Suchergebnisse

The use of indicators is not only technical and science-led, but also a value-laden social process, and thus concerns public participation, political judgment and decision-making. This article approaches the Chinese SEA indicator system from a science-policy interface and aims at: 1) contributing to the general recognition of indicators functioning at science-policy interfaces in SEA, and 2) analysing, through a Chinese case-study, to what extent national guidelines mediate the science-policy interaction. The overall finding is a strong emphasis on technical/science aspects found in the Chinese SEA guidance, and a weak explicit recognition that policy plays a role in choosing and using indicators. Recent development, however, indicates a growing recognition of the politics involved and thus also leads to more involvement of stakeholders.

AbstractThe title of this thesis is An Analysis of Language Style Used in the Slogan of AdvertisementThat Found in the Internet. It aims to determine the type of language style that used in eachkind of slogans. The writer examines for the meaning contained. Descriptive method used toexplain the data. Four steps exercised by the author, who has to determine the sources, collect,analyze & present the data. The writer used Agih method (Sudaryanto: 1993). The authoremploys An Introduction to Sociolinguistics theory by Holmer, Janet. (1992), Metode andTeknik Analisis Bahasa theory By Sudaryanto (1993). The writer found the different oflanguage style used in the same categories of slogan. The writer make an analysis about thedata with divided the data one by one in the same categories of product.Key words: Language Style, Slogan, Advertisement, InternetINTRODUCTIONAdvertising or advertisementis a form of communication used to persuadean audience (viewers, readers or listener) totake some action with respect to products,ideas, or services. Most commonly, thedesired result is to drive consumer behaviorwith respect to a commercial offering,although political and ideological advertisingis also common. Advertising messages areusually paid for by sponsor and viewed viavarious traditional media; including massmedia such as newspaper, magazines,television commercial, radio advertisementoutdoor advertising or direct mail; or newmedia such as websites and text messages.Beside, Crabtree, et al(1991:237) say that:"Advertising is a business inwhich language is used to persuadepeople to do things, for examples tobuy some product or vote someone,and / or believe thing, for example, thatsome one corporation is trustworthy orsome political philosophy is good one"Like other advertising media,online advertising frequently involves both apublisher, who integrates advertisements intoits online content, and an advertiser, whoprovides the advertisements to be displayedon the publisher's content. Other potentialparticipants include advertising agencies thathelp generate and place the ad copy, an adserver who technologically delivers the adand tracks statistics, and advertising affiliateswho do independent promotional work forthe advertiser. Internet advertising is a formof promotion that uses the Internet and2World Wide Web for the expressed purposeof delivering marketing messages to attractcustomer. Examples of internet advertisinginclude contextual ads that appear on searchengine result pages, banner advertising, intext ads, Rich Media advertising, onlineclassified advertising, advertising networkand e-mail marketing, including e-mail spamand slogans.A slogan is an advertising taglineor phrases that advertisers create tovisually express the importance and benefitsof their product. By and large, it's a theme toa campaign that usually has a genuine role inpeople's lives. It has the ability to loanpeople's time and attention by puttingconsumers at the heart of the solution. Everyday we see millions of messages andcatchphrase everywhere from print media tointernet advertisement.Slogans are powerful marketingtools that can motivate their customers tosupport their brand. The best slogans areinstantly recognizable. It is an advertisingtag-line or phrase that advertisers create toovisually and verbally expresses theimportance and benefits of their product.Internet advertisement use somelanguage style. It purposes to attract theirconsumer. The language style has greatcontribution in attracting people whobrowsing the internet. So, they use languagestyle that interesting to the netter.In this research the writer tries todescribe and to look for the forms oflanguage for her analysis in internetadvertisement. At this analysis, the writerfocuses on language style used in slogans ininternet advertisement.Holmes (1992: 1) saysthat: "Sociolinguistics isconcerned with the relationshipbetween language and context inwhich it is used".In this case, the writer took some researchthat have relation with language variety,there are: The first one , Maria (2000) aboutlanguage style in some short stories as foundin Cool 'n Smart magazine in her research,she analyzes casual style and slang which,are found in Cool 'n Smart magazine. Sheanalyzes longer expressions(which idiomatic meaning) that arecharacteristic of slang usage. Another one,Anti (1998), about non-standard Indonesianlanguage in teenager magazine. In herresearch, she analyzes style of language inshort stories in teenager's magazines.Advertising or advertisement is aform of communication used to persuade anaudience (viewers, readers or listener) to takesome action with respect to products, ideas,or services. Most commonly, the desiredresult is to drive consumer behavior withrespect to a commercial offering, althoughpolitical and ideological advertising is alsocommon. Advertising messages are usuallypaid for by sponsor and viewed via varioustraditional media; including mass media suchas newspaper, magazines, television3commercial, radio advertisement outdooradvertising or direct mail; or new media suchas websites and text messages.Beside, Crabtree, et al(1991:237) in Arri Anti (1998 )saythat:"Advertising is a business inwhich language is used to persuadepeople to do things, for examples tobuy some product or vote someone,and / or believe thing, for example, thatsome one corporation is trustworthy orsome political philosophy is good one"According to Wikipedia, a sloganis a memorable motto or phrase used in apolitical, commercial, religious, and othercontext as a repetitive expression of an ideaor purpose. A slogan is an advertising taglineor phrases that advertisers create tovisually express the importance and benefitsof their product. By and large, it's a theme toa campaign that usually has a genuine role inpeople's lives. It has the ability to loanpeople's time and attention by puttingconsumers at the heart of the solution. Everyday we see millions of messages andcatchphrase everywhere from print media tointernet advertisement.Slogans are powerful marketingtools that can motivate their customers tosupport their brand. The best slogans areinstantly recognizable. It is an advertisingtag-line or phrase that advertisers create forvisually and verbally expresses theimportance and benefits of their product.The style of language that speakersuse with friends, when one a job interview,when talking to parents, the situationallanguage is called language style. Accordingto Holmes (1992:245), states that theaddresses and the context affect out choice ofcode of variety, whether language, anddialect. From the definition, the writer canconclude that language style is variety ofspeakers which is following the writer byaddressing and context.According to Holmes (1992:236) astandard variety is generally one which iswritten and which has under gone some ofregularization or codification (for example,in a grammar and dictionary), it is used for H(high) function a long side a diversity of L(Low) varieties.A Standard language variation isgenerally: (1) Used in the news media and inliterature (2) Described in dictionaries andgrammar (3) Taught in school and to nativespeakers when they learn language as aforeign languageAccording to Halim (1980) in Chaer(2004:192) non standard language is varietythat has indication or symbol fromcharacteristic to set out of the way fromnorm of standard language also calledinformal language.Non standard language shows greatervariety than standard language. The highersocial position of the non standard speakers,4the more nearly do they approach thestandard language.According to Richard, et al (1985)non standard language is use in speaking orwriting; with differ in pronunciation,grammar or vocabulary from the standardlanguage. Sometime the expressionsubstandard is used but linguist differ theterm non-standard as it a more neutral term.According to Holmes (1992: 74), there aremany components of the meaning of the termnon-standard language, they are;(1)Unstandardized or uncodified variety(2)Refers to the way it's acquired in thehome at first variety (3)It's used forrelatively circumscribed the function(4)Used in informal situationOne mark of an informal language isthe frequent occurrence of slang. Almosteveryone use slang occasions but it is noteasy to define the word. According toFromkin (1985:276) slang has been definedas "one of those things that everybody canrecognize and nobody can define".Regardless of social position, almostall people use slang from time to time.According to Yeager (1981:183) slang isanother word that is difficult to define butexpresses a concept that is understood byalmost everyone; probably the fundamentalquality of a slang term is not generallyaccepted. Slang words may come about bycombining to do word, by introducing acompletely new word. Slang expressionshave come and gone ever the year, some toreturn again but other never does. At thesometime, though same slang expressionsare remarkably resilient and persistent andsurvive over long periods of time.Akmadjian (1984) in Sudrawati(1999) explain about slang as follows:(1)Slang is part of casual informal styles oflanguage use (2)Slang like fashion in dottingand popular music, changer rapidly(3)Specific areas of slang often associatedwith particular social group, and hence onespeaks teenager slang.A daily activity has conversational language.Generally, colloquial style is not reallyattention to pronunciation, choice or words,or sentence structure. According toAlwasilah (1986:59) in Arry Anti (1998) thatcolloquial is words or phrases that are onlyused in utterances in spoken language. Itused in casual conversation. Educationnative speakers of a language normally usecolloquial speech in informal situation withfriends, fellow worker and members of thefamily.In this research, the writer would liketo use some theories in order to support indevelopment this thesis. The theories will bedescribed briefly, that is language style,formal and informal language, for exampleslang and colloquial.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIn this research, the writer also usedthe qualitative method is a processing of5research, which is have a result descriptivedata like spoken or written language. In thisresearch, the writer uses this method toanalyze the language style as found inslogans in internet advertisementIn this research, the writer took the data fromslogans in internet advertisement. In internetadvertisement the writer copying someslogans into a flash disk and found some datafor to analyze. The data are categorized intofood and beverage, automotive, cosmetics,electronics etc.To collect the data, the writer usesobservation method. Observation methoditself is observes the language from thesource of data, that are some slogans ininternet advertising. In collecting the data thewriter browse the internet and uses flash diskto save the data in both formal and informallanguage which includes the words thatrelated to the research.DISCUSIONBased of the analysis, language style inadvertisement can be describe into nonstandard (that are slang and colloquial) andstandard languageNon StandardSlang1) BRYLCREEM - "A Little Dab'll DoYa!"From the example above, the sloganis about men's pomade or hair cream. Slangis not based to the true meaning but to thecontext. In the true meaning the word Dab'llsame with Dabble or playing with water butin the context meaning the word Dab'll isslang that means the hair is gloss or shiny ona surface because that hair cream.2) BURGER KING – It'll blow your mindawayFrom the example above, the word'blow' in the true meaning the wind action tomake something has different position orlook. But in the context meaning the word'blow' is slang version that means make yourmind only thinking about this food.3) GOOGLE - Don't be evilFrom the example above, the word'evil' in the true meaning has a negativemeaning or it is a crime or bad spirit. But inthe context meaning the word 'evil' is slangversion that means stupid. It is fit with theslogan because Google is the one of manysources of knowledge, information, socialnetwork etc. with Google the people cansmarter not stupid anymore.4) SUZUKI SWIFT - It's a boy thing.SWIFT, wanna play?From the example above, the word'wanna' in the true meaning is 'want to'.But in the context meaning the word'wanna' is slang version that meanschallenge. It is based from the slogan thatsays It's a boy thing. So are you brave to getthe challenge?5) AUSTRALIAN TOUR – So where thebloody hell are you?6From the example above, it is a sloganabout the tourist industry. The word 'bloodyhell' in the true meaning has a negativemeaning or may be a swearword. But in thecontext meaning the word 'bloody hell' isslang version that means to make sure wherethe place you wish will to go toColloquialA daily activity has conversationallanguage. Generally, colloquial style is notreally attention to pronunciation, choice orwords, or sentence structure. It used in casualconversation. Education native speakers of alanguage normally use colloquial speech ininformal situation with friends, fellowworker and members of the family.6) KFC - Finger lickin' Good!From the example above, it is seenthat the word lickin' is the colloquial versionfrom licking' is the standard language byswitching the alphabet g with the symbol 'from the word licking' become lickin' fromcolloquial. Because this word is not aboutthe creation of completely new word, it isonly about the change the spelling that isswitching one alphabet with one symbol butnot change the meaning.7) Mc D - I'm Lovin itFrom the example above, it is seenthat the word Lovin is the colloquial versionfrom Loving is the standard language bydeleting the alphabet 'g' from the wordLoving become Lovin from colloquial.Because this word is not about the creationof completely new word, it is only about thechange the spelling that is deleting onealphabet but not change the meaning.8) L'OREAL - Because you're worth itFrom the example above, it is seenthat to be 'are' from "Because you're worthit" contracted with pronoun 'you'. In Englishstructure it is should be 'you are'. The wordis colloquial because this slogan is notpaying attention to grammar or the word notabout the creation of completely new wordsbut only about the change the spelling of theshortened pronunciation.9) LG - "Life's Good"From the example above, it is seenthat to be 'is' from "Life's Good" contractedwith pronoun 'life'. In English structure it isshould be 'life is'. The word is colloquialbecause this slogan is not paying attention togrammar or the word not about the creationof completely new words but only about thechange the spelling of the shortenedpronunciation.10) Visa - "Its Everywhere you want to be"From the example above, is same withthe above. To be 'is' from Its Everywhereyou want to be" contracted with pronoun 'it'.In English structure it is should be 'it is. Theword is colloquial because the word notabout the creation of completely new wordsbut only about the change the spelling of theshortened pronunciation.7Standard Language11) Canon - "See what we mean"In example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.12) Nike - "Just do it"In example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.13) Haagen-Dazs - Pleasure is the path tojoyIn example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.14) Red Cross - "The greatest tragedy isIndifference"In example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.15) Matchbox - We sell more cars thanford, Chrysler, Chevrolet, and Buickcombined.In example above the advertiser makethe slogan in standard language. It can beseen through the sentence is made in goodgrammar, good spelling and formalvocabulary, so this example uses the formallanguage. So this example is suitable to useon formal language style of advertisingslogans.CONCLUSIONLanguage style is the ways toshow the freedom of expression, tocomment, to express the ideas, feelings, andgive information to other people. Languagestyle is a part of communication. That usedusually in some situation such as on schooland internet. On this situation usually thepeople mostly use variation of languagestyle.BIBLIOGRAPHYAlwasilah, A. Chaedar (1986) SosiologiBahasa. Bandung: Angkasa.Anti, Arry, (1998) An Analysis of Non-Standard Indonesia Language inTeenangers Magazines. Thesis S1:Padang. Bung Hatta University.8Chaer, Abdul. (2004) Sosiolinguistik.Jakarta : PT. Rineka Cipta.Fromkin, Victoria and Rodman, Robert.1985. An Analysis to Language. LosAngeles: Holt Rinehart and Winston,Inc.Holmer, Janet. (1992) An Introduction toSosiolinguistics. New York:Longman.Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_sloganHttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ InternetAdvertisementHttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertisingHttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SloganMeri Efrina (2006) An Analysis of LanguageStyle in Advertising of CleoMagazine. Thesis S1: Padang.BungHatta University.Nurul Huda (2004) An Analysis of LanguageVariation Used in Teenlits. ThesisS1: Padang. Bung Hatta University.Richards, Jack. (1985) Longman Dictionaryof Linguistics. Longman.Spolsky, Bernard. (1998) Sosiolinguistics.Longman York press.Sudaryanto (1993) Metode dan TeknikAnalisis Bahasa. Yogyakarta: DutaWacana Uuniversity Press.Sudrawati (2004) An Analysis of casual styleof Advertisement in AnekaMagazine. Thesis S1: Padang. BungHatta University.Yeager, Edwar. (1981) An Introduction tolinguistics. Boston : Little Brown andCompany

How do Argentina's found grandchildren experience knowing the truth about their biological origins, and how does this influence their identity? Their identification, restitution and reconstruction of identity has been and will continue to be closely linked to Argentina's transitional justice process. We need more knowledge about how victims of political violence experience transitional justice measures. Therefore, one of the purposes of this thesis is to contribute to a more profound understanding of what such processes imply for a society and its individuals through the context-specific study of one particular aspect of a transitional justice process. For all of my informants, getting to know the truth about their biological origins has been experienced as what Giddens (1991) refers to as a fateful moment that would change their lives. Each individual has a unique story, yet, I find that the found grandchildren have all gone through three different phases; identification – restitution – reconstruction of identity. I consider the identification and restitution as events limited in time, whereas I view the reconstruction of identity as an ongoing and continuous process in which each person is trying to restore a sense of coherent identity.

Aid co-ordination is a constant theme of discussion among national and international aid agencies in their search for more effectiveness and efficiency in delivering development assistance. This paper seeks to clarify some of the arguments currently made in support of aid co-ordination, and to precise unavoidable trade-offs born of the existence of political costs. It is anchored in the available literature on aid delivery while focusing on the implementation problems of aid co-ordination among donor countries. In particular, it deals with: (a) the issue of consistently and collectively handling possible governance failures in recipient countries; and (b) the impact of heterogeneity of donor countries on the effectiveness of aid co-ordination.

This article discusses the GKSA's (Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika) use of article 30 CO during the apartheid era. The central theoretical argument is that the GKSA Synods gave a Kuyperian content to the expression 'ecclesiastical affairs in an ecclesiastical manner' in article 30 CO, and this enabled them to evade sensitive political issues. The article states that the Kuyperian ecclesiology contains serious deficiencies and proposes that the relevant expression must rather be interpreted from the perspective of God's kingdom, because the church is a sign and instrument of God's kingdom on earth that anticipates the kingdom of God. 'Ecclesiastical affairs' ought to refer to all religious-ethical, social-ethical and spiritual issues that pertain to the principles of God's kingdom, while 'ecclesiastical manner' ought to depict the church's unique way of dealing with matters through witness, confession and proclamation

SUMMARY This study aims to examine the extent to which entrepreneurial characters of co-operative leaders is related to the success of agribusiness co-operatives ; so that the findings can be used to form strategies for developing agribusiness co-operatives. This general objective can be achieved through some of the following operational objectives ; namely to: (1) analyze factors that influence the development of co-operatives to determine success levels of agribusiness co-operatives in Indonesia ; (2) identify characteristics of co-operative entrepreneurs in successful agribusiness co-operatives ; (3) evaluate the effectiveness of co-operative education and training (CET) programs in Indonesia ; and (4) formulate strategies for developing co-operative entrepreneurs and agribusiness co-operatives in Indonesia. The research was conducted in thirty dairy co-operatives in the Provinces of West Java and East Java. The determination of dairy co-operatives as the object of study was done deliberately ; because dairy co-operatives in Indonesia are established in one of two ways ; either in the form of a KUD which is established by government policy (top-down approach) or in the form of a Non-KUD ; which is established naturally by dairy farmers (bottom-up approach). Analyses were conducted on the performance of co-operatives in 2000 ; and on the growth of co-operative businesses over five years (1996-2000). The data collected were analyzed in terms of the business and organizational aspects of co-operatives. Research respondents included co-operative boards of directors (BOD) ; managers ; employees ; and members and non-members of co-operatives ; coming to a total of 420 respondents. Two indices were made ; one each for business and organizational variables. After this was done ; both of these indexes were plotted to form quadrants ; in which the thirty dairy co-operatives distributed themselves into four typologies. The best co-operatives were those in the typology of Quadrant-I ; which had relatively better performance in both business and organizational aspects than those in the other typologies. There were ten co-operatives in Quadrant-1 ; four co-operatives in Quadrant-II ; and ten and six co-operatives in Quadrant-III and IV ; respectively. Additionally ; the two indices were then processed into a single index called the Dairy Co-operative Development Index ; which sorted the thirty sample co-operatives from best-to-worst performance. The performance of co-operative leaders was analyzed by comparing their performance among quadrants. A statistical test was used to determine whether the character of co-operative leaders was significantly different among quadrants ; particularly between Quadrant-I and the other Quadrants. This study shows that co-operative leaders in Quadrant-I have traits frequently recognized as entrepreneurial traits ; namely the highest score for internal locus of control and the need for achievement ; an ideal graph form of social motives ; as well as a moderate risk-taking attitude. To examine the third operational objective ; the study observed the implementation of CET programs in Indonesia. The primary data was obtained from 58 co-operative lecturers from 32 universities throughout Indonesia and 206 students who were taking co-operative studies at four sampled universities. In addition to this ; expert interviews were conducted with eight co-operative experts ; using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The result showed that the implementation of CET programs in Indonesia was still not effective in supporting the development of co-operatives. In addition ; a review of the implementation of co-operative education at universities showed that co-operative education was still not capable of motivating students to contribute to the development of co-operatives. The strategy proposed for developing CE consists of developing its three pillars ; namely: (1) building understanding and confidence in co-operatives ; (2) developing business and technological knowledge and skills ; and (3) developing altruistic leadership skills. Meanwhile ; the strategy for developing agribusiness co-operatives prioritizes the development of the existing agribusiness co-operatives ; which is formulated while referring to the typology of co-operatives and Co-operative Development Index.

International audience ; Current interest in fisheries co-management is first of all a reflection of the failure of conventional fisheries managementagainst a background of declining income from fishing and increasing conflicts over the exploitation of resources.Already in the nineties, a global study on the transition towards sustainable fishing based on twenty five casestudies emphasised the success of fisheries co-management (OECD, 1997).At the same time, there has been renewed interest in traditional systems of fisheries co-management: the fishers'corporations (prud'homies) in the French Mediterranean, the Lofoten islands fisheries, the Cofradias in Catalonia, theVan Chai system in Vietnam, the Panchayat village system from Andhra Pradesh. Some of these older systems are onlyon the fringes of co-management proper, which evidences the wide spectrum covered by co-management in the fishingliterature.Several major questions related to the co-management of fisheries are broached in this study:■ What are the terms of reference that would allow adequate intervention of each stakeholder in a co-managementsystem, at the level of the different phases and various scales (local, national, transnational)?■ What is the relative importance of the social, economic, institutional and legal aspects of co-management, respectively?■ What are the key factors for success or failure of fisheries co-management?■ What are the main components of conditionality for co-management in terms of framing, capacity building,data and tools?■ Are the costs of co-management higher or lower than other, more centrally-managed systems?■ What lessons drawn from international experience can be applied to the SRFC region?

International audience ; Current interest in fisheries co-management is first of all a reflection of the failure of conventional fisheries managementagainst a background of declining income from fishing and increasing conflicts over the exploitation of resources.Already in the nineties, a global study on the transition towards sustainable fishing based on twenty five casestudies emphasised the success of fisheries co-management (OECD, 1997).At the same time, there has been renewed interest in traditional systems of fisheries co-management: the fishers'corporations (prud'homies) in the French Mediterranean, the Lofoten islands fisheries, the Cofradias in Catalonia, theVan Chai system in Vietnam, the Panchayat village system from Andhra Pradesh. Some of these older systems are onlyon the fringes of co-management proper, which evidences the wide spectrum covered by co-management in the fishingliterature.Several major questions related to the co-management of fisheries are broached in this study:■ What are the terms of reference that would allow adequate intervention of each stakeholder in a co-managementsystem, at the level of the different phases and various scales (local, national, transnational)?■ What is the relative importance of the social, economic, institutional and legal aspects of co-management, respectively?■ What are the key factors for success or failure of fisheries co-management?■ What are the main components of conditionality for co-management in terms of framing, capacity building,data and tools?■ Are the costs of co-management higher or lower than other, more centrally-managed systems?■ What lessons drawn from international experience can be applied to the SRFC region?

International audience ; Current interest in fisheries co-management is first of all a reflection of the failure of conventional fisheries managementagainst a background of declining income from fishing and increasing conflicts over the exploitation of resources.Already in the nineties, a global study on the transition towards sustainable fishing based on twenty five casestudies emphasised the success of fisheries co-management (OECD, 1997).At the same time, there has been renewed interest in traditional systems of fisheries co-management: the fishers'corporations (prud'homies) in the French Mediterranean, the Lofoten islands fisheries, the Cofradias in Catalonia, theVan Chai system in Vietnam, the Panchayat village system from Andhra Pradesh. Some of these older systems are onlyon the fringes of co-management proper, which evidences the wide spectrum covered by co-management in the fishingliterature.Several major questions related to the co-management of fisheries are broached in this study:■ What are the terms of reference that would allow adequate intervention of each stakeholder in a co-managementsystem, at the level of the different phases and various scales (local, national, transnational)?■ What is the relative importance of the social, economic, institutional and legal aspects of co-management, respectively?■ What are the key factors for success or failure of fisheries co-management?■ What are the main components of conditionality for co-management in terms of framing, capacity building,data and tools?■ Are the costs of co-management higher or lower than other, more centrally-managed systems?■ What lessons drawn from international experience can be applied to the SRFC region?

International audience ; Current interest in fisheries co-management is first of all a reflection of the failure of conventional fisheries managementagainst a background of declining income from fishing and increasing conflicts over the exploitation of resources.Already in the nineties, a global study on the transition towards sustainable fishing based on twenty five casestudies emphasised the success of fisheries co-management (OECD, 1997).At the same time, there has been renewed interest in traditional systems of fisheries co-management: the fishers'corporations (prud'homies) in the French Mediterranean, the Lofoten islands fisheries, the Cofradias in Catalonia, theVan Chai system in Vietnam, the Panchayat village system from Andhra Pradesh. Some of these older systems are onlyon the fringes of co-management proper, which evidences the wide spectrum covered by co-management in the fishingliterature.Several major questions related to the co-management of fisheries are broached in this study:■ What are the terms of reference that would allow adequate intervention of each stakeholder in a co-managementsystem, at the level of the different phases and various scales (local, national, transnational)?■ What is the relative importance of the social, economic, institutional and legal aspects of co-management, respectively?■ What are the key factors for success or failure of fisheries co-management?■ What are the main components of conditionality for co-management in terms of framing, capacity building,data and tools?■ Are the costs of co-management higher or lower than other, more centrally-managed systems?■ What lessons drawn from international experience can be applied to the SRFC region?

International audience ; Current interest in fisheries co-management is first of all a reflection of the failure of conventional fisheries managementagainst a background of declining income from fishing and increasing conflicts over the exploitation of resources.Already in the nineties, a global study on the transition towards sustainable fishing based on twenty five casestudies emphasised the success of fisheries co-management (OECD, 1997).At the same time, there has been renewed interest in traditional systems of fisheries co-management: the fishers'corporations (prud'homies) in the French Mediterranean, the Lofoten islands fisheries, the Cofradias in Catalonia, theVan Chai system in Vietnam, the Panchayat village system from Andhra Pradesh. Some of these older systems are onlyon the fringes of co-management proper, which evidences the wide spectrum covered by co-management in the fishingliterature.Several major questions related to the co-management of fisheries are broached in this study:■ What are the terms of reference that would allow adequate intervention of each stakeholder in a co-managementsystem, at the level of the different phases and various scales (local, national, transnational)?■ What is the relative importance of the social, economic, institutional and legal aspects of co-management, respectively?■ What are the key factors for success or failure of fisheries co-management?■ What are the main components of conditionality for co-management in terms of framing, capacity building,data and tools?■ Are the costs of co-management higher or lower than other, more centrally-managed systems?■ What lessons drawn from international experience can be applied to the SRFC region?

Urban migration is causing a high increase in the population of Suva, Fiji, and the population is growing at a rate that exceeds development planning and infrastructure. Several squatter settlements are established within the city limits where raw sewage, containing infectious pathogens and diseases, is released into the waterways. This study focuses on the area accumulation of the pathogenic bacteria from fecal contamination in the form of E. coli down the Vatuwaga River. E. coli is used as a water quality indicator because, if it is present, other possible pathogens and viruses such as cholera and salmonella could be present. The European Union accepts anything under 200 colonies of E. coli per 100 ml of seawater as safe to eat raw shell fish. Water samples were strategically taken from six sites at areas of surface run off to find the highest source of E. coli. The levels of E. coli colonies found in the Vatuwaga River ranged between 2,500‐50,333 colonies per 100/ml. Though the results showed that the E. coli levels did not accumulate downstream, there was a significant change in E. coli levels after the mangrove forests due to their filtrating root system.

In recent years the importance of corporate governance (CG) has rising new attention, as the 2008 financial crisis illustrates. Co-operative members, staff, regulators and others stakeholders involved in the co-operative banking business became aware of the need to strengthen co-operatives governance, since this is crucial to safeguarding sound management and, ultimately, to the survival and sustainability of these organizations. With their origins rooted in the 16th century, the Portuguese Agricultural Credit Co-operatives (CCAM) have been considered central players in the economic and social development of rural regions. The goal of this paper is to determine the impact of the different governance mechanisms of co-operative banks on control management, by analysing CCAM governance and assess its efficiency in disciplining management. Hence, using data from 1995-2009 period, and multinomial logit models, the relation between CCAM performance and several control mechanisms operating within the SICAM is analysed. The results show that overall internal governance mechanisms are not related to the CCAM performance, which indicates potential weakness of the CCAM internal control mechanisms. On the other hand, external governance mechanisms are related to CCAM operational and cost efficiency indicators, demonstrating the importance of these mechanisms in disciplining CCAM management. Moreover, the results highlight the value of the supervision task of Central CCAM in the performance of the associates.

У статті розглядається цивілізаційна парадигма С. Хантінгтона, його основні ідеї я кфундатора цивілізаційної геополітики, описані передумови зародження його поглядів, а також їх актуальність для сучасного світопорядку, приділена увага критиці його ідей з точки зору цивілізаційного підходу. ; Philosophical reflection process technologization in the political sphere of public life, as it allows to know the possibilities of political technologies. Coverage antitechnology used during political races to create new myths to the coming to power of a certain political force, the possibility of keeping this power to create legitimacy in the eyes of the population and favorable psychological climate in society. ; В статье рассматривается цивилизационная парадигма С. Хантингтона, его основные идеи как основателя цивилизационной геополитики, описаны предпосылки зарождения его взглядов, а также их актуальность для современного миропорядка, уделено внимание критике его идей сточки зрения цивилизационного подхода.

Two parties bargaining over a pie, the size of which is determined by their previous investment decisions. The bargaining rule is sensitive to investment behavior. Two games are considered. In both, bargaining proceeds according to the Nash Demand Game when a symmetric investments profile is observed. When, on the other hand, an asymmetric investments profile is observed, we assume that bargaining proceeds according to the Ultimatum Game in one case and according to a Dictator Game in the other. We hereby show that in both games when a unique stochastically stable outcome exists it supports an homogeneous behavior in the whole population both at the investment stage and at the distribution stage. A norm of investment and a norm of division must therefore coevolve in the two games, supporting both the efficient investment profile and the egalitarian distribution of the surplus, respectively. The two games differ depending on the conditions needed for the two norms to coevolve. The games are proposed to explain the social norms used in modern hunter-gatherer societies.