Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Boxes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Basis: Past Climate Observations and Methods -- 2.1 Observations of Weather and Climate -- 2.2 Historical Climate Observations -- 2.2.1 Documentary and Early Instrumental Data -- 2.2.2 From National Weather Services to a Global Observing System -- 2.3 Upper-Air and Satellite Observations -- 2.4 Data Dissemination in the Course of Time -- 2.5 Uncertainties in Climatic Data -- 2.5.1 Uncertainties and Errors in Measurement Series -- 2.5.2 Inhomogeneities and Homogenisation -- 2.5.3 The Chain of Uncertainties -- 2.6 Data Products and Dynamical-Statistical Methods -- 2.6.1 Spatial Information and Geostatistical Methods -- 2.6.2 Data Assimilation and Reanalyses -- 2.7 Climate Models -- 2.7.1 Characteristics of Climate Models -- 2.7.2 Types of Climate Models and Experiments -- 2.7.3 Downscaling, Nudging, and Other Techniques -- 2.8 Palaeoclimate Information and Techniques -- 2.8.1 Climate Proxies -- 2.8.2 Problems Arising When Working with Proxies -- 2.8.3 Calibration and Modelling of Proxies -- 2.8.4 Climate Reconstructions -- 2.8.5 Data Assimilation in Palaeoclimatology -- 2.9 Datasets Used in This Book -- 2.9.1 Overview -- 2.9.2 Observations and Reanalyses -- 2.9.3 Model Simulations -- 2.9.4 Reconstructions and Offline Assimilation -- 2.9.5 Conclusions -- 3 The Machinery: Mechanisms Behind Climatic Changes -- 3.1 Basic Climate Physics: The Mean State -- 3.1.1 Energy Budget and Heat Transport -- 3.1.1.1 Global-Mean Fluxes -- 3.1.1.2 Spatial View of Heat Transport -- 3.1.2 The General Circulation of the Atmosphere -- 3.1.2.1 The Zonally Symmetric Circulation -- 3.1.2.2 The Zonally Asymmetric Circulation -- 3.1.2.3 The Weather Scale -- 3.1.2.4 Energy Transport -- 3.1.3 Stratospheric Circulation -- 3.1.3.1 Demarcation and Zonal-Mean Circulation.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Dedication -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Reconstructing past climates -- Instrumental records -- Historical and archaeological data -- Environmental indicators -- Chapter 2: Climatic change in the Quaternary era -- The glacial/interglacial sequence -- The Younger Dryas event -- The Holocene optimum -- The medieval optimum and the Little Ice Age -- Twentieth-century warming -- Variability within the present climate system -- Chapter 3: The greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases -- The greenhouse effect -- Carbon dioxide -- Methane -- Nitrous oxide -- Chlorofluorocarbons -- Ozone -- Feedback mechanisms and the greenhouse effect -- Chapter 4: Predicting future climates -- Analogues from past climates -- General circulation models -- Validating GCMs -- Time-dependent models -- Greenhouse gas emission scenarios -- GCM scenarios for future climate -- Climatic variability -- Detecting the signal through the noise -- Chapter 5: The impact of global warming: sea level rise -- Measuring sea level -- The impacts of sea level rise -- Impacts on delta areas -- Impacts in tropical and subtropical areas -- The Antarctic ice sheets -- Responding to sea level rise -- Chapter 6: The impact of global warming on natural ecosystems and agriculture -- Carbon dioxide and plant growth -- Impact on ecosystems -- Tropical rain forests and climatic change -- Hydrological impacts -- Impact on agriculture -- World food supply -- Chapter 7: Responding to global warming -- The political framework -- Reducing greenhouse gas emissions -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Glossary -- References -- Index.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Chemical Symbols -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Historical Perspectives -- 1.2 Svante Arrhenius and Later -- 1.3 About This Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Scientific Background -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climatic Renewal and Change -- 2.3 The Science of Global Warming -- 2.4 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potential -- 2.5 The Ozone Factor -- 2.6 The Aerosols Factor -- 2.7 Scientific Uncertainty and Decision Making -- 2.8 Concluding Observations

AbstractThe models which are used to estimate equilibrium and evolving changes in climate, due to increases in greenhouse gas concentrations, are described. Results from a 75‐year experiment with carbon dioxide increasing at 1%/annum using a coupled model of the atmosphere, land and deep ocean, are presented and compared with those from equilibrium experiments. Rainfall over the UK increases over the year as a whole, with the largest changes in winter; however, in summer it decreases except in the north. Soil moisture decreases except in winter. Results from an equilibrium experiment show that rainfall tends to be more intense but less frequent with a doubled atomospheric concentration of CO2. A scenario of climate change over western Europe is included, based on these and other experiments.

Climate change is one of the complex problems facing mankind today. This is evident from observations of increases in the global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and the rising global average sea level. It is projected to have significant impacts on conditions affecting agriculture, including temperature, precipitation and glacial run-off. Economic development at the cost of degradation of the environment will aggravate the problems of poverty, unemployment and disease. Existing legal mechanisms addressing mitigation, adaptation and remediation of climate change are failing to cope with the scale of the global issue and its wide ranging impact on individuals. This paper identifies what all the legal remedy is done to the people affected by climatic disasters and what are the preventive measures should be taken. This paper highlights the study in two ways how the climatic changes affects the person in social and economical status and what is the remedial measures taken by the government of India. And often an issue of climate change justice issues will be always left unaddressed. The environmental laws and act like the Endangered Species Act ("ESA"), the Clean Water Act ("CWA"), and the Clean Air Act ("CAA") where drafted mean that regulations intended to protect natural resources and promote conservation will it be applicable with these act to prevent climatic change is unanswered question. To achieve the original goals of these regulations will require a careful assessment of long-standing assumptions, as well as decisive action to change regulatory practices in ways that accommodate-, offset, and mitigate climate change.