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During the past 100 yrs there have been continuing cultural contacts and influences between Japan and China the signif of which usually escapes the Western mind. Chinese students went to Japan to study, but were less interested in Japanese literature than in Japanese translations of European works. They returned to China with ideas of Western civilisations which, while not fundamentally Japanese, had a Japanese orientation. These Western ideas, filtered through Japanese thought, are grouped under the term 'Nipponism.' The ideas have had an extremely important influence upon both political and social evolution of China during this period. Under the impact of this influence, the first quarter of the 20th cent witnessed a literary revolution falsely qualified as a Chinese 'Renaissance.' The literature portrays the implacable struggle between Ru and spiritualistic traditional civilization and material and Ur western civilization. It is an indication of the spiritual crises which China is undergoing. 'Nipponism' was one of the agents underlying this change in Chinese culture. The establishment of the nationalistic gov brought 'Nipponism' to an end in the administrative, legal, educative, and military fields. China approached the sources of Western civilization directly and not through the mediation of Japan. The influence, however, reamins. Though Japanese influence, the principles of democracy, German militarism, and Marxism were introduced to China. J. E. Hughes.