Suchergebnisse

9 pages, 4 tables, 3 figures, 63 references. We thank the Consejería de Medio Ambiente (Andalusian Government) and Marco Antonio Tena, then Director of Los Alcornocales Natural Park, for the facilities and support to carry out our field work. We are grateful to Nacho Pérez-Ramos, Ana Pozuelos, María Navarro, Eduardo Gutiérrez, Sophie Manzi and Juliet Rochet for field and lab assistance. ; Host trees can modify their soil abiotic conditions through their leaf fall quality which in turn may influence the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community composition. We investigated this indirect interaction using a causal modelling approach. We identified ECM fungi on the roots of two coexisting oak species growing in two forests in southern Spain e Quercus suber (evergreen) and Quercus canariensis (winter deciduous)-using a PCR-based molecular method. We also analysed the leaf fall, litter and soil sampled beneath the tree canopies to determine the concentrations of key nutrients. The total mycorrhizal pool was comprised of 69 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Tomentella and Russula were the most species-rich, frequent and abundant genera. ECM fungi with epigeous and resupinate fruiting bodies were found in 60% and 34% of the identified mycorrhizas, respectively. The calcium content of litter, which was significantly higher beneath the winter-deciduous oak species due to differences in leaf fall quality, was the most important variable for explaining ECM species distribution. The evaluation of alternative causal models by the d-sep method revealed that only those considering indirect leaf fallmediated host effects statistically matched the observed covariation patterns between host, environmen (litter, topsoil, subsoil) and fungal community variables. ; This study was supported by an FPI-MEC grant to CA, by the Spanish MEC projects Dinamed (CGL2005-5830- C03-01) and Interbos (CGL2008-4503-C03-01), and the European FEDER funds. This research is part of the Globimed (www. globimed.net) network in forest ecology. ; Peer reviewed

Aim of the study. To analyze the opportunities of co-operation between health care institutions and the state controlling institutions. Methods. The survey of workers of Kaunas county health care institutions was accomplished during 2009 December - 2010 February. Questionnaires were filled-in and returned by 68 respondents of the 55 Kaunas county health care institutions (response rate 66,7%). For the assessment of the statistical relationships Chi square (χ2) criteria was used; Z-test was used for the comparison of two proportions. Differences were considered as statistically significant at p<0,05 level. Results. Kaunas county health care workers (86,8%) mostly collaborate with regional sickness insurance funds, at least with Lithuanian medical ethics committee (4,4%). Health care workers assess work of the state controlling institutions: very good (5,9%), well (38,2%), an average (51,5%), negative (4,4%). Cooperation with the state controlling institutions is preceded several times a month. Information is often transferred by e-mail to the state controlling institutions. Older workers and men often co-operate with the state controlling institutions in non-formal way. Respondents who are satisfied in supervising with the state controlling institutions are more satisfied with aspects of the issues. Only one third of the respondents received information from the state controlling institutions timely. Respondents under the age of 35 and over the age of 43 years were satisfied with the efficiency of solving problems. Health care workers emphasized the lack of information related to legislation. Health care workers employed in private institutions are not looking for new ways or forms of co-operation with the state controlling institutions. Cooperation could be improved by using innovative information technologies. Health care workers indicated the need for the common data base with the state controlling institutions. Conclusions. Most of the respondents co-operate with regional sickness insurance funds, at least with of Lithuanian medical ethics committee. The majority of the health care workers assessed the state controlling institutions as an average. Most of the respondents are not satisfied with flexibility of the state controlling institutions in solving problems.

Aim of the study. To analyze the opportunities of co-operation between health care institutions and the state controlling institutions. Methods. The survey of workers of Kaunas county health care institutions was accomplished during 2009 December - 2010 February. Questionnaires were filled-in and returned by 68 respondents of the 55 Kaunas county health care institutions (response rate 66,7%). For the assessment of the statistical relationships Chi square (χ2) criteria was used; Z-test was used for the comparison of two proportions. Differences were considered as statistically significant at p<0,05 level. Results. Kaunas county health care workers (86,8%) mostly collaborate with regional sickness insurance funds, at least with Lithuanian medical ethics committee (4,4%). Health care workers assess work of the state controlling institutions: very good (5,9%), well (38,2%), an average (51,5%), negative (4,4%). Cooperation with the state controlling institutions is preceded several times a month. Information is often transferred by e-mail to the state controlling institutions. Older workers and men often co-operate with the state controlling institutions in non-formal way. Respondents who are satisfied in supervising with the state controlling institutions are more satisfied with aspects of the issues. Only one third of the respondents received information from the state controlling institutions timely. Respondents under the age of 35 and over the age of 43 years were satisfied with the efficiency of solving problems. Health care workers emphasized the lack of information related to legislation. Health care workers employed in private institutions are not looking for new ways or forms of co-operation with the state controlling institutions. Cooperation could be improved by using innovative information technologies. Health care workers indicated the need for the common data base with the state controlling institutions. Conclusions. Most of the respondents co-operate with regional sickness insurance funds, at least with of Lithuanian medical ethics committee. The majority of the health care workers assessed the state controlling institutions as an average. Most of the respondents are not satisfied with flexibility of the state controlling institutions in solving problems.

Am 24. Mai 2002 verstarb der Alexander-von-Humboldt-Forscher Kurt-R. Biermann nach kurzer, schwerer Krankheit. Am 5. Dezember 1919 in Bernburg an der Saale geboren, konnte Biermann seine wissenschaftliche Laufbahn nach Krieg und Gefangenschaft erst als Mittdreißiger beginnen. Im Zentrum seiner Forschungstätigkeit stand die Arbeit in der Alexander-von-Humboldt-Forschungsstelle der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften, an deren Aufbau er maßgeblich beteiligt war und die er von 1969 bis 1984 leitete. Hier setzte Biermann durch die Veröffentlichung der Briefwechsel Alexander von Humboldts mit dem Mathematiker Carl Friedrich Gauß, dem Astronomen Heinrich Christian Schumacher, um nur zwei Beispiele zu nennen, Maßstäbe für die quellenkritische personen- und werkbezogene wissenschaftshistorische Arbeit. Auch als Emeritus blieb er der Forschungsstelle eng verbunden. Bis 1996 wirkte er in der Alexander-von-Humboldt-Kommission der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Viele seiner späten Aufsätze verfaßte er mit Co-Autoren, denen er in der praktischen Arbeit seine Förderung angedeihen ließ. Mehrfach wurde Biermann als Tutor wirksam, darunter auch für Stipendiaten der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung. Biermann erwarb sich auch einen internationalen Ruf als Mathematikhistoriker. Sein Buch über die "Mathematik und ihre Dozenten an der Berliner Universität 1810-1933" (2. Aufl. 1988) gilt heute als Standardwerk und trug ihm die Bezeichnung "father of historiography of Berlin mathematics" (1998) ein. Unter den Ehrungen, die Biermann für seine herausragenden Leistungen erfuhr, ist die 1971 erfolgte Wahl zum Membre effectif de l'Académie internationale d'histoire des sciences hervorzuheben. Von 1989 bis 1993 war er Vizepräsident dieser Akademie. Im Jahre 1972 wählte ihn auch die Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina zu ihrem Mitglied und 1991 ernannte ihn die Gauß-Gesellschaft in Göttingen zu ihrem Ehrenmitglied. Zu verschiedenen Anlässen widmeten ihm Kollegen und Schüler Festschriften und publizierten Bibliographien seiner Arbeiten. Die 2002 in 5., ergänzter Auflage erschienene Zusammenstellung der Veröffentlichungen Kurt-R. Biermanns (Berliner Manuskripte zur Alexander von Humboldt-Forschung, H. 9) verzeichnet 22 Monographien, Sammelbände und Editionen sowie 287 Aufsätze. Eine annotierte Bibliographie, die das Gesamtwerk dieses großen Forschers erschließt, wird bis zum Ende des Jahres 2002 fertiggestellt. Zu seinem fünfundsiebzigsten und seinem achtzigsten Geburtstag veröffentlichten die Mitteilungen der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung ausführliche Würdigungen des wissenschaftlichen Werkes von Kurt-R. Biermann (Nr. 65, Juli 1995, S. 82-83; Nr. 74, Dezember 1999, S. 87-88).

When the G-20 leaders met on 24-25 September 2009 in Pittsburgh, USA, they agreed in their Communiqué that, building on the efforts of many countries to, reduce fossil fuel subsidies while preventing adverse impact on the poorest?, they were committed to, rationalize and phase out over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption. This draft report has been developed jointly by the International Energy Agency (IEA), Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and World Bank in response to this request. It draws on the relevant expertise and work of the four tasked organizations, but also on input and comments from other organizations and experts. The report includes: a) discussion of the scope of energy subsidies; b) estimates of energy subsidies, and identification of the gaps in the existing data and issues around the measurement of energy subsidies; c) modeling-based analysis of the implications of phasing-out energy subsidies on the economy, including socio-economic and trade impacts, the environment, and the energy sector; and d) suggestions for the implementation of phase-out of inefficient subsidies leading to wasteful consumption, drawing on country case studies, including discussion of how to address social impacts.

Within the organizations, the turnover when limited can have a positive influence on the resources' renewal. But when it grows, it badly affects the organization leading to a management of the immediate, jeopardizing people and company's effectiveness. Veolia Group is suffering from this regular organizational move, when its core business is made of services and where people are the key quality asset. On top of that, the company encourages an ambitious training policy in order to integrate, professionalize, and retain employees. To be successful, the company relies on the classroom learning (alternation). Therefore, can we claim that alternation has a direct impact on turnover's decrease?Thanks to a quasi-experimental design approach, using an investigation so called longitudinal per questionnaire strengthened by a group of control, a theoretical design explaining the relationship alternation-turnover in the organizational frame was tested in France over a French population of production units. Alternation shows the emergence of a dialectical relationship human being-organization, monitored by the creation of a strong psychological contract and a double tutorial system. Mixing my results with 18 interviews of so called validation, it appears that alternation develops an organizational socialization only partial, due to the difficulty in the understanding of its own role at the end of the journey. The shift from a tutorial function to a tutorial system is also highlighted in my results, where the learning of the job is supported by the working community and the lead-tutor continues playing a mentor role. Lastly, according my study, when well managed, alternation can prevent the turnover, by supporting the development of a strong involvement within the organization. Therefore, I suggest the set up of a specific management unit for alternates, considering not anymore the alternation as a training tool but also as human resource tool enabling talents' discovery. ; Le turnover au sein des organisations, à un faible niveau, peut être bénéfique pour le renouvellement des ressources. Mais en atteignant des sommets, il perturbe l'organisation et oblige à une gestion de l'immédiat, nuisible pour la performance des hommes et de l'entreprise. Le groupe Veolia Transport souffre de cet aléa organisationnel de manière récurrente, quand le cœur de son activité est basé sur la délégation de service public, où la qualité des hommes est gage de la performance de l'organisation. En appui de cet impératif qualitatif, le groupe promeut une politique générale de formation ambitieuse afin d'intégrer, professionnaliser et fidéliser ses collaborateurs. Le fer de lance de cette politique est l'alternance, la formation diplômante en alternance. Dès lors, l'alternance impacte-t-elle à la baisse le turnover ? À travers une démarche proche d'un design quasi-expérimental, mobilisant une enquête dite longitudinale par questionnaire et l'appui d'un groupe de contrôle je teste, sur les exploitants du groupe en France, un design théorique explicatif de la relation alternance-turnover, par le prisme de l'implication organisationnelle. En proposant une définition gestionnaire de l'alternance, mes résultats démontrent le développement d'une relation dialectique individu-organisation par l'alternance, conditionnée par la mise en exergue d'un contrat psychologique fort et d'un double tutorat organisationnel. En croisant mes résultats avec 18 entretiens dits de validation, il ressort que l'alternance développe une socialisation organisationnelle partielle, en raison de la difficulté à comprendre pleinement son rôle en fin de cursus. Un glissement de la fonction tutorale en un système tutoral apparait, où la communauté de travail aide à l'apprentissage du métier, quand le supérieur-tuteur conserve un rôle de mentor. Enfin, l'alternance possède un effet positif sur l'intention de quitter, en créant les conditions du développement de l'implication organisationnelle, à la condition d'une gestion dédiée. Dans ce dessein, je propose la mise en place d'une gestion spécifique des alternants, en ne considérant plus l'alternance comme un outil de formation mais comme un outil de gestion des ressources humaines, créateur de potentiels.

During the Spanish liberal revolution, the attribution of female competences in the domestic area led to the implementation of a differential education in function of the gender and slowed down the incorporation of girls into the schooling system. Based on this perspective, the aim of this article is to associate the discourses and practices of the different Hispanic feminisms, of the Free Teaching Institution or of republicanism with respect to the education of women, with institutional doctrines, legislations and new pedagogical doctrines. The aim is to inform about how these alternative sectors questioned the rules of power, modified the state policies and made it possible for girls and women to have a more equal access to education and to citizenship. ; Durante la revolución liberal española, la atribución de competencias femeninas en el ámbito de lo doméstico comportó la implementación de una educación diferencial en función del género y ralentizó la incorporación de las niñas en el sistema escolar. Desde esta perspectiva, el presente artículo se propone relacionar los discursos y prácticas de los distintos feminismos hispanos, de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza o del republicanismo respecto a la educación de las mujeres, con las doctrinas institucionales, las legislaciones y las nuevas doctrinas pedagógicas. El objetivo es dar cuenta de la forma en que estos sectores alternativos cuestionaron las normas del poder, modificaron las políticas estatales e hicieron posible el acceso de las niñas y mujeres a la educación y a una ciudadanía en mayor medida igualitaria.

Politik, Gesellschaft, Kultur, Kunst und Religion sind im Wien der Ersten Republik durch eine immense Zunahme der Integration und Partizipation der jüdischen Bevölkerung charakterisiert. Die innergesellschaftliche Dynamik der jungen Demokratie und die Wechselwirkung der verschiedenen jüdischen Milieus, die Zuwanderungen aus Ost- und Südosteuropa sowie die wachsende kulturelle Vernetzung mit Berlin, Budapest, Paris und Prag führten zu einflussreichen Ausprägungen der österreichisch-jüdischen Kultur in allen Bereichen der Entwicklung der Stadt Wien. Antidemokratische Tendenzen, insbesondere der Antisemitismus, beeinflussen sowohl die tagespolitische als auch die innerjüdischen Diskurse, etwa über die Rolle der jüdischen Religion, der Akkulturation und des Zionismus. Die Publikation "Wien und die jüdische Erfahrung 1900 - 1938. Akkulturation, Antisemitismus, Zionismus", initiiert von Univ.-Prof. Dr. Frank Stern und Mag. Barbara Eichinger am Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Universität Wien, zeigt den State-of-the-Art der Forschung zu diesem Thema. Wobei der Fokus auf der aktuellen interdisziplinären Einbeziehung österreichisch-jüdischer Kulturgeschichte liegt. Der ca. 400 Seiten umfassende Band präsentiert neben momentanen Forschungsarbeiten der Beitragenden einen gemeinsamen wissenschaftlichen Diskurs der AutorInnen untereinander. Um diesen zu ermöglichen, organisierten die HerausgeberInnen im März 2007 eine viertägige internationale Konferenz, auf der geladene WissenschafterInnen ihre Forschungsarbeiten in themenspezifischen Panels anderen ExpertInnen zur interdisziplinären Diskussion stellten. Die Präsentation ihrer fortgeschrittenen Forschungsarbeit unter Berücksichtigung der Diskussionen unter KollegInnen während der Konferenz in die Beiträge des vorliegenden Bandes integriert worden. Jene AutorInnen, die nicht an der Konferenz teilgenommen hatten und teilweise an amerikanischen Universitäten tätig sind (u.a. Harriet Pass-Freidenreich, Sander Gilman), zeigen mit ihren Essays ein Bild der gegenwärtigen US-amerikanischen Forschung zum Thema. Die in deutscher und englischer Sprache verfassten Beiträge der 30 AutorInnen finden sich in folgenden Themengebieten wieder: "Gesellschaft und Politik zwischen Akkulturation und Tradition" (Steven Beller, Eleonore Lappin, Klaus Hödl, Albert Lichtblau), "Musik zwischen Konzertsaal und Film: Wiener Komponisten jüdischer Herkunft (Peter Dusek, Karin Wagner), "Zionismus in Wien: Zwischen Kaffeehaus, kultureller und politischer Bewegung" (Dieter Hecht, Armin Eidherr, Hanno Loewy), "Kulturtransfer zwischen Wien und Palästina/Israel" (Klaus Davidowicz, Sandra Goldstein), "Wiener jüdische Milieus 1900 - 1938" (Evelyn Adunka, Peter Landesmann, Marcus G. Patka, Karin Stögner), "Frauenbewegungen in Wien" (Harriet Pass-Freidenreich, Elisabeth Malleier, Michaela Raggam-Blesch), "Identitätskrisen und Antisemitismus" (Gabriele Anderl, Elisabeth Brainin und Samy Teicher, Sander Gilman, Siegfried Mattl, Michael Laurence Miller), "Literatur und Theater im Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit" (Brigitte Dalinger, Werner Hanak, Birgit Peter), "Der Weg ins Freie auf Bühne und Leinwand" (Wolfgang Müller-Funk, Murray G. Hall, Bettina Riedmann). Mit den AutorInnen sind neben Forschungsstätten in Belgien, Deutschland, Israel den USA und Ungarn alle gegenwärtigen Forschungsstätten zur jüdischen Geschichte in Österreich (u.a. Institut für Judaistik Wien; Institut für Geschichte Salzburg; Zentrum für Jüdische Kulturgeschichte Salzburg; Institut für Geschichte der Juden in Österreich, St. Pölten; Zentrum für jüdische Studien, Graz; Institut für Zeitgeschichte Wien; Universität für darstellende Kunst Wien; Institut für Germanistik Wien; Institut für Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Wien; Jüdisches Museum der Stadt Wien) vertreten. Der Band soll mit einem Vorwort des Rektors der Universität Wien, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Georg Winckler, im Gedenkjahr 2008 erscheinen. ; The growing integration and participation of the Jewish population in politics, society, culture arts and religion shaped these spheres in Vienna during the time of the First Republic. Social dynamics of the young democracy, interplay of the different Jewish milieus, immigration from Eastern and Southeastern Europe as well as the growing cultural links with Berlin, Budapest, Paris and Prague made Austrian-Jewish culture in all areas of the development of the city of Vienna highly influential. Antidemocratic tendencies, especially antisemitism, influenced both the discourses on current events and inner-Jewish debates such as the role of Jewish religion, acculturation and Zionism. The publication "Wien und die jüdische Erfahrung 1900 - 1938. Akkulturation - Antisemitismus, Zionismus" initiated by Univ.-Prof. Frank Stern and Mag. Barbara Eichinger from the Institute for Contemporary History, University of Vienna, shows the state of the art of research on this subject. The publications focus placed on the current interdisciplinary inclusion of Austrian-Jewish cultural history. The volume of approx. 400 pages presents up-to-date research papers by the contributors as well as an academic discourse among the authors. In order to make this discourse possible, the editors organised a four day international conference in March 2007, where academics presented their research in themed panels and discussed them in an interdisciplinary framework with other experts. The contributions to this volume present this research takting into consideration the discussions among the colleagues at the conference. Those authors who did not participate in the conference and are partly working at American universities (a.o. Harriet Pass Freidenreich, Sander Gilman) provide an insight into current US American research on the subject. The contributions in German and English by 29 authors are organized into the following subject areas: "Society and politics between acculturation and tradition" (Steven Beller, Eleonore Lappin, Klaus Hödl, Albert Lichtblau), "Music between concert hall and film: Viennese composers of Jewish descent" (Peter Dusek, Karin Wagner), "Zionism in Vienna: between coffee house, cultural and political movement" (Dieter Hecht, Armin Eidherr, Hanno Loewy), "Cultural transfer between Vienna and Palestine/Israel" (Klaus Davidowicz, Sandra Goldstein), "Viennese Jewish milieus 1900 - 1938" (Evelyn Adunka, Peter Landesmann, Marcus G. Patka, Karin Stögner), "Women´s movements in Vienna"(Harriet Pass Freidenreich, Elisabeth Malleier, Michaela Raggam-Blesch), "Identity crises and antisemitism" (Gabriele Anderl, Elisabeth Brainin and Samy Teicher, Sander Gilman, Siegfried Mattl, Michael Laurence Miller), "Literature and theater in interwar Vienna" (Brigitte Dallinger, Werner Hanak, Birgit Peter), "The Road into the open on stage and screen (Wolfgang Müller-Funk, Murray G. Hall, Bettina Riedmann). The authors come from research centres in Belgium, Germany, Israel, the USA and Hungary as well as all current research centres on Jewish history in Austria (a.o. Institute for Jewish Studies, Vienna; Institute for History, Salzburg; Center for Jewish Cultural History, Salzburg; Institutte for the History of the Jews in Austria, St. Pölten; Center for Jewish Studies, Graz; Institute of Contemporary History, Vienna; University of Performing Arts, Vienna; Institut for German Studies, Vienna; Institut for Theater, Film and Media Studies, Vienna; Jewish Museum of the City of Vienna). The volume will be published in the anniversary year 2008 with a preface by the rector of the University of Vienna, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Georg Winckler.

Serious questions are being asked concerning the manifestation of instability in society. The phenomena of maladministration, corruption, unrest, protests, failure in leadership, and the results of protest marches and poor service delivery, make one believe that the value, functioning and contribution of co-operative governance and intergovernmental relations is a myth. When public protests and instability are analysed, the main issue found at the heart of the problem concerns co-operation, implementation and co-ordination between the various spheres of government. Co-operation is needed to ensure satisfactory service delivery. The question can be asked if there is a direct relationship between poor service delivery, public protests and co-operative governance and good governance. Firstly the conceptual and constitutional framework of co-operative governance and intergovernmental relations will be discussed. In the following section the problems and challenges facing good governance will be analysed. Aspects pertaining to structural tension, policy choices, responsibility, accountability and implications of problems with good governance will be assessed. The manifestation of practical situations will be viewed against the background of co-operative governance.

This study examines a small body of 19th-century American literature about the Antarctic: Adam Seaborn's (pseud.) Symzonia (1820), Edgar Allan Poe's "MS. Found in a Bottle" (1833) and The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838), Peter Prospero's (pseud.) "The Atlantis" (1838-39), and James Fenimore Cooper's The Monikins (1835) and The Sea Lions (1849). These were written in a transitional phase in the history of the Antarctic. At the start of the period, the region was almost completely unknown. Towards the end of the period, however, the region had been mapped in its essence, and the existence of an Antarctic continent had been verified. For complex reasons, the region came into cultural focus in the U.S. during the 1820s to 40s, culminating in the first major American scientific expedition in 1838-42 to explore the South Seas and the Antarctic. The study is primarily historical, tracing ideas to their historical contexts in order to determine what these authors used the unknown space of the Antarctic for. These texts were written in imaginative response to contemporary notions of the Antarctic, which is reflected in the mode of representation. The literature is in the mode of speculative fiction-most of texts imagining a tropical, inhabited Antarctic-up until the region is explored, at which point it turns to realism. The texts fall into three categories: the utopian, liminal, and realistic. The utopian texts-Symzonia, The Monikins, and "The Atlantis"-are works of social criticism, using the blank space of the Antarctic to treat a diverse range of issues, including politics, evolutionary theories, race, and gender. Poe's "MS" and Pym represent the liminal category; they dramatize the anticipation of an imminent Antarctic discovery, narrating up to a point of revelation, only to stop short. The Sea Lions is the only realistic text, coming after the Antarctic is explored. Here the knowledge of the Antarctic has solidified into the environment we know today, but with religiously symbolical overtones.

Durante la revolución liberal española, la atribución de competencias femeninas en el ámbito de lo doméstico comportó la implementación de una educación diferencial en función del género y ralentizó la incorporación de las niñas en el sistema escolar. Desde esta perspectiva, el presente artículo se propone relacionar los discursos y prácticas de los distintos feminismos hispanos, de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza o del republicanismo respecto a la educación de las mujeres, con las doctrinas institucionales, las legislaciones y las nuevas doctrinas pedagógicas. El objetivo es dar cuenta de la forma en que estos sectores alternativos cuestionaron las normas del poder, modificaron las políticas estatales e hicieron posible el acceso de las niñas y mujeres a la educación y a una ciudadanía en mayor medida igualitaria. ; During the Spanish liberal revolution, the attribution of female competences in the domestic area led to the implementation of a differential education in function of the gender and slowed down the incorporation of girls into the schooling system. Based on this perspective, the aim of this article is to associate the discourses and practices of the different Hispanic feminisms, of the Free Teaching Institution or of republicanism with respect to the education of women, with institutional doctrines, legislations and new pedagogical doctrines. The aim is to inform about how these alternative sectors questioned the rules of power, modified the state policies and made it possible for girls and women to have a more equal access to education and to citizenship. ; Este trabajo participa del Proyecto I+D+I HAR2008-03970/HIST, del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.

This paper aims to study the co-benefits of clean development mechanism (CDM) projects, and further to discuss the policy of its implications. It has been found that many energy-related climate change mitigation (CCM) activities, including CDM projects, are able to produce a significant amount of co-benefits, while the policy implications have been limited. Through co-benefits assessment of Chinese CDM projects, it can be concluded that: (1) there are uncertainties relating to co-benefits assessment; (2) co-benefits assessment can be only applied to energy related projects (ERPs) and not to HFC23 decomposition projects; (3) hydropower and wind power projects are the largest contributors to cobenefits. Considering average capacity, projects concerning energy switch from coal to natural gas, coal mine methane recovery and biogas recovery are also important; and (4) the distribution of co-benefits in China are uneven. Through a discussion about policy implications of co-benefits, this paper suggest that co-benefits should neither be involved into current international CCM negotiation, nor used to ensure projects' contribution to sustainable development. However, co-benefits analysis can indicate synergies or optimised trade-offs between CCM and protecting local environment, which is valuable for decision-making in developing countries, especially for local governments. ; QC 20110816

International audience ; This paper reports results from two experiments that investigate possible incidence of discrimination against people with foreign backgrounds in Sweden. In the first experiment, participants played the trust game and the dictator game with co-players of different ethnic affiliation. The family name of the players was exposed to their co-players. Results for the trust game showed no significant discrimination against co-players with foreign backgrounds. On the other hand, the results for the dictator game showed a statistically significant discriminatory behaviour by men against co-players with non-European backgrounds. The discriminatory behaviour was solely a male phenomenon. In the second experiment, the dictator game was replicated to check the stability of the results in the first experiment. The second experiment also examined whether people with foreign backgrounds discriminate against other people with foreign backgrounds; that is, the purpose was to discover whether discrimination is systematic. The observations in the second experiment underlined the results found in the first experiment: Foreign co-players are discriminated against by Swedish players. However, we did not find that people with foreign backgrounds discriminated against other people with foreign backgrounds.

Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere is originating from various combustion and oxidation processes. Recently, the proportion of CO resulting from the combustion of wood for domestic heating may have increased due to political measures promoting this renewable energy source. Here, we used the stable isotope composition of CO (δ13C and δ18O) for the characterization of different CO sources in Switzerland, along with other indicators for traffic and wood combustion (NOx-concentration, aerosol light absorption at different wavelengths). We assessed diurnal variations of the isotopic composition of CO at 3 sites during winter: a village site dominated by domestic heating, a site close to a motorway and a rural site. The isotope ratios of wood combustion emissions were studied at a test facility, indicating significantly lower δ18O of CO from wood combustion compared to traffic emissions. At the village and the motorway site, we observed very pronounced diurnal δ18O-variations of CO with an amplitude of up to 8‰. Solving the isotope mass balance equation for three distinct sources (wood combustion, traffic, clean background air) resulted in diurnal patterns consistent with other indicators for wood burning and traffic. The average night-time contribution of wood-burning to total CO was 70% at the village site, 49% at the motorway site and 29% at the rural site based on the isotope mass balance. The results, however, depend strongly on the pure source isotope values, which are not very well known. We therefore additionally applied a combined CO/NOx-isotope model for verification. Here, we separated the CO emissions into different sources based on distinct CO/NOx emissions ratios for wood combustion and traffic, and inserted this information in the isotope mass balance equation. Accordingly, a highly significant agreement between measured and calculated δ18O-values of CO was found (r=0.67, p<0.001). While different proxies for wood combustion all have their uncertainties, our results indicate that the oxygen isotope ratio of CO (but not the carbon isotope ratio) is an independent sensitive tool for source attribution studies.

Businessmen in the House of Commons: A Comparative Study of the 1852-1857 and 1895-1900 Parliaments is a comparative study of the social position of business members of Parliament in mid and late nineteenth British society and the impact of the change in social position upon the activities of these business MPs in the House of Commons in the Parliament of 1852-1857 and the Parliament of 1895-1900. Utilizing information from Dod's Parliamentary Companion and a number of biographical dictionaries, an archive of the members of the House of Commons was created for each Parliament listing information such as name, constituency, schools attended, profession, landholdings, positions on selected issues, and government positions held. The parliamentary activities of the members were traced through review of Hansard and the British Sessional Papers. Although there were few businessmen involved in the mid-century government, those members of the Parliament of 1852-1857 who were identified as businessmen participated in debate, divisions, sponsorship of legislation, and committee participation often to a much greater extent than did MPs in other professional categories. However, by the end of the century, with growing social acceptance of businessmen and participation in government, including businessmen sitting in the Cabinet, business participation in the everyday activities of the latter Parliament declined. Next, the data from the end-of-the-century Parliament was used to make a detailed study of the subsequent history of the business firms associated with the business MPs in this later Parliament to test the Wiener Thesis of British business decline. Wiener attributed this decline to the mis-education in public schools of the sons and grandsons of late Victorian entrepreneurs. Of 287 businessmen in this Parliament, the Dictionary of Business Biography listed 66 whose businesses can be traced over the following century. What is found is that there seems to be little direct correlation between public school education and ...