Suchergebnisse

From the class meeting in Bruck in 1578 to Berlin Congress in 1878, i. e. from the very beginning till the end of its fundamental function, Military Border goes through various and very complex processes. Its problems in the 1850-ies are the topic of this paper. In spite of clear demands of political circles in Zagreb concerning the Military Border, the Monarchy in Vienna tries to protect it as a distinctly military institution that will not act against Hungary only but against national integration on the Balkan and Apenine Peninsula too. After the revolution in 1848/49 military and court circles in the Austrian monarchy invest special labours to turn the Military Border into a corpus separatum where military tradition will be further cherished, with corporal strictness, waiting for the development of events on the East, particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina. With the presence of Vienna and Budapest, especially after 1849, solving of the Military Border question is affected strongly by the impulse coming just from Zagreb. Trying to gather around itself the separated Croatian territories as soon as possible, Zagreb supported in the Military Border question up to Austro-Hungarian agreement in 1867 the opinion about the need of administrative integration of military and civil territories of Croatia. But, because the administrative integration does not put in the first plan demilitarization of Military Border, there appear due to such political conception in Zagreb some fundamental prerequisites for the collaboration between military and royal circles in Vienna and Croatian politicians. However, this collaboration left no deeper traces in the Croatian politics. The last ''Basic Law of Military Border", accepted in 1850, rejects all the projects of political representation of Croatia about the future of Military Border. The project has been saved as Jelačić's "Military Border Foundation" from 1849. In spite of expectations of Croatian politicians the last "Military Border Foundation" from 1850 tries to contribute to stabilization of Military Border mechanism and to its preserving. This new Military Border's constitution, contrary to demands of Croatian representatives formulated in the "Military Border Foundation" in 1849, declares the whole Military Border to be a part of the imperial army. Although the basic intention of that Law was to subordinate social relationships in Military Border to its main task, i. e. to supply the Monarchy permanently with cheap army, still it did not succeed to stop the process of social differentiation and destruction of outlived forms of traditional Military Border society, In this paper are analyzed first of all those social phenomena in Military Border which point to the movement of the social structure and the crisis of traditional military-rural society. Besides problems of disharmony between legal superstructure and social reality there are analyzed the efforts of Croatian business circles to hold back - by means of concentrating merchants and craftsmen in Croatia under the ban and in Military Border - the Austrian capital existing for centuries in Military Border, that important part of Croatian territories.

U radu se iz ekohistorijske perspektive prikazuju šume Slavonske vojne krajine u 18. stoljeću. Šume se proučavaju kao zasebni ekosistem te kroz njihovu interakciju s čovjekom. Rad se temelji na pregledu izvora – karti Slavonske vojne krajine iz 1780. godine, Šumskih uredbi iz 1787. godine i putopisu austrijskog državnog službenika Friedricha Wilhelma von Taubea. Naglasak je na prikazu izgleda šuma i njihovih karakteristika te na utjecaju čovjeka kroz ekonomsku eksploataciju i deforestaciju. Predstavljaju se oprečni pogledi vojne vlasti i krajišnika po pitanju korištenja i zaštite šuma. ; The paper portrays the forests of the Slavonian Military Border in the 18th century from the perspective of ecohistory. The forests are studied as a separate ecosystem and through their interaction with humans. The paper is based on an overview of sources – a map of the Slavonian Military Border from the year 1780, the Forest Decree from the year 1787 and the travelogue of the Austrian civil servant Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube. The paper emphasizes the appearance of forests and their characteristics, as well as man's influence on forests through economic exploitation and deforestation. The conflicting views of the military authorities and the frontier soldiers on the use and protection of forests are presented.

Civilno društvo je prostor između obitelji, države i tržišta gdje se građani udružuju radi promicanja zajedničkih interesa. Širenjem značenja Europske unije uloga civilnog društva i njegov međuodnos s EU razinom postaje sve značajnije pitanje. Rad tematizira civilno društvo u kontekstu europeizacije. Europeizacija se koristi kao »termin kišobran« koji pokriva mnoštvo značenja u terminima socijalnog, političkog, kognitivnog, pa čak i teritorijalnog, stoga najprije utvrđuje njezino značenje. Prikazuju se procesi i mehanizmi europeizacije civilnog društva. Uzimajući u obzir ključne razvoje zadnjih desetljeća kao i koncept horizontalne politike, raspravlja se o kontekstu europeizacije civilnog društva. Međuodnos europeizacije i civilnog društva sagledava se kroz različite pristupe i načine međusobnog odnošenja civilnog društva i razine EU u aspektu vladavine i politika. Tim analizama omogućuje se pogled u dosege europeizacije civilnog društva i preispitivanje jesmo li na pragu nečega što možemo nazvati »Europskom unijom civilnog društva«. ; Civil society is the space between the family, the state and the market where citizens come together to promote their common interests. By expanding the importance of the European Union, the role of civil society and its interrelationship with the EU level becomes increasingly important issue. The paper deals with civil society in the context of Europeanization. Europeanization is used as an »umbrella term« that covers a multitude of meanings in terms of social, political, cognitive and even territorial meanings. We present the processes and mechanisms of Europeanization of civil society. Taking into account the key developments in the last decade as well as the concept of horizontal policies, the author discusses the context of Europeanization of civil society. Interrelationship of Europeanization and civil society is reviewed from the perspective of different approaches and ways of mutual relations of civil society and EU level from the aspect of governance and policy. This analysis allows a glance at the scope of Europeanization of civil society and examinations of the question whether we are on the threshold of something that we can call "The EU of Civil Society".

Tijekom Prvoga svjetskog rata vojni i državni uredi pokretali su brojne akcije radi prikupljanja novca od stanovništva, a za podmirenje rastućih vojnih potreba. Država se brinula za vojnike na ratištima i ratni materijal općenito, a građanskim je društvima bila prepuštena briga za obitelji vojnika. Dio sredstava prikupljao se prodajom domoljubnih predmeta. Takve medalje i plakete imale su najviši umjetnički domet. Veći dio tih predmeta prodavanih u Hrvatskoj dolazio je uglavnom iz Beča. Samo su rijetke osmislili domaći umjetnici u akcijama dobrotvornih društava. Ovaj rad bavit će se upravo njima. ; During World War One military and government offices initiated many actions to collect money from the population to supply the growing military needs. The state took care of the soldiers on the front lines and war materials in general, and civil societies took care of the soldiers' families. Some of the assets were collected by selling patriotic objects. These medals and plaques were of the highest art value. Most of the items sold in Croatia came from Vienna. A smaller number were designed by domestic artists in actions of charity societies, and these are the subject of this article.

Predmet ovoga rada je prikaz i kompracija politika obveznog vojnog roka u tri europske države, Francuskoj, Finskoj i Norveškoj. Cilj je analizirati nekoliko država unutar europskog konteksta s obzirom na: utjecaj geografskih i geopolitičkih faktora na sigurnosne i obrambene strategije; različit vojno-politički položaj s obzirom na članstvo u političkim i vojnim savezima, odnosno NATO-u i Europskoj uniji; različite regionalne odnose, sigurnosno okruženje i različita povijesna iskustva te na koji način ti faktori utječu na politiku obveznog vojnoga roka, odnosno na model popunjavanja vojnih jedinica. Rad je zamišljen kao komparativna studija slučaja triju europskih država, a temelji se na pregledu već postojećih tekstova i istraživanja. U prvom dijelu rada definira se obvezni vojni rok, njegov povijesni razvoj i moderni trendovi. U drugom dijelu razmatra se Francuska i razvoj obveznog vojnog roka do njegovog ukidanja. Zatim se razmatra Norveška, obvezni vojni rok te njeno članstvo u NATO savezu. U četvrtom dijelu razmatra se Finska kao država izvan vojnih saveza i njena politika obveznog vojnog roka. Rad završava komparacijom ovih država te se zaključuje kako mnogi različiti faktori utječu na politiku obveznog vojnog roka. ; The subject of this paper is the presentation and comparison of compulsory military service policies in three European countries, France, Finland, and Norway. The aim is to analyze several countries within the European context with regards to the impact of geographical and geopolitical factors on security and defense strategies; different military and political positions with regard to membership in political and military alliances, namely NATO and the European Union; different regional relations, security environment, and different historical experiences, and how these factors affect the military conscription policy, or the model of military unit replenishment. The paper is conceived as a comparative case study of three European countries, based on a review of existing texts and research. The ...

Analiziran je rad zdravstvene djelatnosti HV Zbornog područja Osijek, u periodu od 01. 07. 1991. do 01. 09. 1993. godine. Kao i cijela HV, vojno zdravstvo osnovano je tijekom rata, jer u okviru tadašnje Jugoslavije Hrvatska nije mogla imati vlastitu vojsku, dakle ni sanitetsko osiguranje. U početku je, stoga, taj posao preuzelo civilno zdravstvo. Isto je obavljano putem mobilnih kirurških ekipa, odnosno oponašanjem rada civilne službe hitne pomoći. Postojao je čitav niz objektivnih poteškoća, kao što su nedostatak opreme, školovanog vojnosanitetskog kadra i iskustva u organiziranju i funkcioniranju isključivo vojnog saniteta. Uz 75 poginulih, ranjenih i nestalih pripadnika zdravstva HV Zbornog područja Osijek, te uz 43 uništena i 20 oštećenih sanitetskih motornih vozila, registrirano je i zbrinuto 145.410 bolesnih stanja u pripadnika HV Zbornog područja Osijek, pri čemu su povrede i njihove posljedice činile 14,6% (21.767 slučajeva). U tijeku je prelazak u mirnodopski ustroj koji, za sada, ima prijelazni karakter ovisan o ekonomskoj snazi Republike Hrvatske. ; The work of the Croatian Army medical service of the Osijek Military District between July 1, 1991 and September 1, 1993 was analized. In the former Yugoslavia, Croatia was not allowed to have its own army. Therefore, the national armed force and medical corps had to be formed during the war against Croatia. Medical support to army units was initially provided by civil medical service, i.e. by mobile surgical teams performing their tasks on the model of civilian ambulatory service. Numerous objective obstacles, such as the lack of equipment, qualified military medical professionals and experience in the organization and function of army medical corps were encountered. Seventy-five of the Osijek Military District medical service were killed, wounded or missing. There were 145,410 recorded and treated cases of various diseases, 21,767 (14,6%) of which were war wounds. Forty-three medical vehicles were demolished and 20 damaged. At present, transformation of Croatian Army (CA) to peacetime organization is under way.

Analizira se suradnja javne uprave i organizacija civilnog društva u procesu odlučivanja. Snaženje koncepta regulacijske države mijenja ulogu javne vlasti u procesu odlučivanja. To se posebno očituje kroz širenje broja akera koji sudjeluju u izradi politika i odluka. Europska unija razvija mogućnosti i načine putem kojih razne organizacije civilnog društva imaju priliku dati svoje mišljenje o donošenju određene odluke. Republika Hrvatska pokušava slijediti taj trend definiranjem odredbi o postupcima savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću i uspostavljanjem mehanizama suradnje s organizacijama civilnog društva i drugim akterima na izradi zakona, drugih propisa i akata. Također se analiziraju formalne mogućnosti i stvarna participacija civilnog društva u postupcima savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću te odnos s javnom vlasti u izradi odluka. Analiziraju se instrumenti savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću u EU-u i Hrvatskoj. Upozorava se na određene probleme u regulaciji i provedbi instrumenta te se predlažu rješenja za poboljšanje. ; The strengthening of the regulatory state concept in recent decades has changed the role of public authorities in the decision-making process, rendering them just one of the many different participants involved in policy-making and the decision-making process. As regulation became their primary function, public authorities began to emphasise the quality of the decision-making process and the decisions it engenders in order to encourage the establishment of a suitable environment for economic development. Therefore, supranational organisations and many countries are implementing regulatory reforms in an attempt to create better regulation, and in the context of these reforms they are using instruments of civil society participation in decision-making. As a result of various circumstances, creating relations with civil society based on cooperation and partnership is often a relatively slow and gradual process, yet progress is notable. The European Union is constantly evolving opportunities and ways in which various civil society organisations can convey their opinions about the adoption of certain decisions at the EU level. Croatia has also, particularly over the last seven years, tried to follow this trend by defining the legal provisions and procedures of public consultations, and by establishing mechanisms for cooperation with civil society organisations and many other stakeholders in the drafting of laws and other regulations. The paper analyses the role of civil society and the opportunities for public consultations in the European Union and Croatia. The analysis results indicate progress as well as problems. The author suggests improvements with regard to the cooperation between civil society and public administration in public consultations.

Plemićka vojna akademija u Bečkom Novom Mjestu otvorena je 1752. o državnom trošku, a cilj habsburških vlasti bio je da bude komplementarna viteškoj akademiji Terezijanumu (osnovan 1746. pod isusovačkom upravom). Naime, ondje su se školovali mladi plemići za rad u civilnoj službi, dok je Bečko Novo Mjesto bilo namijenjeno obrazovanju časnika. Marija Terezija osigurala je stipendije za četristotinjak kadeta iz siromašnijih plemićkih obitelji, kao i za sinove zaslužnih časnika koji su dokazali lojalnost u vojnoj službi. Prije Plemićke akademije dječaci mlađi od 14 godina pohađali su tzv. Pripremnu vojnu školu u Beču. Obje ustanove spojene su 1769. u c. i k. Terezijansku vojnu akademiju. Učiteljski kadar, koji je isprva bio samo svjetovni, tj. časnički, nastavljao je tradiciju humanističkih i baroknih viteških akademija te usvajanja "viteških vještina i vojnih vrlina" koje su bile usmjerene više na fizičku spremnost nego na stjecanje suvremenih znanja o ratovanju koja su bila potrebna za profesionalizaciju vojske. U radu se prikazuju reforme i promjene koje su se provodile na Akademiji za vrijeme Marije Terezije i Josipa II. u nastojanju da se osuvremeni časničko obrazovanje i da se uz pomoć prosvjetiteljskih načela razvije nadnacionalni "austrijski patriotizam" koji bi bio glavni temelj lojalnosti budućih časnika. Ta nastojanja kulminirala su za vrijeme uprave prosvijetljenog pedagoškog pisca, austrijskog generala i češkog grofa Franza Josepha Kinskog (1779.-1805.), čiji su odgajateljski koncepti i djelovanje opširnije predstavljeni. ; The Noble Military Academy at Wiener Neustadt was opened in 1752 at state expense, and the aim of the Habsburg authorities was to make it a counterpart of the Theresianum Knight Academy (founded in 1746 under the Jesuit administration). Young noblemen were trained there for work in civil service, while the academy at Wiener Neustadt was intended for officer education. Maria Theresa secured scholarships for ca. four hundred cadets from poorer noble families, as well as for sons of deserving senior officers. Boys under the age of 14 attended the so-called Preparatory Military School in Vienna before being admitted at the Wiener Neustadt Noble Military Academy. Both institutions were merged in 1769 into one Imperial and Royal Theresian Military Academy. Teachers, who were at first only secular, that is, coming from the officer class, continued the tradition of humanist and baroque knight academies and the adoption of "knightly skills and military virtues," aimed at the acquisition of physical readiness rather than the contemporary knowledge of warfare needed to professionalize the army. This paper presents the reforms and changes that took place at the Theresian Military Academy during the reign of Maria Theresa and Joseph II with the intention of modernizing officer education and developing the supra-national "Austrian patriotism" based on the Enlightenment principles as the main foundation of the future officers' loyalty. These efforts culminated during the command of the enlightened pedagogical writer, the Austrian general and Bohemian aristocrat, Franz Joseph Kinsky (1779-1755), whose educational concepts and actions are here extensively presented.

Analizirajući 28 većinom cjelovitih natpisa iz Salone koji spominju osobe iz rimskog vojnog sustava i oslobođenike, odnosno oslobođenice iz doba principata, autor je nastojao doći do što većeg broja podataka o odnosima između oslobođenika i njihovih patrona, o značajkama oslobođeničkih kognomena i o statusu vojnika koji su imali oslobođenike. ; In analysing 28 largely whole inscriptions from Salona which mention persons from the Roman military system and freedmen or freedwomen dated to the time of the Principate, the author attempted to obtain the most possible data on relations between freed individuals and their masters, the features of the cognomina of freedmen/women and the status of soldiers who had freedmen/women.

U Sozopolu je održana od 18. do 23. lipnja 2018. sedma međunarodna konferencija o kartografiji i GIS-u. Organizatori te konferencije bili su Bugarsko kartografsko društvo, Međunarodno kartografskoj društvo i Sveučilište za arhitekturu, građevinarstvo i geodeziju iz Sofije, a suorganizatori Vojna geografska služba i Crveni križ. Na čelu Međunarodnog organizacijskog odbora bio je prof. Milan Konečny, bivši predsjednik ICA-e, a na čelu Lokalnog organizacijskog odbora bila je prof. Temenoujka Bandrova, predsjednica Bugarskoga kartografskog društva. ; The 7th International Conference on Cartography and GIS was held in Sozopol, 18-23 June 2018. The conference was organized by the Bulgarian Cartographic Society, the International Cartographic Association (ICA) and the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy from Sofia, while the co-organizers were the Military Geographic Service and the Red Cross. Chair of the International Organizational Committee was Prof. Milan Konečný, former president of ICA, and the chair of the Local Organizing Committee was Prof. Temenoujka Bandrova, President of the Bulgarian Cartographic Association.

The 7th International Conference on Cartography and GIS was held in Sozopol, 18-23 June 2018. The conference was organized by the Bulgarian Cartographic Society, the International Cartographic Association (ICA) and the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy from Sofia, while the co-organizers were the Military Geographic Service and the Red Cross. Chair of the International Organizational Committee was Prof. Milan Konečný, former president of ICA, and the chair of the Local Organizing Committee was Prof. Temenoujka Bandrova, President of the Bulgarian Cartographic Association. ; U Sozopolu je održana od 18. do 23. lipnja 2018. sedma međunarodna konferencija o kartografiji i GIS-u. Organizatori te konferencije bili su Bugarsko kartografsko društvo, Međunarodno kartografskoj društvo i Sveučilište za arhitekturu, građevinarstvo i geodeziju iz Sofije, a suorganizatori Vojna geografska služba i Crveni križ. Na čelu Međunarodnog organizacijskog odbora bio je prof. Milan Konečny, bivši predsjednik ICA-e, a na čelu Lokalnog organizacijskog odbora bila je prof. Temenoujka Bandrova, predsjednica Bugarskoga kartografskog društva.

In the Republic of Croatia, new topographic maps are just being produced, primarily at the scale of 1:25 000. The Military Topographic Map is being made for the Ministry of Defence according to the existing manual "Topographic symbols" from 1993. For civil needs, the Topographic Map is made at the scale of 1:25 000 according to the new, officially not yet adopted collection of symbols "Map Key" from 1998. The paper points out the importance of changing the map graphics of topographic maps according to the modern communication and visualisation of space. ; U Republici Hrvatskoj u tijeku je izrada novih topografskih karata, u prvom redu onih mjerila 1:25 000. Za potrebe Ministarstva obrane izrađuje se Vojni topografski zemljovid prema postojećem priručniku "Topografsko znakovlje" iz 1993. Za civilne potrebe izrađuje se Topografska karta 1:25 000 prema novoj, još službeno neusvojenoj, zbirci znakova "Kartografski ključ" iz 1998. U radu je istaknuta važnost promjene kartografike topografskih karata sukladno suvremenoj komunikaciji i vizualizaciji prostora.

Mirne pobune protiv sirijskog predsjednika koje su započele 2011. s vremenom su prerasle u oružani sukob, a zatim i u građanski rat koji do dana današnjeg ne jenjava. Vrlo brzo je privukao i brojne regionalne, ali i međunarodne aktere. Iako se na početku činilo kako će sirijski predsjednik vrlo brzo morati napustiti svoju funkciju, to se nije dogodilo. Zahvaljujući ruskoj vojnoj intervenciji 2015. vratio je kontrolu nad većinom sirijskog teritorija te na taj način osigurao svoju daljnju vlast. Cilj ovoga rada jest prikazati rusku intervenciju u Sirijskom građanskom ratu kao dio nove ruske vanjske politike, odnosno novoga ruskog intervencionizma. Politika koja je započeta intervencijom u Gruziji, a zatim nastavljena u Ukrajini činom aneksije Krima, svoj nastavak dobiva upravo na teritoriju Sirije. Kako ćemo vidjeti kroz rad upravo se ova politika pokazala ključnom za vraćanje Rusiji statusa globalne sile. ; Peaceful uprisings against the Syrian president that began in 2011., over the time escalated into an armed conflict, and then into a civil war that has not abated to this day. It quickly attracted numerous regional and international actors. Although at first it seemed that the Syrian president would have to leave his funcion very soon, this did not happen. Thanks to Russian military intervention in 2015, he regained majority control over Syrian territory and thus secured his further rule. The aim of this paper was to present Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war as a part of a new Russian foreign policy, the policy of interventionism. The policy, which began with the intervention in Georgia, and then continued in Ukraine and the act of annexation of Crimea, gets its continuation on the territory of Syria. As we will see further, it is precisely this policy that has proved crucial for restoring Russia's global power status.

In this paper the author analyzes certain solutions of the Amendment of the Civil Procedure Act from 2019 on the reimbursement of costs according to the principle of responsibility for success and responsibility for guilt or case. The paper outlines the most significant novelties, the novelties are analyzed in relation to the partial success of the parties to the litigation. When deciding on the costs of civil proceedings in the case of partial success of the party in the lawsuit, what should be taken into account, in principle, is both the prosecutor's and the defendant's success in the lawsuit, and the decision on which party will bear the obligation to reimburse the costs of the proceedings shall be brought through the application of the rule of procedural offsetting of the lawsuit costs. The objective of this rule is to avoid unwarranted lawsuit or filing of exaggerated claims without consequences. But, it can happen that the costs of the party that is less successful are significantly higher than the costs of their opponents. This party, although more successful, can be obliged to reimburse the amount of the difference, which may result in restriction of the right of access to court. ; U članku se analiziraju pojedina rješenja Novele Zakona o parničnom postuplu iz 2019. godine o naknadi troškova prema načelu od­govornosti za uspjeh te odgovornosti za krivnju odnosno slučaj. Analiziraju se novine u odnosu na djelomični uspjeh stranaka u parnici. Pritom se posebno problematizira i uspoređuje prije važeće zakonodavno uređenja instituta i stajališta zauzeta u dosadašnjoj sudskoj praksi i doktrini, sa novim normativnim uređenjem koje donosi Novela 2019.