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Created by human ingenuity, cyberspace is a fact of daily life. Until recently, this arena of virtual interaction was considered largely a matter of low politics— the routine, background, and relatively non-contentious. Today cyberspace and its uses have vaulted into the highest realm of high politics – the most salient and contentious forms of interaction. We now appreciate that cyber capabilities are also a source of vulnerability, posing potential threats to national security, and disturbing the familiar and traditional international order. The expansion of cyber access has already influenced the Westphalian-anchored international system in powerful ways. This paper argues that the construction of cyberspace is creating new challenges for the social sciences, the full nature of still remains to be fully understood -- perhaps even calling into question some of its most basic assumptions. We frame these challenges with reference to co- evolution of the new cyber domain and the traditional international system, and then focus more specifically on the emergent synergy between two independent features of the contemporary world order -- cyberspace (an arena of interaction) and sustainability (a policy imperative), and their convergence on the global policy agenda It is no surprise that sustainability is closely connected to security – or alternatively that security is contingent on sustainability. By extension, cyber security is derivative, in that is refers to security in the cyber domain. ; This material is based on work supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, Grant No. N00014-09-1-0597. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations therein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research.

Co-curricular activities, also popularly known and called extr-curricular activities by renowned educationists like Bucher and Association (1974) , Vannier and Fait (1975) named "Extra-Class Activities" may be regarded as those school activities that take place outside the official designated class-room hours or periods. Traditionally, the periods exclusively and officially designated schooling hours during which activities under reference take place are very early in the mornings prior to the commencement of classes at 8.00a.m as well as in the evenings shortly after afternoon studies at 5.00p.m respectively. Notably co-curricular or extra-class activities complement the courses of study normally scheduled within the overall school curriculum. This paper as it were intended to appraise Sports in the wider ramifications as integral component of the school curriculum that should be organized and implemented in a way that will approximate and extend the welfare of the average Nigerian society at large. The paper made an overview of types and/elements of sports as well as their relevance in the school curriculum paradigm. Recommendations included among others that the school curriculum should be reviewed regularly to justify the continued existence of some sporting activities with passage of time. Government at all levels, private initiatives and religious organizations having stake in the education enterprise as well as the well being of the youth and children should collaborate in developing school sports. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n7p35

Over the past two decades the questions related to the recognition of women's role in economic and social development and of equality between men and women have fostered increasing interest among policy-makers and development practitioners. Despite a noticeable improvement in gender awareness in Tanzania, data on women's work, their participation in microfinance institutions for example savings and credit societies (SACCOS) and their economic contribution have remained far from comprehensive. Even where information is available, it is not sufficiently utilized as a tool by planners and decision-makers for promotion and development of microfinance institutions. This is particularly evident with regard to the role of women in cooperative financial institutions which include SACCOS and cooperative banks. With new challenges arising from technological development, political and economic liberalization processes, the demand for SACCO's gender-specific information is growing. This demand comes from various data-users: policy analysts, researchers, academics, rural planners, and business people. These information and data are important to facilitate intervention on SACCOS. Apart from this, more is required on their skills in managing organizations such as SACCOS. The objective of this paper was to examine the participation of women in SACCOS with major focus on membership, governance and management. These are major elements that one can use to assess and determine how women can participate in SACCOS. Based on the desk research done and evidence from various studies, the paper identifies enabling and constrains factors for women to participate in SACCOS. Suggestions for ameliorating these constraints were made and policy implications drawn.

Co-design emerged as method to promote social sustainability under New Labour (1997 – 2010). Socially focused design specialisms, such as a 'service design', 'transformation design', and 'social design and innovation', have used co-design to address some of the UK's most complex social challenges. These range from increasing public engagement to public service reform and health improvement, and are addressed by designers working collaboratively with a range of people affected by the challenges, such as the public, service providers and frontline workers. This thesis examines the use of co-design for the promotion of social sustainability as it emerged from a number of coinciding agendas under New Labour, and as it faces a different future under the Coalition government. The research maps the ways in which co-design was promoted within the design industry, and supported by non-departmental government bodies such as the Design Council, NESTA, and the NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. An extensive review of the existing literature on co-design, social sustainability, New Labour's social policy, and design and innovation agendas, provides a context for a range of interviews examining the reasons for the emergence of co-design. These twenty-five interviews were carried out with designers practicing co-design for social sustainability, senior professionals commissioning and promoting co-design and senior professionals working in engagement, education, social sustainability, social innovation and social policy. The completed research describes and summarises a hitherto undocumented area of modern design history, and provides an understanding of the reasons for the emergence of co-design for social sustainability, for academics, government and practitioners. Ultimately the research allows the practice to reflect upon itself, providing an opportunity to help shape its future development.

The Forest Land Allocation (FLA) program was introduced by the Vietnamese government in 1991 and it allowed communities, household groups and households to receive forest land for long term use (50 years). The main assumption of this program was that with ownership, households would have greater incentives to preserve forests. But the State, through its formal agencies, still decides how the forests will be used and managed. There have been unintended socio-cultural consequences of this program affecting Vietnam's forest-dependent indigenous communities. The study focused on two Co Tu villages in Central Vietnam. Their livelihoods and their culture, institutions, social life, customs, and religious beliefs are linked to surrounding forests. The FLA program has altered the traditional forest management practices and systems of the Co Tu people, as well as their traditional institutions, particularly the role of the village patriarch, and to a lesser extent their perceptions of 'nature'. The FLA program has consolidated the power of formal institutions in both villages.Keywords: Forest Land Allocation program, Indigenous forest management systems, Co Tu people of Central Vietnam, socio-cultural impact of development interventions, nature conservation, paradigms of nature.

In 2007 it came to light that town officials in Crestwood, Illinois had intentionally caused residents to use contaminated well water for more than twenty years. A group of residents sued the town and its officials and alleged that the contaminated water had caused illness (and in some cases death) to themselves and their relatives. In response, the town sought indemnification from its insurer, Scottsdale Indemnity Co. The insurance company refused to provide coverage on the grounds that the contamination had triggered the "pollution exclusion" included in Crestwood's insurance contract. This Comment argues that when analyzing the applicability of a pollution exclusion, courts should adopt a "reasonable expectations" test. This test requires a court to look beyond the plain meaning of an insurance policy. Instead, courts should consider the reasonable expectations of the policyholder at the time the insurance policy was purchased. This test vindicates the rights of policyholders and ensures that victims of pollution harms are compensated for damage to their health and environment.

The Forest Land Allocation (FLA) program was introduced by the Vietnamese government in 1991 and it allowed communities, household groups and households to receive forest land for long term use (50 years). The main assumption of this program was that with ownership, households would have greater incentives to preserve forests. But the State, through its formal agencies, still decides how the forests will be used and managed. There have been unintended socio-cultural consequences of this program affecting Vietnam's forest-dependent indigenous communities. The study focused on two Co Tu villages in Central Vietnam. Their livelihoods and their culture, institutions, social life, customs, and religious beliefs are linked to surrounding forests. The FLA program has altered the traditional forest management practices and systems of the Co Tu people, as well as their traditional institutions, particularly the role of the village patriarch, and to a lesser extent their perceptions of 'nature'. The FLA program has consolidated the power of formal institutions in both villages.

It has been suggested that African rangelands would be utilized and managed on a more sustainable and profitable basis if they were governed by co-management arrangements, with state governments defining group rights and governing inter-group interactions and local organizations governing interactions among members within particular groups. In this paper we develop a discrete-time dynamic model of a rangeland to investigate the possibilities for internal management of resource use interactions within a common property regime. We find that there can be effective internal management without any formal institutional structure within the regime if: (1) group members are confident that the boundaries of the regime will be effectively protected; (2) the group of resources users is kept relatively small; (3) future pasture potential is not overly sensitive to changes in the current stocking rate; and (4) individuals do not discount future payoffs too heavily.

In this paper, we analyse export competition between individual EU Member States and China in third-country goods markets. We find that competitive pressure from China is strongest for small and peripheral EU members, especially for the Southern periphery, Ireland and Central, Eastern and South-eastern European EU members. While we find no hard evidence for "cut-throat" competition between China and EU countries, we see an increasing tendency of smaller EU exporters leaving markets that are increasingly served by China. We base our findings on traditional market share analysis, the exploration of intensive versus extensive margin export growth and on a Dynamic Trade Link Analysis. The latter, a newly developed tool, identifies different types of competitive pressure at the detailed product-destination market level. We use UN Comtrade data at the highest level of disaggregation (6-digit HS) for 75 world exporters and importers over the period 2000-2011.

Background HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis (TB) are major contributors to the burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa. The two diseases have been described as a harmful synergy as they are biologically and epidemiologically linked. Control of TB/HIV co-infection is an integral and most challenging part of both national TB and national HIV control programmes, especially in contexts of instability where health systems are suffering from political and social strife. This study aimed at assessing the provision of HIV/TB co-infection services in health facilities in the conflict-ridden region of Goma in Democratic Republic of Congo. Methods A cross-sectional survey of health facilities that provide either HIV or TB services or both was carried out. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data which was analysed using descriptive statistics. Results Eighty facilities were identified, of which 64 facilities were publicly owned. TB care was more available than HIV care (in 61% vs. 9% of facilities). Twenty-three facilities (29%) offered services to co-infected patients. TB/HIV co-infection rates among patients were unknown in 82% of the facilities. Only 19 facilities (24%) reported some coordination with and support from concerned diseases' control programmes. HIV and TB services are largely fragmented, indicating imbalances and poor coordination by disease control programmes. Conclusion HIV and TB control appear not to be the focus of health interventions in this crisis affected region, despite the high risks of TB and HIV infection in the setting. Comprehensive public health response to this setting calls for reforms that promote joint TB/HIV co-infection control, including improved leadership by the HIV programmes that accuse weaknesses in this conflict-ridden region.

Background: HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis (TB) are major contributors to the burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa. The two diseases have been described as a harmful synergy as they are biologically and epidemiologically linked. Control of TB/HIV co-infection is an integral and most challenging part of both national TB and national HIV control programmes, especially in contexts of instability where health systems are suffering from political and social strife. This study aimed at assessing the provision of HIV/TB co-infection services in health facilities in the conflict-ridden region of Goma in Democratic Republic of Congo.

This paper takes an innovation system approach to analysing the development of wind energy in three jurisdictions: the EU, USA and China. The paper builds on and extends previous innovation system studies on wind in two ways. First, it focuses on the interactions over time between policy and innovation system dynamics, in order to highlight lessons for low-carbon policymaking. Second, it extends the analysis from the formative and growth phases of the innovation system to the globalisation and transfer phase, in which mature technologies are transferred to new markets. The conclusions are: first, policies should go beyond 'market pull' and 'technology push' and should take into account the institutional frameworks through which they are delivered; second, policies have been more successful where they prioritised long-term learning-oriented deployment rather than short-term efficiency; third, system failures exist at the transfer stage of development as well as during formative and growth phases.

The chapter discusses the role of the public and its gendered aspects. Empirically, the case-study focuses on the very first public social science lectures at Stockholm University College in 1888. By analysing this seemingly peripheral event, it is argued, it is necessary to situate the event historically in its broader social, cultural, and political context, and apply a more circular perspective to the distribution of agency, if we are to understand the full complexity of the co-production of early academic social science and its gendered publics during this formative phase.

De-Xin Wang,1,* Yao He,2,* Long Bi1,* Ze-Hua Qu,2 Ji-Wei Zou,1 Zhen Pan,2 Jun-Jun Fan,1 Liang Chen,2 Xin Dong,1 Xiang-Nan Liu,2 Guo-Xian Pei,1 Jian-Dong Ding,21Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; 2State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workPurpose: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is excellent as a scaffolding matrix due to feasibility of processing and tunable biodegradability, yet the virgin scaffolds lack osteoconduction and osteoinduction. In this study, nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) was coated on the interior surfaces of PLGA scaffolds in order to facilitate in vivo bone defect restoration using biomimetic ceramics while keeping the polyester skeleton of the scaffolds.Methods: PLGA porous scaffolds were prepared and surface modification was carried out by incubation in modified simulated body fluids. The nHA coated PLGA scaffolds were compared to the virgin PLGA scaffolds both in vitro and in vivo. Viability and proliferation rate of bone marrow stromal cells of rabbits were examined. The constructs of scaffolds and autogenous bone marrow stromal cells were implanted into the segmental bone defect in the rabbit model, and the bone regeneration effects were observed.Results: In contrast to the relative smooth pore surface of the virgin PLGA scaffold, a biomimetic hierarchical nanostructure was found on the surface of the interior pores of the nHA coated PLGA scaffolds by scanning electron microscopy. Both the viability and proliferation rate of the cells seeded in nHA coated PLGA scaffolds were higher than those in PLGA scaffolds. For bone defect repairing, the radius defects had, after 12 weeks implantation of nHA coated PLGA scaffolds, completely recuperated with significantly better bone formation than in the group of virgin PLGA scaffolds, as shown by X-ray, Micro-computerized tomography and histological examinations.Conclusion: nHA coating on the interior pore surfaces can significantly improve the bioactivity of PLGA porous scaffolds.Keywords: PLGA, nano-hydroxyapatite, bone tissue engineering, BMSCs, bone defect

This paper presents a discussion on co-operatives as organisations of a civil society, in their normative aspects. The purpose of this research is to show how law influences the functioning of two types of co-operatives providing banking services operating nowadays in Poland: co-operative banks and co-operative savings and credit unions. The deliberations focus on two problems: the scope in which domestic (Polish) law influences the way of functioning of co-operatives providing banking services in Poland and the way that EU law has shaped changes to the functioning of Polish co-operatives providing banking services. The considerations as presented in this paper refer mostly to two issues regulated by law; that is, the purpose for which co-operatives providing banking services operate, and freedom of association. The main conclusion of the research conducted is that at present, legal regulations are aimed to the greatest extent at ensuring stability and safety of the operations of co-operatives providing banking services and that this normative concept does not foster active citizenship. The social context of operations of co-operatives providing banking services is often overshadowed for the legislator by the financial aspects of their functioning.