Suchergebnisse

Describes the study of visual perception within the theoretical framework of cognitive neurosciences. Discusses sciences of the brain and sciences of the mind. (SJO)

Chapman & Huffman (2018) note that our tendency to categorize leads to a sense of human superiority that helps justify violence against nonhuman animals. Yet animals are turning out to have capacities previously thought to be uniquely human. We add a further factor that may contribute to the false sense of human superiority: the "corticocentric" bias of neuroscience. An evolutionary approach may help identify species similarities and differences, providing a better understanding of the uniqueness of each species.

Organizational cognitive neuroscience (OCN) is the cognitive neuroscientific study of organizational behavior. OCN lets us start to understand the relationship between our organizational behavior and our brains and allows us to dissect specific social processes at the neurobiological level and apply a wider range of analysis to specific organizational research questions. The current paper examines the utility of OCN to address specific organizational research questions. A brief history and definition of the approach is first provided. Next, a discussion of the rationale for OCN as a research framework is provided, and then, finally, an overview of the range of techniques that the organizational researcher should (or should not) use is described.

Organe vital et aux performances inégalées parmi les autres espèces vivantes, le cerveau humain n'en finit pas de nous surprendre. Les progrès dans la connaissance de son fonctionnement au cours des dernières décennies ont été considérables. Mais il reste encore beaucoup à découvrir et à explorer, pour à la fois comprendre comment l'homme grandit, réfléchit, pense, apprend, s'adapte, ressent…, avancer sur les moyens d'améliorer le fonctionnement (notamment en matière d'apprentissage) du cerveau et d'en réparer les dysfonctionnements, quels qu'ils soient. C'est pourquoi la revue Futuribles a décidé de commencer cette année 2019 par un numéro très largement consacré au cerveau humain, et plus spécialement aux progrès des sciences cognitives, des neurosciences et de leurs apports en matière d'éducation et d'apprentissage. Cet article d'Olivier Houdé présente les apports — récents et sans doute encore trop limités — des recherches en neurosciences et sciences cognitives dans le domaine de l'éducation. L'auteur souligne notamment l'importance qu'ont eue les recherches sur le cerveau, grâce aux observations de son fonctionnement in vivo , dans la compréhension des mécanismes d'apprentissage des enfants. Il insiste en particulier sur les deux formes complémentaires d'apprentissage neurocognitif que sont l'automatisation et le contrôle par l'inhibition (ou « désautomatisation »). Il précise la façon dont elles se manifestent dans le cerveau et les systèmes de pensée qui les activent. Les avancées dans la compréhension de ces mécanismes ont ainsi ouvert de nouvelles pistes en sciences de l'éducation. S.D.

In the nineteenth century, there was substantial and sophisticated interest in neuroscience on the part of social theorists, including Comte and Spencer, and later Simon Patten and Charles Ellwood. This body of thinking faced a dead end: it could do little more than identify highly general mechanisms, and could not provide accounts of such questions as `why was there no proletarian revolution?' Psychologically dubious explanations, relying on neo-Kantian views of the mind, replaced them. With the rise of neuroscience, however, some of the problems of concern to earlier thinkers, such as imitation, have revived because of the discovery of neuronal mechanisms, or through fMRI studies. The article reviews the history and discusses the implications of current work for the reconsideration of traditional social theory concepts. It is suggested that certain kinds of bridging work with neuroscience would enable us to answer many questions in social theory that empirical sociology has failed to answer.

This volume provides a thorough and up-to-date synthesis of the expansive and highly influential literature from the last 30 years by bringing together contributions from leading authorities in the field, with emphasis placed on the most commonly investigated drugs of abuse. Emphasises the most commonly investigated drugs of abuse, including alcohol, cocaine, nicotine, and opiates Brings together the work of the leading authorities in all major areas of the field Provides novel coverage of cutting-edge methods for using cognitive neuroscience to advance the treatment of addiction, including

Cognitive neuroscience was born when the theories and methods of cognitive psychology and neuropsychology were combined after a long period of parallel development. Over the last few decades, neuroscientific studies have begun to meet the challenge of understanding cognitive functions, thereby identifying the causal chain of neural events that underlies cognition. The development of powerful brain imaging technologies is now likely to present a range of opportunities in many spheres of public life, such as the criminal and civil justice system, and the business world.