Suchergebnisse

Intro -- FEDERAL CLIMATE CHANGE FUNDING ANALYSES AND TRENDS -- FEDERAL CLIMATE CHANGE FUNDING ANALYSES AND TRENDS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 FEDERAL CLIMATE CHANGE FUNDING FROM FY2008 TO FY2014* -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- FEDERAL FUNDING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE -- CLIMATE ADAPTATION, PREPAREDNESS, AND RESILIENCE -- PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS AND LEGISLATIVE ISSUES -- Chapter 2 FEDERAL CLIMATE CHANGE EXPENDITURES REPORT TO CONGRESS* -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE -- 3. CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES -- 4. INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE -- 5. ENERGY TAX PROVISIONS THAT MAY REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES -- 6. CLIMATE ADAPTATION, PREPAREDNESS, AND RESILIENCE -- APPENDIX. ACCOUNTING OF FEDERAL CLIMATE CHANGE EXPENDITURES BY AGENCY -- Chapter 3 THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE INITIATIVE (GCCI): BUDGET AUTHORITY AND REQUEST, FY2010-FY2014 -- SUMMARY -- THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE INITIATIVE -- BUDGET AUTHORITY -- KEY ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- APPENDIX. GCCI BUDGET TABLES -- INDEX.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Governance of Climate Responsive Cities: Scale Matters! -- References -- 2 Resilience, Uncertainty, and Adaptive Planning -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Growing Popularity of Resilience -- 2.3 Multiple Genealogies of Resilience -- 2.3.1 Engineering Resilience: Absolute Space and Blueprint Planning -- 2.3.2 Evolutionary Resilience: Relational Space and Adaptive Planning -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Barriers to Implementing Local Climate Action Plans in Turkey: Searching for a Potential Way Out -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Going Beyond Climate Policies: Making Action Happen -- 3.3 Climate Change Agenda in Turkey: Prospect from National to Local -- 3.4 Methodological Framework -- 3.5 Exploring Municipal Level Climate Action in Turkish Municipalities -- 3.5.1 The Common Challenges of Local Action -- 3.5.2 A Potential Way Out Through Climate Governance -- 3.6 Ending Remarks -- References -- 4 Exploring the Governance of Naples, Italy, Through a Climate Responsive Approach -- 4.1 Introduction: How the Challenge of Climate Change Is Changing European Cities -- 4.2 Methodology -- 4.3 National Climate Policy in Italy -- 4.4 The Governance of Climate Change in the Urban Region of Naples -- 4.4.1 How CC Entered the Public Discourse -- 4.4.2 How CC Entered the Agenda-Setting of the City of Naples -- 4.4.3 How CC Entered the Agenda-Setting of the Metropolitan City of Naples -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Community Engagement in Climate Change Policy: The Case of Three Mills, East London -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Impacts of Climate Change -- 5.3 Vulnerability and Climate Change -- 5.4 Climate Change Governance -- 5.5 Community Engagement -- 5.6 Three Mills, East London -- 5.7 Community Engagement in Three Mills -- 5.7.1 Cultural Ecosystems Mapping.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Boxes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Basis: Past Climate Observations and Methods -- 2.1 Observations of Weather and Climate -- 2.2 Historical Climate Observations -- 2.2.1 Documentary and Early Instrumental Data -- 2.2.2 From National Weather Services to a Global Observing System -- 2.3 Upper-Air and Satellite Observations -- 2.4 Data Dissemination in the Course of Time -- 2.5 Uncertainties in Climatic Data -- 2.5.1 Uncertainties and Errors in Measurement Series -- 2.5.2 Inhomogeneities and Homogenisation -- 2.5.3 The Chain of Uncertainties -- 2.6 Data Products and Dynamical-Statistical Methods -- 2.6.1 Spatial Information and Geostatistical Methods -- 2.6.2 Data Assimilation and Reanalyses -- 2.7 Climate Models -- 2.7.1 Characteristics of Climate Models -- 2.7.2 Types of Climate Models and Experiments -- 2.7.3 Downscaling, Nudging, and Other Techniques -- 2.8 Palaeoclimate Information and Techniques -- 2.8.1 Climate Proxies -- 2.8.2 Problems Arising When Working with Proxies -- 2.8.3 Calibration and Modelling of Proxies -- 2.8.4 Climate Reconstructions -- 2.8.5 Data Assimilation in Palaeoclimatology -- 2.9 Datasets Used in This Book -- 2.9.1 Overview -- 2.9.2 Observations and Reanalyses -- 2.9.3 Model Simulations -- 2.9.4 Reconstructions and Offline Assimilation -- 2.9.5 Conclusions -- 3 The Machinery: Mechanisms Behind Climatic Changes -- 3.1 Basic Climate Physics: The Mean State -- 3.1.1 Energy Budget and Heat Transport -- 3.1.1.1 Global-Mean Fluxes -- 3.1.1.2 Spatial View of Heat Transport -- 3.1.2 The General Circulation of the Atmosphere -- 3.1.2.1 The Zonally Symmetric Circulation -- 3.1.2.2 The Zonally Asymmetric Circulation -- 3.1.2.3 The Weather Scale -- 3.1.2.4 Energy Transport -- 3.1.3 Stratospheric Circulation -- 3.1.3.1 Demarcation and Zonal-Mean Circulation.

Intro -- CLIMATE CHANGE: FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES AND POLICY TOOLS -- CLIMATE CHANGE: FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES AND POLICY TOOLS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 CLIMATE CHANGE: FEDERAL FUNDING AND TAX INCENTIVES -- Summary -- Overview -- Program Areas -- Tax Expenditures -- International Context -- Categories of Reported Funding -- Consistency Issues -- Recent Funding and the President's FY2008 Request -- Interagency Objectives and Coordination -- Climate Change Science Program -- Climate Change Technology Program -- International Climate Change Assistance -- Tax Provisions -- Key Policy and Funding Issues -- Appendix I. Congressional Language Requiring Reports to Congress on Federal Climate Change Obligations and Expenditures -- Appendix II. Climate Change Technology Priorities -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 U.S. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY: EVOLVING VIEWS ON COST, COMPETITIVENESS, AND COMPREHENSIVENESS -- Summary -- From Study to Commitment: The UNFCCC -- Developing Programs: EPACT -- Comparing EPACT and the UNFCCC -- UNFCCC Results: Action Plans -- The George H. W. Bush Administration's National Action Plan: "No Regrets -- The Clinton Administration's National Action Plans: Industrial Strength "No Regrets" -- Kyoto and S.Res. 98 -- The George W. Bush Administration's National Action Plan: Abjuring an Emissions Reduction Goal -- Looking for New Directions -- Senate Amendment 866 [109th Congress] and S. 2191 [110th Congress] -- President Obama, the 111th Congress, and Climate Change -- Addressing the Three-Cs: Emerging Price versus Quantity Debate -- Conclusion: Battle of Policy Perspectives32 -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 CLIMATE CHANGE: CURRENT ISSUES AND POLICY TOOLS -- Summary -- Introduction -- Part One: Current Climate Change Issues -- Climate Change Science2 -- Observed changes in global climate -- Causes of observed climate change.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- 2 U.S. Policy Agendas -- 2.1 New Beginnings -- 2.2 Executive Orders in January 2021 -- 2.3 American Jobs Plan -- 2.4 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act [5] -- 2.5 Build Back Better Bill [6] -- 2.6 Executive Order on Federal Government Sustainability [7] -- 2.7 International Context -- 2.7.1 The Paris Agreement -- 2.7.2 Leaders' Summit [9] -- 2.7.3 G-20 Meeting [10] -- 2.7.4 COP26 in Glasgow [11-15] -- 2.7.5 Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) -- 2.8 Domestic Institutional Constraints -- 2.9 Public Opinion -- 2.10 Implications: Presidential Power and Its Limits -- Annex 1: President Biden's Executive Orders on: (A) Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis', (B) 'Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad', and (C) 'Catalyzing Clean Energy Industries and Jobs Through Federal Sustainability' -- Annex 2: U.S. Public Opinion Survey Data: Detailed Analyses of Selected Issues -- References -- 3 Who Gets What in the Budget -- 3.1 Overview of the Budget Process -- 3.2 FY2022 Request to Congress -- 3.3 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) [4-6] -- 3.4 Infrastructure Bill [7] -- 3.5 Build Back Better Bill [9] -- 3.6 An Un-representative Senate -- 3.7 Implications for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation -- Annex 1: Request for NOAA Appropriations for FY2022 [13] -- Annex 2: Build Back Better Budget Changes -- Annex 3: Calculations of the 'Social Costs of Carbon' in the Budget [14-19] -- Annex 4: States' Carbon-Intensity and Representation in the Senate -- References -- 4 The Future -- 4.1 Reframing the Issues -- 4.2 The U.S. as an International Leader and Laggard -- 4.3 Pricing Carbon -- 4.4 Institutional Constraints -- 4.5 The Generation Gap in Public Opinion.

Intro -- Forewords -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Supportive Statements -- Structure of This Book -- Contents -- 1 A Transition Manifesto: 10 Action Points for Governments -- Action Point Summaries -- Ambitious States in the Driving Seat -- Turning Climate Protection into a Consensual Transformation of Society -- Partnering with Civil Society and Citizens to Co-elaborate and Co-implement Policies -- Developing Capacity to Deliver the Long-Term Vision -- Developing Integrated and Holistic Approaches Underpinning the Long-Term Vision -- Mobilising the Business World -- Financing the Transition -- Acting Effectively at the Local Level -- Paving the Way for a Reform of Economic Policies -- Making Sustainable Consumption Mainstream and Popular -- Endangered Climate-Endangered Humanity -- Climate Protection in the Shadow of the COVID-19 Pandemic -- Are People Fully Aware of the Implications of Climate Change? -- References -- 2 The European Green Deal and Other Climate Plans -- Climate Protection as the Central Policy Goal? -- Acting for the Climate Is Acting for Society as a Whole -- People Are Becoming Concerned-And Active -- Civil Society in Action -- The Emergence of Civil Disobedience -- References -- 3 The Paris Agreement-Getting People's Buy-in Now! -- A Collective Effort by Ambitious Governments -- What Governments Must Do -- Climate Policies -- The Barriers to Effective Climate Governance -- What People Must Do -- Consumption Is the Hardest Nut to Crack -- References -- 4 Ten Measures to Make Climate Governance Fit for Purpose -- Ambitious States in the Driving Seat -- Turning Climate Protection into a Consensual Transformation of Society -- Partnering with Civil Society and Citizens to Develop and Implement Policies -- Developing Capacity to Implement a Long-Term Vision.

Intro -- Series Preface -- Contents -- 1 Global Climate Risks and China's Strategies -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Features of Global Climate Risks -- 1.2.1 Global Climate Change -- 1.2.2 Features of Climate Risks in Different Countries and Regions -- 1.2.3 Risks of Global Climate Change -- 1.3 Climate Risk Features in China -- 1.3.1 Changes in China's Climate System -- 1.3.2 Impacts of Climate Change on China's Major Sectors and Regions -- 1.3.3 Climate Change Risks in China -- 1.4 Climate Change Risk Management -- 1.5 Strategies for Strengthening Climate Risk Management in China -- 1.5.1 Value and Strengthen China's Adaptation Ability to Climate Change, Especially to Extreme Weather and Climate Events -- 1.5.2 Strengthen Basic Researches on Climate Change and Natural Disasters -- 1.5.3 Demonstrate and Roll Out Disaster Prevention and Reduction Technologies in Disaster-Prone Areas, Poverty-Stricken Areas and Major National Strategic Areas -- 1.5.4 Set Up a System and Adopt Guaranteeing Measures for Climate Change Risk Management -- 2 Evaluation on the Green and Low-Carbon Development in Chinese Cities -- 2.1 Introduction to the Low-Carbon Index -- 2.2 Results and Discussion -- 2.2.1 Overall Results -- 2.2.2 Performance by City Group -- 2.2.3 Performance by Geographical Region -- 2.2.4 Low-Carbon Pilot Cities Versus Non-pilot Cities -- 2.2.5 Municipalities Directly Under the Central Government -- 2.2.6 First-Tier Cities -- 2.3 Conclusions and Suggestions -- 2.3.1 Conclusions -- 2.3.2 Suggestions -- 3 Evolution and Challenges of the Global Climate Governance System -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 From Kyoto to Paris: A History of the Global Climate Governance System -- 3.2.1 When Global Climate Change Becomes Political (1988-1990) -- 3.2.2 Constitution-Making of Global Climate Governance (1991-1994).