Post verdict disposition hearings of those found "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder" (NCR) are a new phenomenon resulting from the Mental Disorder Amendments that came into force in February, 1992. Thus far, there is no generally accepted characterization of the role of the Crown in these hearings. This paper is a proposal for the establishment of a defined role for the representative of the Crown in post-verdict hearings. It is also a plea for Crown counsel to adopt a particular frame of mind and stance in reference to the mentally disordered offender. My approach will focus on the new legislation regarding those found NCR – its purpose and its spirit. I will argue that Crown counsel must consider, and be guided by the specifics of the new legislative scheme. I will also argue, that in the administration of this legislation, Crown Attorneys must adopt a new perspective with regard to the mentally disordered offender. If the aims of the new legislation are not incorporated by Crown Counsel into their role in the administration of the law then its objectives will be compromised. I should point out that my concerns regarding the role of the Crown in disposition hearings arise after having observed a hearing before the Review Board in Nova Scotia. My observations of that hearing, and subsequent discussions with a number of Crown Attorneys in Nova Scotia, indicated to me that the goals of the Mental Disorder Amendments may be threatened by an antagonistic approach to its implementation.
This paper investigates the economic implications of a comprehensive approach to sustainable greenhouse policies that strives to stabilise the atmospheric concentration of the five major greenhouse gases at an ecologically determined threshold level. In a theoretical optimisation model conditions for an efficient allocation of abatement effort among pollutants and over time are derived. The model is empirically specified and adapted to a dynamic GAMS-algorithm. By various simulations run for a time period of 200 years (1990 to 2190), the economics of greenhouse gas accumulation are explored. In particular, the long-run costs associated with the above stabilisation target are evaluated for two different policy scenarios: a comprehensive approach that covers all major greenhouse gases simultaneously and a "piecemeal approach" that is limited to reducing CO2 or a selected subset of greenhouse gases, respectively. By comparing the simulation results, the potential losses in efficiency associated with a piecemeal approach are evaluated, and some policy implications are discussed.
Since the beginning of the sixties in western Europe car mobility and car ownership have increased considerably. Transport flows are still increasing rapidly, and even on the long run for instance for the Netherlands annual growth figures of 3 % or more are envisaged. Unfortunately, the growth of mobility is not without problems. Mobility and especially car mobility has a deteriorating effect on the accessibility of economic centres and inner cities. Secondly, transport does influence environment and liveability negatively. The problems did result in a change of transport policy in many countries. Managing this mobility boom has become a challenge for most European governments, especially in urban areas. In the paper it will be argued that co-operation, as a kind of institution building, can be an option to deal with transportation problems and that several variables influence co-operation. First, it is concluded that it is the government which has to deal with the problems. Second it is showed that fiscal federalism offers a theory which can be used to build an administrative structure. In this theory, (voluntary) co-operation gets an important role. Third, it is argued that the possibility and effectiveness of voluntary co-operation is influenced by a number of variables. Finally, the situation in the Netherlands is discussed and recommendations will be given to increase chances for and effectiveness of co-operation.
Interactive technology is a key factor used to explain the recent growth and prominence of NGOs, who today are engaged in the transformation of national, international and transnational political space. Yet technology cannot explain NGOs' rise, for technology is but a context which afford opportunities. We ask what it is that allows NGOs to take advantage of new circumstances, and focus our discussion on the co-evolution of NGOs with interactive technology. Our approach is part of a growing body of social science research that seeks to overcome the artificial divide between "society" and "technology" by viewing the social as consisting of humans and non-humans (objects, things, artifacts). Viewing technology not as a tool but as part of a co-evolutionary process that shapes organizational forms and practices will help us understand why NGOs have, given the opportunities provided by the retrenchment of the welfare state and the end of the cold war, been able to assume a more powerful and controversial role as co-constituents of global transformation.
Housing co-operatives are a unique site to learn democracy through participation in self-governance by volunteering on boards and committees. Members reported both nonformal and informal learning; the latter was particularly significant for the development of skills, knowledge, attitudes and values required for effective democratic participation.
"Welchen Stellenwert die Personalarbeit in der Industrie der DDR hatte bzw. konnte, versucht die Analyse über vergleichende Aussagen zum Personalmanagement in Theorie und Praxis zu beantworten. Einen Ansatzpunkt bieten die Rahmenbedingungen der Organisation der Arbeit in der Wirtschaft der DDR, die eine Grundlage des Selbstverständnisses von Führungskräften bildet. Dazu gehören das tayloristisch geprägte Menschenbild, die Sichtweise auf die Rolle als Führungskraft im sozialen System des Betriebes sowie daraus abgeleitete Handlungsmuster. Im Vergleich mit Ansätzen und Managementtheoretikern und Soziologen aus marktwirtschaftlich organisierten Gesellschaften werden allgemeine theoretische Erklärungsansätze angeboten. Die Akzeptanz dieser Schlußfolgerungen ist wiederum Ausgangspunkt für ein neues Selbstverständnis zu Fragen der Personalarbeit in der Industrie der DDR." (Autorenreferat)
The starting point and the reason for this study have been co-operation. Consequently, the purpose have been to give an accurate picture of the worlds of social work and youth work. This was done by describing and comparing them through purpose, values, target, goals, methods, and means as well as of the image of human, the educational objectives, and professionality. Hence, the goal of the study is to create coherent entity in which the differences and the similarities are represented in a way which facilitates to look the other party as well as self-image in respect to that other party on novel eyes. Arising out of this it is possible to become aware of those premise and alternatives there are for co-operation, to see the opportunities in the other party. The method of this study was to compare social work and youth work through defined characters and to see what differences and similarities there are between these two. Four main differences were found between social work and youth work. First, the starting point in social work was poverty and distress whereas that in youth work was idleness and leisure time education. Second, social work is oriented towards the problems and youth work towards leisure time. Third, the target in social work is the poor and all those who need help. The target in youth work has always been all kinds of young. Last, according to the determined criteria, it is possible to say that youth work don't have the status of profession whereas social work do have, even though it is weak. The main similarities were found from six aspects. First, their purpose is to adapt a person to the society and to develop the person's skills to master his life. Second, as the values they share individuality, acceptance as well as rights and responsibility of a person. Third, they both are working for the benefit of a person. They believe in human and in the possibilities in human. Fourth, as educational objectives they share the ideas of personal development, knowledge as a mean of personal growth, rewarding experiences, and co-operation. Fifth, their task is to secure and to create the premise and the possibilities for individual's growth. Sixth, they share the diversity of work methods. ; 1. INTRODUCTION 6 2. THE BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH 7 2.1. The Departure of the Study 7 2.2. The Research problem 8 2.3. Previous Studies Between Social Work and Youth Work 9 3. THE WORLDS OF SOCIAL WORK AND YOUTH WORK 11 3.1. An Overview to History of Social Work and Youth Work 11 3.2. The Picture Defined by the Literature 17 3.3. The Limitations of the Legislation 27 3.4. The Image of Human and the Educational Objectives in Social Work and in Youth Work 34 3.5. Professionality in Social Work and in Youth Work 40 3.6. The Differences and the Similarities Between Social Work and Youth Work 44 4. THE EMPIRICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STUDY 46 4.1. The Research Material 46 4.2. Handling of the Research Material 49 4.3. The Interpretation of the Research Material and Reporting 51 5. YOUTH WORK AS PART OF SOCIAL WELFARE 53 5.1. The Implementation and the Goals of the Restructury 53 5.1.1. The Free Municipality Experiment and the Result Management 53 5.1.2. The Project of the Development in Administration and Services 55 5.1.3. The Arguments of Youth Work´s transfer to the Social Sector 56 5.2. Thoughts of Another Possibility 58 6. SOCIAL WORK AND YOUTH WORK IN HÄMEENLINNA BETWEEN 1989 – 1993 60 7. THE RESULTS OF THE INTERVIEW STUDY 66 7.1. Defining Social Work and Youth Work 66 7.1.1. The Arguments About the Work Content 66 7.1.2. The Arguments of the Work Methods 68 7.1.3. The Arguments According to the Target Group 69 7.1.4. The Arguments Connected to the Profession 70 7.2. The Description of the Restructury 71 7.2.1. The Background and the Goals of the Restructury 72 7.2.2. About the Effects of the Restructury 76 7.3. The Picture of Co-operation 80 8. CONCLUSIONS 83 BIBLIOGRAPHY 90 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1. 97 APPENDIX 2. 98 APPENDIX 3. 99 APPENDIX 4. 100 APPENDIX 5. 102
Dette er en hovedfagsoppgave. ; In this thesis I have taken a broad view on international environmental co-operation; What are the incentives, obstacles and ways to enhance participation and compliance with international environmental agreements. I have also looked at a more specific issue; The implementation of the "flexible mechanisms" of the Kyoto Protocol, and particularly joint implementation projects between an investor in a developed country and a host in an economy in transition or developing country.
