Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Preface -- Proposer -- Contents -- Climate Research and Climate Modelling -- Introduction -- References -- The Future of Earth's Climate After Paris -- 1 Current State of the Climate -- 2 Future Warming and Impacts of Climate Change -- 3 The Run-up to Paris -- 4 The Paris Agreement -- References -- Lessons from Earth's Deep Past: Climate Change and Ocean Acidification 200 Million Years Ago -- 1 Past and Present Climate Change, Ocean Acidification and Biodiversity Crises -- 2 The Earth 200 Million Years Ago -- 2.1 Biodiversity Crisis and Global Warming at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary -- 2.2 Carbon Cycle Perturbation at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary -- 2.3 Ocean Acidification at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary -- 3 The Triassic-Jurassic Boundary in Hungary -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Global and Regional Climate Change, Extreme Events -- 1 Global Warming -- 2 Regional Climate Change -- 3 Regional Temperature Extremes -- 4 Regional Precipitation Extremes -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Effect of a Solar Eclipse: What Happens, When the Solar Radiation Changes? -- 1 When Solar Radiation Changes -- 1.1 Ice Ages, Glacial, Interglacial Periods -- 1.2 Sunspot Cycles, Clouds, Climate -- 1.3 Volcanic Aerosols in the Atmosphere -- 1.4 Global Dimming -- 2 Solar Eclipse and Environment -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- How Can GIS Support the Climate Protection? -- 1 Introduction: What Is GIS? -- 2 Some New GIS Data Capture and Storage Methods -- 3 GIS Data Analysis for Climate Protection -- 4 GIS Visualizations -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Contribution of Satellite Observations to Climate Science -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Forcing Factors -- 3 Changes in Climate Series -- 3.1 Atmospheric Variables -- 3.2 Oceans, Cryosphere -- 4 Validation of Climate Models -- 4.1 Simulation of the Recent Climate Variations.

"Using a theatrical metaphor, this book describes the enormous and skilful organization required by the UN to create an effective international regime, producing the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, The Kyoto Protocol and the subsequent Bonn and Marrakesh Accords. It identifies six key elements that determine the necessary condition for successful outcomes"--Provided by publisher.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Boxes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Basis: Past Climate Observations and Methods -- 2.1 Observations of Weather and Climate -- 2.2 Historical Climate Observations -- 2.2.1 Documentary and Early Instrumental Data -- 2.2.2 From National Weather Services to a Global Observing System -- 2.3 Upper-Air and Satellite Observations -- 2.4 Data Dissemination in the Course of Time -- 2.5 Uncertainties in Climatic Data -- 2.5.1 Uncertainties and Errors in Measurement Series -- 2.5.2 Inhomogeneities and Homogenisation -- 2.5.3 The Chain of Uncertainties -- 2.6 Data Products and Dynamical-Statistical Methods -- 2.6.1 Spatial Information and Geostatistical Methods -- 2.6.2 Data Assimilation and Reanalyses -- 2.7 Climate Models -- 2.7.1 Characteristics of Climate Models -- 2.7.2 Types of Climate Models and Experiments -- 2.7.3 Downscaling, Nudging, and Other Techniques -- 2.8 Palaeoclimate Information and Techniques -- 2.8.1 Climate Proxies -- 2.8.2 Problems Arising When Working with Proxies -- 2.8.3 Calibration and Modelling of Proxies -- 2.8.4 Climate Reconstructions -- 2.8.5 Data Assimilation in Palaeoclimatology -- 2.9 Datasets Used in This Book -- 2.9.1 Overview -- 2.9.2 Observations and Reanalyses -- 2.9.3 Model Simulations -- 2.9.4 Reconstructions and Offline Assimilation -- 2.9.5 Conclusions -- 3 The Machinery: Mechanisms Behind Climatic Changes -- 3.1 Basic Climate Physics: The Mean State -- 3.1.1 Energy Budget and Heat Transport -- 3.1.1.1 Global-Mean Fluxes -- 3.1.1.2 Spatial View of Heat Transport -- 3.1.2 The General Circulation of the Atmosphere -- 3.1.2.1 The Zonally Symmetric Circulation -- 3.1.2.2 The Zonally Asymmetric Circulation -- 3.1.2.3 The Weather Scale -- 3.1.2.4 Energy Transport -- 3.1.3 Stratospheric Circulation -- 3.1.3.1 Demarcation and Zonal-Mean Circulation.

International agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol, EU regulation and country-specific national climate policies offer some hope of addressing climate change. But all too often implementation of these high level objectives is derailed at the sub-national, local and - perhaps most important - individual level, by a variety of structural, policy and perceived barriers that result in a failure of effective action. Drawing on original research from Sweden, a world leader in effective environmental solutions, this volume examines the difficulties of aligning climate policy from international to national and sub-national levels. The authors address the full range of barriers and complexities, including governance structures, the relationship between 'experts' and the public, political feasibility, tax measures, perceptions of 'fairness' and self-interest, and the importance of environmental values. Also covered are the roles and perceptions of organizations and professions, the place of carbon-free technologies (such as wind power), the relationship between national and EU regulations, and the monumental challenge of governing the climate in a bordered and divided world. This volume is a vital source of information for all those seeking to create effective, coordinated responses to the challenge of climate change.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Dedication -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Reconstructing past climates -- Instrumental records -- Historical and archaeological data -- Environmental indicators -- Chapter 2: Climatic change in the Quaternary era -- The glacial/interglacial sequence -- The Younger Dryas event -- The Holocene optimum -- The medieval optimum and the Little Ice Age -- Twentieth-century warming -- Variability within the present climate system -- Chapter 3: The greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases -- The greenhouse effect -- Carbon dioxide -- Methane -- Nitrous oxide -- Chlorofluorocarbons -- Ozone -- Feedback mechanisms and the greenhouse effect -- Chapter 4: Predicting future climates -- Analogues from past climates -- General circulation models -- Validating GCMs -- Time-dependent models -- Greenhouse gas emission scenarios -- GCM scenarios for future climate -- Climatic variability -- Detecting the signal through the noise -- Chapter 5: The impact of global warming: sea level rise -- Measuring sea level -- The impacts of sea level rise -- Impacts on delta areas -- Impacts in tropical and subtropical areas -- The Antarctic ice sheets -- Responding to sea level rise -- Chapter 6: The impact of global warming on natural ecosystems and agriculture -- Carbon dioxide and plant growth -- Impact on ecosystems -- Tropical rain forests and climatic change -- Hydrological impacts -- Impact on agriculture -- World food supply -- Chapter 7: Responding to global warming -- The political framework -- Reducing greenhouse gas emissions -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Glossary -- References -- Index.