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The aim of this article is to examine the similarities and differences between the use of force after 1990 and colonial police operations of the 19th and 20th Centuries. Our goal is to analyze and compare three aspects of these armed operations: the underlying ideologies, the aims and goals, and the means and methods. The article tends to demonstrate that today we assist to "the return of history", the pre-Cold War history, rather than to the "end of history". Despite some obvious differences between the two types of interventions, the article states that there are more similarities than divergences between these operations and that we are witnessing the emergence of a form of neocolonialism based on the liberal ideology.

Résumé L'élargissement de l'OTAN à l'est a été une des dimensions les plus importantes de la redéfinition de l'Alliance après la Guerre froide. Cet objectif visait à étendre l'aire de sécurité atlantique tout en contribuant à la stabilité de l'ancien bloc communiste. Si ce processus a bénéficié du soutien d'une large part des élites politiques en Europe de l'Est, il a dans le même temps suscité une profonde méfiance en Russie. Après bien des années de tensions, la période récente semble propice à l'émergence d'un vrai partenariat avec la Russie. Cependant, comme le suggère cet article, un tel rapprochement paraît plus difficile que ce que peuvent en dire certains experts. La coopération avec la Russie est sans doute possible, et nécessaire, sur des points bien précis, mais elle n'efface pas pour autant les différences substantielles entre l'OTAN et la Russie, qui ne peuvent que persister.

Given a political context in which energy and environmental stakes have become increasingly dominant, road engineering practices have favoured saving energy and protecting the environment. Among these practices, the use of cold mixes treated with bitumen emulsion has proven to be a suitable technique. Cold mix design however, as well as the design of pavements including cold mix asphalt layers, is highly empirical and based on local skills. From prior experience, the transposition of established local rules from one site to another and their application to medium or heavy traffic pavements are not simple steps and tend to limit the development of this environmentally-friendly pavement technique. The first step in designing a pavement consists of knowing the stress-strain relationship of its constitutive materials in order to determine the stresses and strains generated by heavy lorry traffic. During a second step, these values must be compared with the mechanical durability of materials by reliance on damage tests comprising large numbers of load cycles. In the case of CMA, no mechanical behaviour law has been established to take into account both the fresh and cured states. This work aims to improve the knowledge acquired on this material. For this, an evolutiv model for the cold mix asphalt with bitumen emulsion incorporating the evolution of the material from its fresh state to its cured state has been developed. In addition, a new characterization test was developed and put in place to monitor the evolution of the reversible mechanical performance of the material. The results obtained from the test campaigns helped to calibrate the model and show the relevance of the model. ; Dans un contexte politique où les enjeux énergétiques et environnementaux sont de plus en plus importants, il faut favoriser les techniques économes en énergie et plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Parmi ces pratiques, l'utilisation d'enrobés à l'émulsion de bitume s'est révélée être prometteuse. La fabrication et la conception d'une ...