With the rapid development of industry and manufacturing, emissions of the most environmentally harmful substances are increasingly, leading to more unfavourable climate change. For this reason, it is necessary to ensure a more efficient use of non-renewable resources and reduce negative impact on the environment in manufacturing processes. In this context, it is very important to promote equipment and plant linked to cleaner technology investment which can reduce negative impact on the environment, but it is still unclear what determinants of cleaner technology investment in manufacturing sector are. Therefore, it is appropriate to investigate manufacturing sector's investment in cleaner technology determinants. The object for this work is factors for manufacturing sector investment in cleaner technologies. The aim for this paper is to identify factors for investment in cleaner technologies in the European Union. Research objectives: 1. To overview relevance of science researches related to investment in cleaner technologies. 2. To identify the factors of investment from a theoretical point of view. 3. To prepare a methodology for empirical research of factors influencing manufacturing sector investment in cleaner technologies. 4. To determine the factors for manufacturing sector investment in cleaner technology in the in the European Union through an empirical study. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, regression analysis of statistical data and synthesis method. Based on the analysis of the problem in the first part, it has been identified that the manufacturing sector needs to introduce and invest in cleaner technologies. Second part concentrated on theoretical analysis of factors of investment. Results showed that that the main factors that may affect the manufacturing sector's investment in cleaner technologies in the European Union are environmental taxes, leverage of companies, electricity price uncertainty, energy consumption, public support, public education, inflation, GDP growth, CO2 ...
A long-term psychological trauma is considered to be a possible consequence of being informed of radioactive contamination. In the case of the Chernobyl disaster, various circumstances possibly have led to even more serious psychological damage. For example, the socio-political context of the accident could be linked to extremely restricted information given out to the public. This disaster particularly affected clean-up workers, some of whom were brought from Lithuania, part of the Soviet Union at the time. This study thus is aimed to reveal the perceived impact of the traumatic experience of clean-up workers 27 years after the Chernobyl Disaster. Semi-structured 32 interviews with clean-up workers (age varying from 47 to 77 years), who are currently living in Lithuania, were conducted. A thematic analysis of the responses reveals that the clean-up workers are still feeling influenced by what they have experienced in Chernobyl. First of all, they link various health problems, which they are suffering from, to their presence in Chernobyl and express anxiety about the possible future illnesses, as they believe their bodies are irreversibly damaged by radiation. Secondly, the clean-up workers express a lot of anger towards the government for insufficiently gratitude for the work that they have done. Also, they experience a feeling of injustice as they believe that the government considers their experience in Chernobyl to be voluntary and not significantly influencing their present physical and psychological condition. Finally, post-traumatic stress symptoms were also found to be manifested.
A long-term psychological trauma is considered to be a possible consequence of being informed of radioactive contamination. In the case of the Chernobyl disaster, various circumstances possibly have led to even more serious psychological damage. For example, the socio-political context of the accident could be linked to extremely restricted information given out to the public. This disaster particularly affected clean-up workers, some of whom were brought from Lithuania, part of the Soviet Union at the time. This study thus is aimed to reveal the perceived impact of the traumatic experience of clean-up workers 27 years after the Chernobyl Disaster. Semi-structured 32 interviews with clean-up workers (age varying from 47 to 77 years), who are currently living in Lithuania, were conducted. A thematic analysis of the responses reveals that the clean-up workers are still feeling influenced by what they have experienced in Chernobyl. First of all, they link various health problems, which they are suffering from, to their presence in Chernobyl and express anxiety about the possible future illnesses, as they believe their bodies are irreversibly damaged by radiation. Secondly, the clean-up workers express a lot of anger towards the government for insufficiently gratitude for the work that they have done. Also, they experience a feeling of injustice as they believe that the government considers their experience in Chernobyl to be voluntary and not significantly influencing their present physical and psychological condition. Finally, post-traumatic stress symptoms were also found to be manifested.
A long-term psychological trauma is considered to be a possible consequence of being informed of radioactive contamination. In the case of the Chernobyl disaster, various circumstances possibly have led to even more serious psychological damage. For example, the socio-political context of the accident could be linked to extremely restricted information given out to the public. This disaster particularly affected clean-up workers, some of whom were brought from Lithuania, part of the Soviet Union at the time. This study thus is aimed to reveal the perceived impact of the traumatic experience of clean-up workers 27 years after the Chernobyl Disaster. Semi-structured 32 interviews with clean-up workers (age varying from 47 to 77 years), who are currently living in Lithuania, were conducted. A thematic analysis of the responses reveals that the clean-up workers are still feeling influenced by what they have experienced in Chernobyl. First of all, they link various health problems, which they are suffering from, to their presence in Chernobyl and express anxiety about the possible future illnesses, as they believe their bodies are irreversibly damaged by radiation. Secondly, the clean-up workers express a lot of anger towards the government for insufficiently gratitude for the work that they have done. Also, they experience a feeling of injustice as they believe that the government considers their experience in Chernobyl to be voluntary and not significantly influencing their present physical and psychological condition. Finally, post-traumatic stress symptoms were also found to be manifested.
A long-term psychological trauma is considered to be a possible consequence of being informed of radioactive contamination. In the case of the Chernobyl disaster, various circumstances possibly have led to even more serious psychological damage. For example, the socio-political context of the accident could be linked to extremely restricted information given out to the public. This disaster particularly affected clean-up workers, some of whom were brought from Lithuania, part of the Soviet Union at the time. This study thus is aimed to reveal the perceived impact of the traumatic experience of clean-up workers 27 years after the Chernobyl Disaster. Semi-structured 32 interviews with clean-up workers (age varying from 47 to 77 years), who are currently living in Lithuania, were conducted. A thematic analysis of the responses reveals that the clean-up workers are still feeling influenced by what they have experienced in Chernobyl. First of all, they link various health problems, which they are suffering from, to their presence in Chernobyl and express anxiety about the possible future illnesses, as they believe their bodies are irreversibly damaged by radiation. Secondly, the clean-up workers express a lot of anger towards the government for insufficiently gratitude for the work that they have done. Also, they experience a feeling of injustice as they believe that the government considers their experience in Chernobyl to be voluntary and not significantly influencing their present physical and psychological condition. Finally, post-traumatic stress symptoms were also found to be manifested.
The literature suggests different approaches towards modelling of the environmental impact caused by the production processes. The present paper attempts to establish a framework for multicriteria comparison of agricultural sectors of the European Union Member States and identify the performance gaps in terms of energy-related carbon dioxide emission. The research relies on the two approaches, viz. the by-production approach and the multi-criteria decision making approach. The environmental performance indicators were evaluated in regards to the desirable output (gross value added), inputs, and the undesirable output (carbon dioxide emission). The results indicate that Slovakia, Estonia, Lithuania, and Hungary should attempt to improve their carbon factors by implementing cleaner energy technologies. The combinations of by-production sub-indices suggest that productivity gains are more important for Sweden, Belgium, Poland, and France. Czech Republic, Latvia, and Finland are specific with low performance in terms of both the intended production and the undesirable output. The MCDM approach identified similar trends in performance as suggested by country ranking and correlation analysis.
The literature suggests different approaches towards modelling of the environmental impact caused by the production processes. The present paper attempts to establish a framework for multicriteria comparison of agricultural sectors of the European Union Member States and identify the performance gaps in terms of energy-related carbon dioxide emission. The research relies on the two approaches, viz. the by-production approach and the multi-criteria decision making approach. The environmental performance indicators were evaluated in regards to the desirable output (gross value added), inputs, and the undesirable output (carbon dioxide emission). The results indicate that Slovakia, Estonia, Lithuania, and Hungary should attempt to improve their carbon factors by implementing cleaner energy technologies. The combinations of by-production sub-indices suggest that productivity gains are more important for Sweden, Belgium, Poland, and France. Czech Republic, Latvia, and Finland are specific with low performance in terms of both the intended production and the undesirable output. The MCDM approach identified similar trends in performance as suggested by country ranking and correlation analysis.
Recently, the number of cases is rising because of the various hazardous materials contamination around the nature. Most often this occurs because of unexpected natural disasters. For example, due to a strong earthquake that triggered the tsunami, a huge disaster in Japan occurred (Fukushima nuclear power plant case). At that time, a large part of radioactive nuclear materials spread in the open ocean and this breakthrough that is widespread even now still cannot be stopped. It applies not only to the pollution of the ocean, but to all other different countries within outside territorial waters. The question is: Are the affected State has the right to compensation in this case? Then who should pay for damages? What is the legal regulation for such situations? International environmental law is mainly expressed in treaties and other international legal instruments, but it cannot be applied for the marine pollution with nuclear materials because there is no legal regulation in this field. Hereinafter, the problem of deficiency of legal regulation will be examined specifically in the area of oceans, sea borders, and territorial waters pollution by radioactive materials. And finally, there will be explored the issues to whether there is an obligation for a legal entity to compensate the damage to another state when according to the force majeure circumstances the radioactive nuclear materials spread and contaminate other state's outside territorial waters and ocean? The main goal of this thesis is to determine whether there is an obligation of a legal person to compensate the damages to another state within force majeure conditions radioactive nuclear materials contaminate other states outside territorial waters and the seas. Main tasks: First, analysis of the human right to a clean environment in international law, and also nuclear pollution consequences; Then there is, revelation of nuclear pollution features of international law, while reviewing the disposition of nuclear material aspects in the international and national levels; Thirdly, analysis of the relation of nuclear damage and pollution of the marine environment concepts; Fourthly, examination of civil liability in Public International Law; Fifthly, clearing out the responsible person in the event of contamination of territorial waters and oceans. The main hypothesis - there is no obligation for a legal entity to compensate the damage to another state when according to the force majeure circumstances the radioactive nuclear materials spread and contaminate other state's outside territorial waters and ocean. The human right to a clean environment in international and national laws in the analysis showed that according to the national level - the Lithuanian Constitution in Article 53, establishes environmental and public security for human health conditions and herein is determined by a person's right to breathe clean and fresh air, use uncontaminated natural resources. When examining the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, during 1972 United Nations conference held and various sources of scientific publications that are reasonably arguing that the right to a clean environment needs to be fully legally regulated for living a healthy life and a being in a healthy environment of necessity, because the occurrence of nuclear pollution is in danger to human health, their well-being in a contaminated environment. Herein will be also analyzed the specific features of the disposition of nuclear materials in international law, it became clear that each country determines its own legal regulation related to radioactive materials of their national legislation and hereinafter international law for the same problem is based on the relation with other countries and international cooperation in law infringement. It was found that the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) is the world's center of cooperation in the field of nuclear energy and its possession taken major legislation. It was found that the main issues dealing with marine pollution legislation are adopted by the United Nations Convention of the Law of The Sea. There is a lot of issues about environment and its conservation defined in this Convention, but it does not specify the marine radioactive pollution. According to the marine environment and radioactive pollutions concepts observed, there has been shown that the concept of nuclear marine pollution does not apply anywhere. Under the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, the concept of nuclear damage is defined better, it is obvious that only the direct damage to human life and property is being stated here. What is more, the question of civil liability associated with environmental pollution losses is still a problem due to the lack of a legal regulation in this field. In 1963 . Vienna Convention establishes an absolute liability of the operator for nuclear damage, but if the exemptions in this case like force majeure, civil liability does not apply to nuclear contamination of the operator. In the view of the land-based sources, the Convention of the Law of The Sea requires to establish pollution prevention measures including the internationally approved rules, standards and recommended practices and procedures. It was found in Vienna Convention that the operator shall not be liable for nuclear damage caused by a nuclear incident, except when the States, who is responsible for damage, laws may provide the contrary prediction - the operator shall not be liable for nuclear damage caused by a nuclear incident directly due to severe natural disasters. \"Operator\", in relation to a nuclear installation, means the person designated or recognized by the Installation State as the operator of that installation. Hence, the force majeure conditions resulting in nuclear contamination do not require a legal entity to compensate the losses and damages to another state.
In today's society, an increasing attention is being devoted to protect the environment surrounding us from pollution. Every year there is an increased concern about wastewater treatment and handling shown in the legislation. Although the largest amounts of discharged wastewater are in surface waters, the most polluting wastewater is industrial wastewater, which includes wastewater from meat. Such wastewater contains both biogenic and both mineral and organic pollutants. Also, various microorganisms – viruses and disease distributors [1]. More and more attention is being paid to the final cleaning of such sewage in order to minimize the consumption of water by using such sewage for a second time. The sewage for the experiment was taken from the UAB "Samsonas" butchery. The wastewater is biologically treated before being released to the environment. The sewage used for the experiment was taken at the time of discharge, after biological treatment. Biological treatment for butchery's wastewater alone is not enough to use them for the second time in order to minimise the usage of water. In pursuance to completely clean such wastewater and to reuse it, it is possible to adapt the advanced oxidation methods suitable for the system. The purpose of this work was to prepare biologically treated wastewater from the meat processing industry for second use.
In today's society, an increasing attention is being devoted to protect the environment surrounding us from pollution. Every year there is an increased concern about wastewater treatment and handling shown in the legislation. Although the largest amounts of discharged wastewater are in surface waters, the most polluting wastewater is industrial wastewater, which includes wastewater from meat. Such wastewater contains both biogenic and both mineral and organic pollutants. Also, various microorganisms – viruses and disease distributors [1]. More and more attention is being paid to the final cleaning of such sewage in order to minimize the consumption of water by using such sewage for a second time. The sewage for the experiment was taken from the UAB "Samsonas" butchery. The wastewater is biologically treated before being released to the environment. The sewage used for the experiment was taken at the time of discharge, after biological treatment. Biological treatment for butchery's wastewater alone is not enough to use them for the second time in order to minimise the usage of water. In pursuance to completely clean such wastewater and to reuse it, it is possible to adapt the advanced oxidation methods suitable for the system. The purpose of this work was to prepare biologically treated wastewater from the meat processing industry for second use.
In today's society, an increasing attention is being devoted to protect the environment surrounding us from pollution. Every year there is an increased concern about wastewater treatment and handling shown in the legislation. Although the largest amounts of discharged wastewater are in surface waters, the most polluting wastewater is industrial wastewater, which includes wastewater from meat. Such wastewater contains both biogenic and both mineral and organic pollutants. Also, various microorganisms – viruses and disease distributors [1]. More and more attention is being paid to the final cleaning of such sewage in order to minimize the consumption of water by using such sewage for a second time. The sewage for the experiment was taken from the UAB "Samsonas" butchery. The wastewater is biologically treated before being released to the environment. The sewage used for the experiment was taken at the time of discharge, after biological treatment. Biological treatment for butchery's wastewater alone is not enough to use them for the second time in order to minimise the usage of water. In pursuance to completely clean such wastewater and to reuse it, it is possible to adapt the advanced oxidation methods suitable for the system. The purpose of this work was to prepare biologically treated wastewater from the meat processing industry for second use.
In today's society, an increasing attention is being devoted to protect the environment surrounding us from pollution. Every year there is an increased concern about wastewater treatment and handling shown in the legislation. Although the largest amounts of discharged wastewater are in surface waters, the most polluting wastewater is industrial wastewater, which includes wastewater from meat. Such wastewater contains both biogenic and both mineral and organic pollutants. Also, various microorganisms – viruses and disease distributors [1]. More and more attention is being paid to the final cleaning of such sewage in order to minimize the consumption of water by using such sewage for a second time. The sewage for the experiment was taken from the UAB "Samsonas" butchery. The wastewater is biologically treated before being released to the environment. The sewage used for the experiment was taken at the time of discharge, after biological treatment. Biological treatment for butchery's wastewater alone is not enough to use them for the second time in order to minimise the usage of water. In pursuance to completely clean such wastewater and to reuse it, it is possible to adapt the advanced oxidation methods suitable for the system. The purpose of this work was to prepare biologically treated wastewater from the meat processing industry for second use.
The article analyzes information warfare practical adapting. It scrutinizes information warfare applying during peace time. By using media it can be created artificial reality that allows reflecting the world in negative light. Negative visions and tendencies in the media can be and are fabricated by information war wagging countries. Negative flow of information can be deliberate and systematical. The article in theoretical approach discuss how media can create in the public a lack of confidence in themselves, around them and disbelieve in the future of state. By wagging information warfare can break down citizens' willingness and ability to resist to external aggression. The guise of democracy, enshrined freedom of expression and pluralism disseminate easily defeatism ideas and the mood. The real motive and organizers for such actions are easily hidden. The will of resistance does not appear in empty space. When self confidence is broken, the capabilities of effective national defense organization are poor. Only in optimistic frame of mind, faith in country's and society's abilities and capabilities can be organized and done a successful resistance to external aggressors. With the help of information warfare can be colonized or poisoned information area and demoralized whole community. In the information age there is a danger from outside, when committed intentionally, systematically and deliberately affected information penetrates the human consciousness. In order to strengthen Lithuania's defense capability is necessary to protect the country's information space and to clean from the spread of pessimism and defeatism mood.
The article analyzes information warfare practical adapting. It scrutinizes information warfare applying during peace time. By using media it can be created artificial reality that allows reflecting the world in negative light. Negative visions and tendencies in the media can be and are fabricated by information war wagging countries. Negative flow of information can be deliberate and systematical. The article in theoretical approach discuss how media can create in the public a lack of confidence in themselves, around them and disbelieve in the future of state. By wagging information warfare can break down citizens' willingness and ability to resist to external aggression. The guise of democracy, enshrined freedom of expression and pluralism disseminate easily defeatism ideas and the mood. The real motive and organizers for such actions are easily hidden. The will of resistance does not appear in empty space. When self confidence is broken, the capabilities of effective national defense organization are poor. Only in optimistic frame of mind, faith in country's and society's abilities and capabilities can be organized and done a successful resistance to external aggressors. With the help of information warfare can be colonized or poisoned information area and demoralized whole community. In the information age there is a danger from outside, when committed intentionally, systematically and deliberately affected information penetrates the human consciousness. In order to strengthen Lithuania's defense capability is necessary to protect the country's information space and to clean from the spread of pessimism and defeatism mood.
The article analyzes information warfare practical adapting. It scrutinizes information warfare applying during peace time. By using media it can be created artificial reality that allows reflecting the world in negative light. Negative visions and tendencies in the media can be and are fabricated by information war wagging countries. Negative flow of information can be deliberate and systematical. The article in theoretical approach discuss how media can create in the public a lack of confidence in themselves, around them and disbelieve in the future of state. By wagging information warfare can break down citizens' willingness and ability to resist to external aggression. The guise of democracy, enshrined freedom of expression and pluralism disseminate easily defeatism ideas and the mood. The real motive and organizers for such actions are easily hidden. The will of resistance does not appear in empty space. When self confidence is broken, the capabilities of effective national defense organization are poor. Only in optimistic frame of mind, faith in country's and society's abilities and capabilities can be organized and done a successful resistance to external aggressors. With the help of information warfare can be colonized or poisoned information area and demoralized whole community. In the information age there is a danger from outside, when committed intentionally, systematically and deliberately affected information penetrates the human consciousness. In order to strengthen Lithuania's defense capability is necessary to protect the country's information space and to clean from the spread of pessimism and defeatism mood.
