Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Anthropology of State/Rural Population Relations. Local Participationand Civil Society in Development Projects in Northern VietnamAbstract: Since the 1990s, the Vietnamese government has launched thousands developmentprojects across all sectors to reduce poverty and modernize the countryside. Theresults are everywhere very visible : new roads and infrastructures, renovated markets,etc. But the authorities also highlight the high level of participation of local populations(the "base") in all these projects. An effective means of showing to the internationalinstitutions which finance a large part of these projects that Vietnam brilliantly fulfillsthe criteria of the UN Millennium Goals (2000) of "governance, participation, ownership,empowerment and accountability. But on the level of communes and families, participationis experienced in a very different way. The great Program for Socio-economicDevelopment in Communes faced with Extreme Difficulties (1998-2015) which appliesto several thousand communes throughout the country, allows us to study the specificrelations between peasants and the State in Vietnam in the North of the country. Severalquestions will provide precise anthropological elements on the positioning of local ethnicpopulations in their interactions with projects: How can the participation of local populationsbe expressed in a clearly top-down system? How does the diversity of the formsof participation observed inform us about the extent of local political actions ? Who arethe real actors in local participation ? In the end, it is the forms of articulation between atop-down development model with a "totalizing" aim and the place of rural civil societyin Vietnam that will be questioned. ; Résumé : Depuis les années 1990, l'État vietnamien a lancé des milliers de projetsde développement tous secteurs confondus pour réduire la pauvreté et moderniserles campagnes du pays. Les résultats sont partout très visibles : nouvelles routes etinfrastructures, marchés rénovés, etc. Mais les ...

International audience ; Anthropology of State/Rural Population Relations. Local Participationand Civil Society in Development Projects in Northern VietnamAbstract: Since the 1990s, the Vietnamese government has launched thousands developmentprojects across all sectors to reduce poverty and modernize the countryside. Theresults are everywhere very visible : new roads and infrastructures, renovated markets,etc. But the authorities also highlight the high level of participation of local populations(the "base") in all these projects. An effective means of showing to the internationalinstitutions which finance a large part of these projects that Vietnam brilliantly fulfillsthe criteria of the UN Millennium Goals (2000) of "governance, participation, ownership,empowerment and accountability. But on the level of communes and families, participationis experienced in a very different way. The great Program for Socio-economicDevelopment in Communes faced with Extreme Difficulties (1998-2015) which appliesto several thousand communes throughout the country, allows us to study the specificrelations between peasants and the State in Vietnam in the North of the country. Severalquestions will provide precise anthropological elements on the positioning of local ethnicpopulations in their interactions with projects: How can the participation of local populationsbe expressed in a clearly top-down system? How does the diversity of the formsof participation observed inform us about the extent of local political actions ? Who arethe real actors in local participation ? In the end, it is the forms of articulation between atop-down development model with a "totalizing" aim and the place of rural civil societyin Vietnam that will be questioned. ; Résumé : Depuis les années 1990, l'État vietnamien a lancé des milliers de projetsde développement tous secteurs confondus pour réduire la pauvreté et moderniserles campagnes du pays. Les résultats sont partout très visibles : nouvelles routes etinfrastructures, marchés rénovés, etc. Mais les ...

International audience ; Anthropology of State/Rural Population Relations. Local Participationand Civil Society in Development Projects in Northern VietnamAbstract: Since the 1990s, the Vietnamese government has launched thousands developmentprojects across all sectors to reduce poverty and modernize the countryside. Theresults are everywhere very visible : new roads and infrastructures, renovated markets,etc. But the authorities also highlight the high level of participation of local populations(the "base") in all these projects. An effective means of showing to the internationalinstitutions which finance a large part of these projects that Vietnam brilliantly fulfillsthe criteria of the UN Millennium Goals (2000) of "governance, participation, ownership,empowerment and accountability. But on the level of communes and families, participationis experienced in a very different way. The great Program for Socio-economicDevelopment in Communes faced with Extreme Difficulties (1998-2015) which appliesto several thousand communes throughout the country, allows us to study the specificrelations between peasants and the State in Vietnam in the North of the country. Severalquestions will provide precise anthropological elements on the positioning of local ethnicpopulations in their interactions with projects: How can the participation of local populationsbe expressed in a clearly top-down system? How does the diversity of the formsof participation observed inform us about the extent of local political actions ? Who arethe real actors in local participation ? In the end, it is the forms of articulation between atop-down development model with a "totalizing" aim and the place of rural civil societyin Vietnam that will be questioned. ; Résumé : Depuis les années 1990, l'État vietnamien a lancé des milliers de projetsde développement tous secteurs confondus pour réduire la pauvreté et moderniserles campagnes du pays. Les résultats sont partout très visibles : nouvelles routes etinfrastructures, marchés rénovés, etc. Mais les ...

International audience ; Anthropology of State/Rural Population Relations. Local Participationand Civil Society in Development Projects in Northern VietnamAbstract: Since the 1990s, the Vietnamese government has launched thousands developmentprojects across all sectors to reduce poverty and modernize the countryside. Theresults are everywhere very visible : new roads and infrastructures, renovated markets,etc. But the authorities also highlight the high level of participation of local populations(the "base") in all these projects. An effective means of showing to the internationalinstitutions which finance a large part of these projects that Vietnam brilliantly fulfillsthe criteria of the UN Millennium Goals (2000) of "governance, participation, ownership,empowerment and accountability. But on the level of communes and families, participationis experienced in a very different way. The great Program for Socio-economicDevelopment in Communes faced with Extreme Difficulties (1998-2015) which appliesto several thousand communes throughout the country, allows us to study the specificrelations between peasants and the State in Vietnam in the North of the country. Severalquestions will provide precise anthropological elements on the positioning of local ethnicpopulations in their interactions with projects: How can the participation of local populationsbe expressed in a clearly top-down system? How does the diversity of the formsof participation observed inform us about the extent of local political actions ? Who arethe real actors in local participation ? In the end, it is the forms of articulation between atop-down development model with a "totalizing" aim and the place of rural civil societyin Vietnam that will be questioned. ; Résumé : Depuis les années 1990, l'État vietnamien a lancé des milliers de projetsde développement tous secteurs confondus pour réduire la pauvreté et moderniserles campagnes du pays. Les résultats sont partout très visibles : nouvelles routes etinfrastructures, marchés rénovés, etc. Mais les ...

International audience ; Anthropology of State/Rural Population Relations. Local Participationand Civil Society in Development Projects in Northern VietnamAbstract: Since the 1990s, the Vietnamese government has launched thousands developmentprojects across all sectors to reduce poverty and modernize the countryside. Theresults are everywhere very visible : new roads and infrastructures, renovated markets,etc. But the authorities also highlight the high level of participation of local populations(the "base") in all these projects. An effective means of showing to the internationalinstitutions which finance a large part of these projects that Vietnam brilliantly fulfillsthe criteria of the UN Millennium Goals (2000) of "governance, participation, ownership,empowerment and accountability. But on the level of communes and families, participationis experienced in a very different way. The great Program for Socio-economicDevelopment in Communes faced with Extreme Difficulties (1998-2015) which appliesto several thousand communes throughout the country, allows us to study the specificrelations between peasants and the State in Vietnam in the North of the country. Severalquestions will provide precise anthropological elements on the positioning of local ethnicpopulations in their interactions with projects: How can the participation of local populationsbe expressed in a clearly top-down system? How does the diversity of the formsof participation observed inform us about the extent of local political actions ? Who arethe real actors in local participation ? In the end, it is the forms of articulation between atop-down development model with a "totalizing" aim and the place of rural civil societyin Vietnam that will be questioned. ; Résumé : Depuis les années 1990, l'État vietnamien a lancé des milliers de projetsde développement tous secteurs confondus pour réduire la pauvreté et moderniserles campagnes du pays. Les résultats sont partout très visibles : nouvelles routes etinfrastructures, marchés rénovés, etc. Mais les autorités mettent également en avant275Moussons n° 36, 2020-2, 247-278Anthropologie des relations État-population rurale. Participation locale .le haut niveau de participation des populations locales (la « base ») à tous ces projets.Un moyen efficace pour montrer aux instances internationales qui financent engrande partie ces projets que le Vietnam remplit avec brio les critères des Objectifsdu Millénaire de l'ONU (2000) de « governance, participation, ownership, empowermentand accountability ». Mais à l'échelle des communes et des familles, la participationest vécue de manière très différente. Le grand Programme for Socio-economic Developmentin Communes faced with Extreme Difficulties (1998-2015) qui s'applique àplusieurs milliers de communes dans tout le pays nous permet d'étudier les relationsspécifiques entre les paysans et l'État au Vietnam dans le nord du pays. Plusieursquestions apporteront des éléments anthropologiques précis sur le positionnementdes populations ethniques locales dans leurs interactions avec les projets : comment laparticipation des populations locales peut-elle s'exprimer dans un système clairementtop down ? Comment la diversité des formes de participations observées nous informet-elle sur l'étendue des actions politiques locales ? Qui sont les véritables acteurs de laparticipation locale ? Finalement, ce sont les formes d'articulation entre un modèle dedéveloppement top down avec une visée « totalisante » et la place de la société civilerurale au Vietnam qui seront interrogées.

In its race against global warming, humankind starts to develop alternative mobility solution.However, replacing conventional thermal engine in all their uses, maintaining at least the sameperformances, takes time. So in order to efficiently fight against CO2 and other pollution emission itis necessary to use another lever. Improving the systems' energy efficiency is yet little developed inmarine ships and helps transitioning toward carbon neutral mobility solutions. In order to pinpointthe matters to act on, a studying methodology and analysis tools are developed in this thesis. Thegoal is to assist boat designers as soon as the project starts, by speeding up and easing the design of the boat main systems. For "small size" ships, the design phase is extremely short. This forces the use of sharp and fast designing tools. This phase is the first level of improvement and should be taken with care. The second level consists of making a systemic approach of the boat, to achieve efficient driving laws. In other words, physical models from different systems are created and regrouped on a same modelling tool to observe their simultaneous operations. The more systems the more efficientthis complex analysis becomes.The general approach and some tools are not specific to a boat type and can even be appropriate outside the marine field. ; Dans sa course contre le réchauffement climatique, l'humanité commence à développer des solutions de mobilité alternative. Cependant, la mise au point de systèmes capables de supplanter les moteurs à combustion interne dans toutes leurs applications actuelles, avec le même niveau de performances, demande encore du temps. Afin de lutter efficacement contre la hausse des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et autres polluants, il est nécessaire d'utiliser un levier supplémentaire. L'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique, peu développée dans le domaine naval, permet d'accompagner le développement de solutions de mobilité efficaces et neutres en carbone. Pour identifier les points sur ...

In its race against global warming, humankind starts to develop alternative mobility solution.However, replacing conventional thermal engine in all their uses, maintaining at least the sameperformances, takes time. So in order to efficiently fight against CO2 and other pollution emission itis necessary to use another lever. Improving the systems' energy efficiency is yet little developed inmarine ships and helps transitioning toward carbon neutral mobility solutions. In order to pinpointthe matters to act on, a studying methodology and analysis tools are developed in this thesis. Thegoal is to assist boat designers as soon as the project starts, by speeding up and easing the design of the boat main systems. For "small size" ships, the design phase is extremely short. This forces the use of sharp and fast designing tools. This phase is the first level of improvement and should be taken with care. The second level consists of making a systemic approach of the boat, to achieve efficient driving laws. In other words, physical models from different systems are created and regrouped on a same modelling tool to observe their simultaneous operations. The more systems the more efficientthis complex analysis becomes.The general approach and some tools are not specific to a boat type and can even be appropriate outside the marine field. ; Dans sa course contre le réchauffement climatique, l'humanité commence à développer des solutions de mobilité alternative. Cependant, la mise au point de systèmes capables de supplanter les moteurs à combustion interne dans toutes leurs applications actuelles, avec le même niveau de performances, demande encore du temps. Afin de lutter efficacement contre la hausse des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et autres polluants, il est nécessaire d'utiliser un levier supplémentaire. L'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique, peu développée dans le domaine naval, permet d'accompagner le développement de solutions de mobilité efficaces et neutres en carbone. Pour identifier les points sur ...

The aim of this thesis work is to analyze the historical-legal mechanisms that led to the legitimization of the civil-military dictatorship in the first years after the coup d'état in Brazil through the first institutional acts and the 1967 Constitution, in order to evaluate the action of the Judiciary in the face of the violations of fundamental rights committed during the period 1964 to 1969.In order to give the appearance of normality and legitimacy, democratic mechanisms were maintained throughout the regime, such as the maintenance of the National Congress, a moderate opposition party and a judicial system, despite its exceptional profile. At the same time, an exceptional law and a large administrative and institutional structure that was relatively effective was built to repress opponents. This required good jurists to legally base their acts of dictatorship, because, even though they were incompatible with the rule of law and the constitutional order in force, and also because, for this reason, they sought to give an institutional garb to the norms and organs of repression, regulating and bureaucratizing political persecution.In an era marked by the appreciation of the rule of law, one of the protagonists of which is the judiciary, it is necessary to indicate how Brazilian judges have dealt with the authoritarian order established in 1964 and their present commandments on arbitrarily assembled instruments, without neglecting the attempt to locate the most obvious causes of the judges' position, both political and judicial, whether or not refractory to the initiation of the Brazilian army that took political power by force. ; Ce travail de thèse vise à analyser les mécanismes historico-juridiques qui ont conduit la légitimation de la dictature civile-militaire dans les premières années après le coup d'État au Brésil par les premiers actes institutionnels et la Constitution de 1967, afin d'évaluer l'action du pouvoir judiciaire face aux violations des droits fondamentaux commises pendant la période 1964 à ...

The aim of this thesis work is to analyze the historical-legal mechanisms that led to the legitimization of the civil-military dictatorship in the first years after the coup d'état in Brazil through the first institutional acts and the 1967 Constitution, in order to evaluate the action of the Judiciary in the face of the violations of fundamental rights committed during the period 1964 to 1969.In order to give the appearance of normality and legitimacy, democratic mechanisms were maintained throughout the regime, such as the maintenance of the National Congress, a moderate opposition party and a judicial system, despite its exceptional profile. At the same time, an exceptional law and a large administrative and institutional structure that was relatively effective was built to repress opponents. This required good jurists to legally base their acts of dictatorship, because, even though they were incompatible with the rule of law and the constitutional order in force, and also because, for this reason, they sought to give an institutional garb to the norms and organs of repression, regulating and bureaucratizing political persecution.In an era marked by the appreciation of the rule of law, one of the protagonists of which is the judiciary, it is necessary to indicate how Brazilian judges have dealt with the authoritarian order established in 1964 and their present commandments on arbitrarily assembled instruments, without neglecting the attempt to locate the most obvious causes of the judges' position, both political and judicial, whether or not refractory to the initiation of the Brazilian army that took political power by force. ; Ce travail de thèse vise à analyser les mécanismes historico-juridiques qui ont conduit la légitimation de la dictature civile-militaire dans les premières années après le coup d'État au Brésil par les premiers actes institutionnels et la Constitution de 1967, afin d'évaluer l'action du pouvoir judiciaire face aux violations des droits fondamentaux commises pendant la période 1964 à ...

The aim of this thesis work is to analyze the historical-legal mechanisms that led to the legitimization of the civil-military dictatorship in the first years after the coup d'état in Brazil through the first institutional acts and the 1967 Constitution, in order to evaluate the action of the Judiciary in the face of the violations of fundamental rights committed during the period 1964 to 1969.In order to give the appearance of normality and legitimacy, democratic mechanisms were maintained throughout the regime, such as the maintenance of the National Congress, a moderate opposition party and a judicial system, despite its exceptional profile. At the same time, an exceptional law and a large administrative and institutional structure that was relatively effective was built to repress opponents. This required good jurists to legally base their acts of dictatorship, because, even though they were incompatible with the rule of law and the constitutional order in force, and also because, for this reason, they sought to give an institutional garb to the norms and organs of repression, regulating and bureaucratizing political persecution.In an era marked by the appreciation of the rule of law, one of the protagonists of which is the judiciary, it is necessary to indicate how Brazilian judges have dealt with the authoritarian order established in 1964 and their present commandments on arbitrarily assembled instruments, without neglecting the attempt to locate the most obvious causes of the judges' position, both political and judicial, whether or not refractory to the initiation of the Brazilian army that took political power by force. ; Ce travail de thèse vise à analyser les mécanismes historico-juridiques qui ont conduit la légitimation de la dictature civile-militaire dans les premières années après le coup d'État au Brésil par les premiers actes institutionnels et la Constitution de 1967, afin d'évaluer l'action du pouvoir judiciaire face aux violations des droits fondamentaux commises pendant la période 1964 à ...

International audience ; [In metropolitan France, the Ministry of Defense occupied, all-inclusive, the equivalent of half a French department, 268,000 hectares exactly. However, since the late 1980s, this heritage has been restructured for several reasons. First, the need for military rights-of-way changes with the evolution of military doctrine. Then, the techniques are transformed, making the old semaphores useless. Not to mention the abolition of the national service which reduces the number of employees and imposed various changes in order to succeed in professionalization. The result is a large number of unnecessary military rights-of-way, which the army is trying to convert back into the civil sector, that is to sell, with the proceeds being returned to the Ministry of Defense's budget.] ; En France métropolitaine, le ministère de la Défense occupait, tout compris, l'équivalent de la moitié d'un département français, 268 000 hectares exactement. Or, depuis la fin des années 1980, ce patrimoine se restructure pour plusieurs raisons. D'abord, les besoins d'emprises militaires se modifient avec l'évolution de la doctrine militaire. Ensuite, les techniques se transforment, rendant par exemple inutiles les vieux sémaphores. Sans oublier la suppression du service national qui réduit les effectifs et a imposé divers changements pour réussir la professionnalisation. Il en résulte un grand nombre d'emprises militaires devenues inutiles et que l'armée cherche à reconvertir vers le civil, c'est-à-dire à vendre, le produit des ventes étant reversé intégralement au budget du ministère de la Défense.

International audience ; [In metropolitan France, the Ministry of Defense occupied, all-inclusive, the equivalent of half a French department, 268,000 hectares exactly. However, since the late 1980s, this heritage has been restructured for several reasons. First, the need for military rights-of-way changes with the evolution of military doctrine. Then, the techniques are transformed, making the old semaphores useless. Not to mention the abolition of the national service which reduces the number of employees and imposed various changes in order to succeed in professionalization. The result is a large number of unnecessary military rights-of-way, which the army is trying to convert back into the civil sector, that is to sell, with the proceeds being returned to the Ministry of Defense's budget.] ; En France métropolitaine, le ministère de la Défense occupait, tout compris, l'équivalent de la moitié d'un département français, 268 000 hectares exactement. Or, depuis la fin des années 1980, ce patrimoine se restructure pour plusieurs raisons. D'abord, les besoins d'emprises militaires se modifient avec l'évolution de la doctrine militaire. Ensuite, les techniques se transforment, rendant par exemple inutiles les vieux sémaphores. Sans oublier la suppression du service national qui réduit les effectifs et a imposé divers changements pour réussir la professionnalisation. Il en résulte un grand nombre d'emprises militaires devenues inutiles et que l'armée cherche à reconvertir vers le civil, c'est-à-dire à vendre, le produit des ventes étant reversé intégralement au budget du ministère de la Défense.

"Translated . into English by Jean Arn ."--p. 96. ; "Special edition." ; Mode of access: Internet.

For several years now, the issue of the simplification of the law is central in the juridicaldebate. The multiplication of rules of law, of their sources (national and international), as well astheir foundations (laws, rules, codes, etc.), is harmful to the clear understanding of the law andconsequently to the juridical safety.This statement can be made particularly in the field of extra contractual civil liability where normsfrom all origins, all natures and numerous founding bases are indeed to be found. Yet thesenorms overlap and compete in their scope of application, so that several norms may apply to thesame litigation. Therefore, the issue which arises is to ascertain beforehand option, the how toarbitrate among such competing and overlapping norms.In order to structure the norms of civil liability, it has been necessary to research and findprinciples enabling to designate the norms to be applied in the litigation. Two principles stand outfrom this research. The first one, called the guiding principle, is the principle of subsidiarity, whilethe second one, called the principle of revision, is a principle of interest, which is itself based onseveral instruments, such as: option, plurality, and hierarchy. The legislator, the judge and thevictim are obviously at the core of this system of links which, if it is correctly applied, shouldenable to solve all the competitions between norms, by designating the norm which is finallyapplicable. ; Depuis plusieurs années, la question de la simplification du droit est au cœur du discours juridique. La multiplication des règles de droit, de leurs sources (nationales et internationales) comme de leurs supports (lois, codes, etc.), nuit à la lisibilité du droit et donc à la sécurité juridique.Ce constat peut être fait plus particulièrement en matière de responsabilité civile extracontractuelle où l'on trouve effectivement des normes de toutes origines, de toutes natures et sur de nombreux supports. Or, ces normes connaissent des champs d'application concurrents, de sorte que plusieurs d'entre elles peuvent jouer pour le même litige. Le problème qui se pose alors est de savoir à l'avance comment trancher pareil concours.Pour parvenir à articuler les normes de la responsabilité civile, il a fallu rechercher des principes permettant de désigner la norme applicable au litige. Deux principes sont alors ressortis de cette étude. Le premier, dit principe directeur, est le principe de subsidiarité, tandis que le second, dit principe correcteur, est un principe d'intérêt, qui repose lui-même sur plusieurs outils, tels que l'option, le cumul ou la hiérarchie. Le législateur, le juge et la victime sont naturellement au cœur de ce dispositif d'articulation qui, correctement appliqué, devrait permettre de résoudre tous les concours, en désignant la norme finalement applicable.

For several years now, the issue of the simplification of the law is central in the juridicaldebate. The multiplication of rules of law, of their sources (national and international), as well astheir foundations (laws, rules, codes, etc.), is harmful to the clear understanding of the law andconsequently to the juridical safety.This statement can be made particularly in the field of extra contractual civil liability where normsfrom all origins, all natures and numerous founding bases are indeed to be found. Yet thesenorms overlap and compete in their scope of application, so that several norms may apply to thesame litigation. Therefore, the issue which arises is to ascertain beforehand option, the how toarbitrate among such competing and overlapping norms.In order to structure the norms of civil liability, it has been necessary to research and findprinciples enabling to designate the norms to be applied in the litigation. Two principles stand outfrom this research. The first one, called the guiding principle, is the principle of subsidiarity, whilethe second one, called the principle of revision, is a principle of interest, which is itself based onseveral instruments, such as: option, plurality, and hierarchy. The legislator, the judge and thevictim are obviously at the core of this system of links which, if it is correctly applied, shouldenable to solve all the competitions between norms, by designating the norm which is finallyapplicable. ; Depuis plusieurs années, la question de la simplification du droit est au cœur du discours juridique. La multiplication des règles de droit, de leurs sources (nationales et internationales) comme de leurs supports (lois, codes, etc.), nuit à la lisibilité du droit et donc à la sécurité juridique.Ce constat peut être fait plus particulièrement en matière de responsabilité civile extracontractuelle où l'on trouve effectivement des normes de toutes origines, de toutes natures et sur de nombreux supports. Or, ces normes connaissent des champs d'application concurrents, de sorte ...