Suchergebnisse

Abstract The Russian Kaliningrad enclave (or rather exclave between Poland and Lithuania) is a world-wide curiosity in political and legal terms. There is no formal act defining the legal international status of this area. Together with an arbitrarily defined hinterland of approximately 15,000 km 2, Königsberg was taken over by the USSR without any legally valid peace treaty with Germany. At their conference in Potsdam after the fall of Germany in 1945, the Allies agreed to leave Königsberg under Soviet rule until the signing of an . ; Marcin Polom

In early 2000, neither a comprehensive upstream system nor an all-encompassing downstream approach to CO2 emissions permit trading seems feasible in Poland. However, a pilot emissions trading system in the power and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) sector isthought to be a realistic option in the near future. A comprehensive upstream approach would require permits for the carbon contained in fossil fuels produced or imported in Poland. It is ruled out due to the perceived difficulties of the inclusion ofthe coal sector in such a system. While inclusion of the gas sector, and especially of the oil sector, seems possible within a relatively short time, relying on an upstream approach without the coal sector is not advisable. Once the restructuring of thecoal sector as well as the privatization of the gas and oil sector is advanced, an upstream approach might become an option again. A comprehensive downstream approach would regulate CO2 emissions at their source, that is mostly at point of combustion offossil fuels. A system which includes industry, households and transport can be assumed to be infeasible. Instead, a "core program" was examined, which would focus on power and heat generation as well as energy intensive industries. Such an approach wasfound feasible in principle. Currently, however, only the largest emitters could be easily integrated in a reliable system. Drawing the line between those included and those excluded from such a partial system requires careful analysis. Including allenterprises in the relevant sectors would require significant improvements in monitoring and reporting reliability. A pilot emissions permit trading system could be introduced in the professional power and heat sector. Here, awareness concerning theinstrument was found to be high and the system could be based on monitoring requirements already required by law. Gradual inclusion of more relevant sectors and eventual combination with an upstream component to include oil refineries, and with them thegrowing CO2 emissions from transport, seem possible. Such a pilot program would allow firms and the policy maker to gather relevant experiences for the possible future introduction of a comprehensive system and for the emerging international emissionstrading system.To determine whether a pilot system is desirable, however, an extensive and comparative analysis of different climate protection policy options is still needed for Poland. It should include a close look at the implications of EU climateprotection policies and the effects of the liberalization of international electricity markets on domestic policy options. ; In early 2000, neither a comprehensive upstream system nor an all-encompassing downstream approach to CO 2 emissions permit trading seems feasible in Poland. However, a pilot emissions trading system in the power and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) sector is thought to be a realistic option in the near future. A comprehensive upstream approach would require permits for the carbon contained in fossil fuels produced or imported in Poland. It is ruled out due to the perceived difficulties of the inclusion of the coal sector in such a system. While inclusion of the gas sector, and especially of the oil sector, seems possible within a relatively short time, relying on an upstream approach without the coal sector is not advisable. Once the restructuring of the coal sector as well as the privatization of the gas and oil sector is advanced, an upstream approach might become an option again. A comprehensive downstream approach would regulate CO 2 emissions at their source, that is mostly at point of combustion of fossil fuels. A system which includes industry, households and transport can be assumed to be infeasible. Instead, a "core program" was examined, which would focus on power and heat generation as well as energy intensive industries. Such an approach was found feasible in principle. Currently, however, only the largest emitters could be easily integrated in a reliable system. Drawing the line between those included and those excluded from such a partial system requires careful analysis. Including all enterprises in the relevant sectors would require significant improvements in monitoring and reporting reliability. For both the upstream and downstream approach, the issue of electricity imports from the liberalizing European power markets poses a serious challenge. A national permit system might discriminate against domestic power producers and the environmental goal might be undermined by imports from foreign producers, if these are not subject to carbon regulation in their home country. Unless internationally agreed solutions are found to solve this problem, trading systems are unlikely to become a binding policy tool with significant environmental effects. A pilot emissions permit trading system could be introduced in the professional power and heat sector. Here, awareness concerning the instrument was found to be high and the system could be based on monitoring requirements already required by law. Gradual inclusion of more relevant sectors and eventual combination with an upstream component to include oil refineries, and with them the growing CO 2 emissions from transport, seem possible. Such a pilot program would allow firms and the policy maker to gather relevant experiences for the possible future introduction of a comprehensive system and for the emerging international emissions trading system. To determine whether a pilot system is desirable, however, an extensive and comparative analysis of different climate protection policy options is still needed for Poland. It should include a close look at the implications of EU climate protection policies and the effects of the liberalization of international electricity markets on domestic policy options.

In this paper the concept of tax co-ordination within the European Union (EU) is discussed, in view of the coming enlargement of the EU. The tax externalities that possibly arise in a single market are analysed, as well as the ways these externalities can be prevented or internalised. These theoretical reflections are placed alongside the actual system of tax co-ordination within the EU. Focusing on VAT and corporate taxation, the implications of enlargement of the EU for the tax co-ordination issue are discussed.

After discussion with the German Government the terms of reference were decided to be the following: The evaluation team was to evaluate the German Project Coordination pilot project in Cambodia. The GPC Project is a staff development project in which Cambodian staff are to be trained in various information and TM disciplines. The IM people are intended to fit into an information cell that manages a "National Integrated Database" held and managed by CMAA. The TM personnel, who will eventually serve as part of an overall QA/QC system will ostensibly also fit into a CMAA cell of some type. It is of great importance to note that neither of these two structures, or for that matter any operational structures of the CMAA actually exist yet. The project breaks down into two major areas Terrain Management and Information Management.

International comparisons show that countries with co-ordinated wage setting generally have lower unemployment than countries with less co-ordinated wage setting. This paper argues that the monetary regime may affect whether co-ordination among many wage setters is feasible. A strict monetary regime, like a country-specific inflation target, to some extent disciplines wage setters, so that the consequences of uncoordinated wage setting are less detrimental than under a more passive monetary regime (eg a monetary union). Thus, the gains from co-ordination are larger under a passive regime. Under some circumstances a passive regime may induce co-operation in wage setting, and thus lower unemployment, when a stricter regime would not.

The transborder co-operation, which has existed in the Western Europe since the 1950s, developed in Poland after the year 1990. After ten years, some euroregions came into existence nearly on the all length of the Polish borders. The transborder co-operation is just being planned or developed in the regions. Generally, the co-operation with different regions lying on the other side of the country's border is established in the reason of some local societies. But in the last ten years, since the first euroregion was created, some clear trends of its development can be indicated. After introducing the new administrative system in 1999, the communal and provincial competencies have changed, new territorial structures - the districts were introduced and the number of provinces was reduced. Considering the territorial administration changes and the institutionalisation of the transborder co-operation, the country's administrative division will influence the development of economic, ecological and transport connections now existing or in potential euroregions. Therefore, it is important to know in what rate the new administrative structure has adopted the area and its economical potential of the provinces to the co-operation and competitions with similar regions bordering with Poland. Estimation of the today's transborder co-operation and the influences of administrative division on the possibilities of Polish development are also very important. ; Marcin Polom

Between October 2001 and the end of 2003 there was a close co-operation between the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) and the Geological Survey Department of Ghana (GSD), as part of a project to enhance GSD's institutional capabilities and effectiveness, mainly in the fields of management, geological mapping, map production and data handling. During this period a team of geologists, GIS (Geographic Information System) and database experts as well as administrative staff from GEUS have visited GSD, and GSD officers have visited GEUS in Copenhagen. The main obstacles to GSD becoming an effective organisation are its status as a department under the Ghana Ministry of Mines, insufficient funding by the government, and poor remuneration of its professional staff. To overcome these obstacles, attempts are being made to change the status of GSD from a 'civil servant organisation' into a semiautonomous institution, which will permit the Survey to generate funding for its core activities by providing services to outside organisations, and pay better salaries to its personnel. Despite many problems, geological mapping has been resumed and three new geological maps have been produced by GSD during the project and stored in GIS format. A mapping manual has been prepared, and the structure and 'Mission and Vision Statements' for the Survey have been revised.

America's urban centers are experiencing a renaissance of sorts that reflects the vitality of a renewed interest in the city.Dynamic growth and revitalization of the central city have emerged since the 1970s as key focal points for investment and development, replacing years of investing primarily in suburbanization. The emerging activity in America's urban down towns has been more than an isolated or segmented investment in office buildings. With strong political support and the emergence of an affluent group of new urbanites, some central cities are said to be transforming into entirely new urban environments where people not only work, but live, shop, and entertain. This renewed interest in revitalizing America's down towns,and in urbanization in general, is important for a number of reasons. Among these reasons is a vibrant city's ability to give strong identification and pride to local residents and politicians while also providing the financial support necessary for varied educational,cultural, and political activities that otherwise would not be available in smaller communities. The most significant reason for promoting the revitalization of America's urban centers, however, involves the recognition that cities are a necessary, if not sufficient,basis for fueling long-term economic growth, job creation, and capital formation. The economic strength of urban centers and the extended regions that surround them is essential, not only for improving the local standard of living, but for improving regional and national economic prospects as well. Cities provide the closely knit environment necessary for the incubation of many small business enterprises. Only in the womb of the urban environment can the small business enterprise or entrepreneur have access to extensive sources of resource capital, flexible use of technology, close relationships with other similarly innovative firms, and close interchange of workers and ideas with others possessing different kinds of expertise.

The process of developing cross-border co-operation, though progressing slowly, shows clearly signs of a growing trend. It covers examples not only of the water basins such as the Baltic and the North Sea but also the Mediterranean Sea. A factor accelerating the process and scope is the financing granted from European Union aid funds. In extreme cases, when co-operation develops slowly, limiting of funds or their lack can lead to stagnation or lack of mutual contact. A sudden worsening of political relations between countries lying on different coasts of the sea can also hamper co- -operation. However, the dominating examples indicating economic, cultural and political benefits that the coastal regions gain from the co-operation and the regular growth in number allows for the assumption that the process will continue. In the 21st century Europe will be a Europe of regions. Political and economic transformations of the developing Baltic Europe will no doubt have a definite impact on integration processes in Europe, on their expansion and even a probable correction in that direction. The developing cross-border coastal regions are an important element in the process. They should be a point of departure for further decisions and actions towards full Baltic integration. ; Marcin Polom

The Gwich'in of the Northwest Territories play an important role in the management of moose (Alces alces): they have a settled land claim that requires their involvement in wildlife management, they provide valuable traditional knowledge to biologists about moose in an area for which there is little background scientific information, and of the moose harvested, subsistence makes up a majority. A co-management board was established to ensure cooperation between Gwich'in and government agencies in the research and management of renewable resources. Through co-management, there is improved exchange of traditional and scientific knowledge between Gwich'in and agency biologists, there is an increased sense of responsibility for management among Gwich'in, and Gwich'in are more willing to participate in future management activities. Since co-management began in this area, biologists and Gwich'in have design and conducted moose surveys, harvest assessment of Gwich'in hunters, inventory of moose habitat, and documentation of traditional knowledge about moose.