need for a reimagined & revitalized vision of Los Angeles, CA, society geography, transportation, & culture. Founded on a vision of unlimited mobility, economic equality, & rejection of high-density, domineering architecture, it is suggested that contemporary Los Angeles has succumbed to congestion, economic polarization, & racially segregated urban planning. It is argued that the of Los Angeles of the 1920s provides an idealized goal for the city's future. This era was characterized by three main advantages: an equal balance between the electric trolley system & expanding highway system, decentralized growth around well-defined towns laid along the trolley routes, & lively & diverse downtown areas around the intersections of trolley routes. Under these conditions, growth was limited to the hubs of trolley routes, & productive downtown centers in walking distance reduced the demand for automobiles. It is suggested that this model can be reestablished in the modern environment; steps that have been taken in this direction by local government & community groups are reviewed. It is concluded that Los Angeles is representative of developments in many emerging world cities & should therefore be carefully watched by academics, politicians, & urban planners. 18 References. T. Sevier

The long lasting unsolved spatial problems and the lack of a sustainable integrated transport system in Greece indicate the insufficiency of the formal planning procedures. For such complex problems, the complementary use of informal processes, like the test planning process, is especially useful. In 2015, at the initiative of ETH Zurich, three European universities (ETH Zurich, University of Patras, and National Technical University of Athens) collaborated on the pilot implementation of the test planning process revolving around the issue of the railway and spatial development in Patras, the third largest city on the Peloponnese. Such an attempt to use informal planning methods in the rather conventional milieu of Patras was directed towards creating a new planning culture in Greece. Furthermore, such a European project that enhances international cooperation and the transfer of know-how finally leads to the strengthening of European cohesion, a vital goal of any international project.

The neoliberal development model used in the urban economic revitalization of downtown Philadelphia, PA, illustrates the commodification of urban space by the removal of the poor from the public sphere & the suburbanization of the American consciousness. Contemporary research on urban poverty is explored to determine neoliberal practices that shift resources to suburbanization & away from the promotion of social equality. Postwar policies for suburbanization started the capital strategies that fostered uneven development, economic polarization, & a stratified geographical & symbolic landscape. Unfortunately, the same rhetoric of the corporate elites is reflected in urban studies. The class-based rhetoric of a multiracial welfare rights organization in Philadelphia serves as an example of contemporary research that acknowledges political economy & respects the position of the urban poor. L. A. Hoffman

The neoliberal development model used in the urban economic revitalization of downtown Philadelphia, PA, illustrates the commodification of urban space by the removal of the poor from the public sphere & the suburbanization of the American consciousness. Contemporary research on urban poverty is explored to determine neoliberal practices that shift resources to suburbanization & away from the promotion of social equality. Postwar policies for suburbanization started the capital strategies that fostered uneven development, economic polarization, & a stratified geographical & symbolic landscape. Unfortunately, the same rhetoric of the corporate elites is reflected in urban studies. The class-based rhetoric of a multiracial welfare rights organization in Philadelphia serves as an example of contemporary research that acknowledges political economy & respects the position of the urban poor. L. A. Hoffman

Sustainability and participation have become two priorities of urban policies. They are usually considered perfectly synergistic, but they are not. This chapter aims to disentangle the imbroglio of sustainability coupled with participatory processes in the theory and practice of urban planning and development. To do so, it reflects upon empirical observations in the field of public policies in France and Germany as well as on some cases on both sides of the Rhine. Finally, this chapter describes and analyses policies and governance instruments intended to involve citizens in sustainable decision-making in urban areas of France and Germany.

Chicago's public housing projects constitute an unofficial, counter-public sphere that confronts the spatial, epistemic, & legal authority of the official public sphere. As much of Chicago's public housing is razed, tenants are being forced to find new homes; but this is proving difficult for some residents, even with the help of public agencies. The city government's approach to this problem indicates that official Chicago is willing to sacrifice these tenants' happiness, their status as citizens, & even their human dignity, in order to rid the city of undesirable public housing. 57 References. A. Funderburg

Chicago's public housing projects constitute an unofficial, counter-public sphere that confronts the spatial, epistemic, & legal authority of the official public sphere. As much of Chicago's public housing is razed, tenants are being forced to find new homes; but this is proving difficult for some residents, even with the help of public agencies. The city government's approach to this problem indicates that official Chicago is willing to sacrifice these tenants' happiness, their status as citizens, & even their human dignity, in order to rid the city of undesirable public housing. 57 References. A. Funderburg

The following article summarises the first results of a two-part study on consumption patterns in Denmark and leisure travel in Greater Copenhagen in particular. The study aims to map direct (e. g. free time travel) and indirect (e. g. goods and services) energy use related to different types of spatial structure ("urban" vs. "rural" settlement structure) and investigates possible explanations for differences in the use of energy. The study is on the one hand based on nationwide Danish household consumption data of Statistics Denmark and on the other hand on the results of an online questionnaire survey, which was conducted specifically for this study in May and June 2016 in an inner district of Copenhagen and a small town in the commuter belt of Copenhagen. The results indicate some sort of compensatory activities among city dwellers and suggest thereby, particularly in an urban context, including leisure travel and indirect energy use more in energy efficiency considerations.

Quite apart from the diversity of situations in small and medium-sized towns, stabilising their town centres is a major challenge. In both countries, town centres have been weakened by commercial changes, a decline in the supply of services and transformations in lifestyles. They are characterised by an increase in vacancy rates, which accelerates a spiralling loss of attractiveness and atmosphere of neglect. Since the beginning of the 2000s, this challenge has been central in the public debate. In both countries, urban renewal has been a key element of this revitalisation policy. However, although the context of public action is rather similar in France and Germany, the modes of governance differ. In France the administrative municipal system continues to provide a narrow and fixed framework despite recent territorial reforms that favour the intermunicipal level. In addition, cooperation, communication and participation of local actors from business and civil society are more firmly anchored in social and political practice in German small and medium-sized towns.

The following article summarises the first results of a two-part study on consumption patterns in Denmark and leisure travel in Greater Copenhagen in particular. The study aims to map direct (e. g. free time travel) and indirect (e. g. goods and services) energy use related to different types of spatial structure ("urban" vs. "rural" settlement structure) and investigates possible explanations for differences in the use of energy. The study is on the one hand based on nationwide Danish household consumption data of Statistics Denmark and on the other hand on the results of an online questionnaire survey, which was conducted specifically for this study in May and June 2016 in an inner district of Copenhagen and a small town in the commuter belt of Copenhagen. The results indicate some sort of compensatory activities among city dwellers and suggest thereby, particularly in an urban context, including leisure travel and indirect energy use more in energy efficiency considerations.

"If cities are to meet the challenges of climate change, effective solutions must be anchored in an empowered city governance approach. Empowered city governance depends on building effective decision-making in this volatile policy field, in developing evidence-based policy-making, and in building strong city governments capable of performing as new sites of governance in global negotiations on climate change. The objectives of this paper are twofold: first, to map the core risks for cities associated with climate change; second, as a governance response, to build a more informed set of planning norms and practices, more effective infrastructure investment and urban management, and a more inclusive urban governance." (author's abstract)