Suchergebnisse

The distribution of species on islands -- Patterns or fantasies? -- Species co-occurrences -- The night sky effect -- Patterns in nature -- Finding the null -- What this book is about -- How this book is organized -- Diamond's assembly rules -- Robert Macarthur, 1930-1972 -- Special islands and their birds -- What is a checkerboard distribution? -- Incidence -- The theoretical context -- The cuckoo doves -- Patchy distributions -- The response of Connor and Simberloff -- The backlash -- How likely are checkerboards? -- Prior expectations -- The analysis of Vanuatu -- A technical interlude -- How to incorporate constraints into incidence matrices -- Definitions and notation -- The numbers of null matrices and the effect of constraints -- The hypergeometric distribution -- The three ecological constraints proposed by Connor and Simberloff in their studies of birds and bats on islands -- Incidence -- Why constraints? and what does "representative" mean? -- How to fill the sample null space -- Null space creation algorithms -- Creating a uniform random sample null space -- The trial-swap algorithm -- How to characterize incidence matrices -- Then you need a metric -- The metric of Connor and Simberloff -- Wright and Biehl -- Harvey et al.'s (1983) review of null models in ecology -- Stone and Roberts (1990, 1992) and Roberts and Stone -- Why ensemble metrics fail: an example -- Reanalysis and extensions -- Vanuatu and the Galapagos -- The birds of Vanuatu -- The birds of the Galapagos -- The birds of the Bismarck and Solomon islands -- The issue of superspecies -- The patterns -- Taxonomic sieving and incidence effects -- Which genera develop checkerboards? -- Caveats -- When the incidences do not overlap -- Coda -- Species along a gradient -- The herptofauna of Mount Kupe, Cameroon -- Why do the results differ from previous results? -- The second question: do species form distinct communities? -- Applications to food webs: nestedness and reciprocal specialization -- Nestedness -- Groupings of species interactions -- Coda -- Macarthur's original vision -- The patterns themselves -- The need for null hypotheses

When examining the relationship between urban governance and improved service provision in the Global South, there is frequently a gap between the rhetoric and the reality. Informal, practice-based local governance processes that aim to produce better urban services often diverge from official governance prescriptions and mechanisms for service delivery within the institutional sphere. This book explores the complex area of urban governance assessment, focusing on the issue of sustainable water supplies for the urban poor. Adapting the UN-Habitat Urban Governance Index, the author explores th

Each monograph is written by leading experts in their field and examines the relationship and contributions of engineering to the topic of study. As a series, TSL addresses a long-awaited niche in engineering publishing, providing in-depth discussions of environmental significance set within a technology, economic, and policy context