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ObjectiveMarriage is considered to protect health via multiple mechanisms, but this effect may have weakened as marriage has become deinstitutionalized in the United States. This article tests for cross‐cohort decline in the protective effect of marriage.MethodsChange in the association between marital status and subjective general health over three birth cohorts was estimated using the 1984–2011 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (N = 12,373). Analyses included least‐squares, random‐effects, and fixed‐effects regression models, representing increasingly conservative approaches to ruling out selection bias.ResultsDespite associations between marriage and better health among both men and women, estimated by least‐squares and random‐effects regression, the fixed‐effects models found health improvement relative to remaining unmarried only in very long (≥10 year) marriages, and only among women. This effect was completely attenuated among women in the youngest birth cohort.ConclusionThe modest benefit of marriage for women's subjective health has eroded in recent cohorts.

Nilsson K. The feeling of tiredness among Swedish parents: a longitudinal cohort comparisonInt J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 424–432 © 2009 The Author, Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.In Europe, there is an ongoing debate on how to combine work and family life, a problem many women face today. Implicit in this debate is that women are more affected by having children compared with women in earlier generations. This article presents a cohort study on how Swedish women and men's reported feelings of tiredness is affected by having children. Longitudinal results representing three cohorts show that both men and women in general report more feelings of tiredness in the early 2000s compared with the 1980s. Being a first‐time mother or father is connected with more feelings of tiredness among the latest cohort studied. However, when control variables are included, the effect of becoming a first‐time parent weakens, especially for men. Finally, the effect of becoming a first‐time mother is no longer significant when controlling for age.

We study whether educational homogamy has increased following the rise of women's educational attainment and of egalitarian couples in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. From the analysis of data from the European Union and Swiss Labour Force Surveys over a 15-year period (1999-2013), we observe that educational homogamy did not increase across cohorts, although we find substantial differences in the degree of homogamy according to couple arrangements.

Studies have revealed a trend of de-standardization of trajectories to adulthood in both Europe and the United States since the late 1960s. However, few empirical studies have examined this trend in the Chinese context. This study constructed trajectory sequences of the transition to adulthood of Chinese youth, and used Shannon entropy to investigate the de-standardization of trajectories to adulthood among these young people. We found that standardization and de-standardization dynamics coexisted, depending on cohorts and life domains. The family life course trajectories (union formation and fertility) generally maintained a standardized tendency, and the occupational trajectories of early cohorts showed remarkable standardization. The cohorts of 1960–1969 and 1970–1979 presented a reversal trend toward de-standardization. There was significant sex and urban–rural heterogeneity in the occupational trajectories across cohorts. The standardization of early occupational trajectories of males was more pronounced than that of females, and that of rural residents was higher than that of urban residents.

The data indicated that (1) past poor health, past work experiences, job satisfaction, job complexity, and the physical demands of the job, as well as assets, influence labor force participation; and (2) past poor health, past work disability, job satisfaction, and education influence health. (Abstract amended)

A career perspective is used to highlight the temporal variations, self-processes, & social-structural factors in adult human development, using national longitudinal data on men aged 45-54 interviewed in 1966 & reinterviewed in 1971 & 1976. Analysis indicates that: (1) past poor health, past work experiences, job satisfaction, job complexity, & the physical demands of the job, as well as assets, influence labor force participation; & (2) past poor health, past work disability, job satisfaction, & education influence health. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 51 References. HA

Using twenty-six interviews with Mexican American veterans, this study analyzes cohort effects between Vietnam War veterans to Iraq and/or Afghanistan veterans on the meanings and experiences of pain from combat, masculinity, and how ethnicity affects expressions of pain. Although there were relative similarities between the cohorts, differences arose because of age. Vietnam veterans understood their pain to be long-lasting and have built coping mechanisms around a lifetime of pain, as opposed to younger veterans who have not yet solidified coping strategies. Machismo plays a dynamic part in the expression and daily experience with pain for young veterans, as opposed to older veterans who enjoy relaxed gendered obligations based on their age. Finally, older veterans used family as a base of social support, as opposed to younger veterans who found support from peer-mentor programs. In addition, respondents indicated that machismo acted more as guiding principle and offered them motivations to seek help, and not necessarily barriers to health. Overall, both cohorts are governed by strict gender standards and expressions influenced by their ethnic identity. Findings suggest that the study of race/ethnicity and age plays a fundamental framework from which to understand the experiences and behaviors of pain.

The aim of this study is to compare the levels of volunteering by German baby boomers, who are currently in their fifties and sixties, to cohorts born earlier. Using data from the German Aging Survey (DEAS), logistic and negative binomial regressions were employed to analyze the prevalence and time contributions that baby boomers invest in volunteering. The study indicates a higher prevalence of volunteering by baby boomers compared with earlier-born cohorts and suggests that the large size of this cohort will imply high levels of volunteering that could increase even further as the cohort approaches retirement. Moreover, our findings suggest stability in voluntary time contributions by baby boomers compared with earlier-born cohorts; this contrasts with the existing research showing decreased overall time contributions to volunteering. The study underscores the importance of considering cohort-specific differences in voluntary engagement behavior to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of volunteering.