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《基本法》雖然承諾香港循序漸進達致行政和立法機關雙普選,但回歸至今,民主政制不單停滯不前,更有倒退跡象。儘管制度沒有很大變遷,北京政府多次以不同理由拖延民主改革訴求,但親政府陣營卻逐漸擴大組織力量,降低反對派的挑戰可能,使選舉制度的競爭性降低。 ; 本文旨在探討,威權政府下舉行的選舉,究竟是促進、還是阻礙民主轉型。一般威權政府下的選舉並不穩定,反對派有可能透過不斷舉行的選舉挑戰政權,推動民主轉型。香港卻恰恰相反,反對派的不但分裂,動員能力亦逐漸降低。本文希望證明,威權主義下的選舉不一定對反對派有利,只要政權能夠鞏固選舉能力,籠絡不同社會界別孤立反對勢力,足以使反對派難以透過直接選舉推動民主。重複選舉亦不一定為反對派帶來好處,長年處於選舉威權,不但使反對派的動員能力降低,也會因策略分歧而導致路線之爭,形成轉型疲勞的局面。 ; 研究分為三部分,第一部分將檢視回歸以來選舉制度的變遷及結果,說明回歸後的選舉制度,越來越不利反對派生存。第二、三部分將探討回歸後親政府陣營及反對派的發展,當親政府陣營擴張及善理主從網絡,反對派則逐漸分裂,甚至因策略分歧互相攻訐,使反對派從選舉獲得的資源和挑戰政權的機會越來越少。 ; Basic Law has stipulated that Hong Kong will have universal suffrage gradually for legislative and executive branch. Despite that, after the handover from Britain, Chinese government has deferred democratization and suppressed opposition's urge. Besides, the pro-government coalition has established hegemony in electoral arena, which is impossible for opposition to compete with. The competitiveness of the stunned electoral politics has been further decreased. ; This article aimed to discuss whether the election hold under electoral authoritarianism is beneficial to democratization. According to hybrid regime researches, continuing elections, despite partially, create opportunities for oppositions to challenge the ruling coalition and install democratic virtues. Hong Kong is suffering from another way. Decreasing mobilization power, splitting opposition forces has shadowed democratic movement. The article aimed to suggest that provided the ruling coalition has ability to increase mobilization power and co-opting political elites, opposition loses opportunity structure to implement democratic process. They have to encounter demobilization and internal struggle within transition fatigue environment. ; There are three parts in the research. Firstly, I evaluate electoral reform and the result of repeating elections after handover. It is suggested that opposition becomes difficult to survive. The second and third sections would discuss the development of ruling elite and opposition from 1997-2012. When the ruling elite ...

Wong, Ho Yin. ; Thesis submitted in: October 2008. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-275). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.ii ; 緒論 --- p.iii ; Acknowledgement --- p.iv ; Abbreviations --- p.ix ; List of Tables --- p.ix ; Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introductory Chapter --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- The Two Research Questions --- p.3 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of Studying the DPJ --- p.6 ; Chapter 1.4 --- Dissertation Framework --- p.7 ; Chapter 1.5 --- Chapter Conclusion --- p.12 ; Chapter Chapter 2: --- Background of Japanese Politics --- p.14 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Opposition Failure in Japan --- p.15 ; Chapter 2.2 --- External Constraints Faced by Opposition Parties --- p.17 ; Chapter 2.2.1 --- Electoral System --- p.17 ; Chapter 2.2.2 --- Electoral Campaign Law --- p.21 ; Chapter 2.2.3 --- Clientelism and Centralized Government Financial Structure --- p.22 ; Chapter 2.2.4 --- Party Organization of the LDP --- p.23 ; Chapter 2.2.5 --- Voting Behavior --- p.27 ; Chapter 2.2.6 --- Press Club System --- p.28 ; Chapter 2.2.7 --- Conclusion --- p.31 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Opposition Fragmentation in Japanese Politics --- p.32 ; Chapter 2.3.1 --- Opposition Fragmentation under the 55´ة System --- p.32 ; Chapter 2.3.2 --- Opposition Cooperation and the Break Down of the 55´ة System --- p.37 ; Chapter 2.3.3 --- The New Party System and Opposition Coalition Failure --- p.39 ; Chapter 2.3.4 --- The NFP Internal Fragmentation --- p.43 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Opposition Failure and the DPJ --- p.48 ; Chapter 2.4.1 --- The Emergence of the DPJ --- p.49 ; Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Expansion of the DPJ --- p.52 ; Chapter 2.5 --- Chapter Conclusion --- p.54 ; Chapter Chapter 3: --- Theory and Methodology --- p.57 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Party System --- p.58 ; Chapter 3.1.1 --- Four Attributes of a Party System --- p.58 ; Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Number of Parties --- p.59 ; Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Relative Strength and Size --- ...

Ming, Sze Chai. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-140). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese, some text in appendix also in Chinese. ; ABSTRACT ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ; TABLE OF CONTENTS ; LIST OF FIGURES ; LIST OF TABLES ; LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ; Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION ; Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Research Questions and Objectives --- p.2 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Research Significance --- p.3 ; Chapter 1.4 --- Research Area --- p.4 ; Chapter 1.5 --- Thesis Outline --- p.6 ; Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF CHINA AFTER 1979 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Urban Development before 1978 --- p.7 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Two Fundamental Issues of Urban Transformation in China --- p.9 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Major Transformation in the Post-Reform China --- p.11 ; Chapter 2.3.1 --- The Emergence of the Market --- p.11 ; Chapter 2.3.2 --- Decentralization --- p.12 ; Chapter 2.3.3 --- Globalization --- p.13 ; Chapter 2.3.4 --- A New Form of Government Behaviour: Growth Coalitions --- p.16 ; Chapter 2.3.5 --- Interaction between Central and Local Government --- p.18 ; Chapter 2.3.6 --- Interaction among Local Governments --- p.21 ; Chapter 2.3.7 --- Changes in the Social-Cultural Environment --- p.22 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Previous Studies on Kunshan --- p.27 ; Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.29 ; Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH DESIGN ; Chapter 3.1 --- Research Objectives --- p.30 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Conceptual Framework: System Approach --- p.32 ; Chapter 3.2.1 --- Components and Operation of a System --- p.34 ; Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Inputs --- p.35 ; Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Processes --- p.38 ; Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Outputs --- p.38 ; Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Feedback --- p.39 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Research Framework and Design --- p.39 ; Chapter 3.3.1 --- Case Study --- p.40 ; Chapter 3.3.2 --- Documentary and Data Analysis --- p.41 ; Chapter 3.3.3 --- Interviews --- p.41 ; Chapter 3.3.4 --- Fieldwork --- p.43 ...