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The paper analyzes the evolution of public opinion attitudes on transatlantic issues in United States & the European countries. The paper distinguishes two main periods in Transatlantic Relations & examines the evolution of foreign policy attitudes in these two periods. A first period, during the Cold War, was characterized by a foreign policy consensus on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, this consensus was based on the combination of Atlanticism & Europeanism. With different emphasis in the different countries the Atlantic & European choice were seen as crucial to insure the domestic political stability & the foreign policy security. While in Europe the Cold War consensus was first based on a Center-Right coalition & later on extended to the Left, as a consequence of the post-Stalinism & the increasing institutionalization of European integration. In the United States it combined the Liberal & Conservative wings. This consensus broke down as a consequence of the Vietnam war & the detente crisis in the '70s. In Europe, the main consequence was the fracturing of the Left-Right consensus on foreign policy. This double cleavage has been brought forth during the Post-Cold War period & it has manifested itself in its starker way after the 9/11 events & a more unilateralist American foreign policy. The author discusses the different structure of public opinion in Europe ad the United States might have played in the tense relationships between Europe & US during the Iraq war. 4 Tables, 39 References. Adapted from the source document.

In 1948, during the first war of Italian national independence, Antonio Rosmini had strongly claimed that, in the case of Italy, a good constitution had to be approved before the unification of the Peninsula could be accomplished. In his view, only after establishing an adequate "constitutional statute", could "substance" be given to society. As it is well known, things went in a very different way. National Unity was achieved without any preliminary reference to the order of constitutional institutions. The Statute (written constitution), which had been granted by Carl Albert to the Kingdom of Sardinia, was extended to the Kindom of Italy, with several "tacit" modifications due to habits. But the life of the representative government turned out shaky, until it fell due to the rising of fascism. The subsequent fascist regime also fell, however, because of the defeat in World War Two. The so-called "First Republic" followed, and it also finished, at the end of the cold war. Today, the results of the events of the recent past seem uncertain. The common trait of the three constitutional experiences of united Italy seems to be the will to establish an order informed by positive law, and hence grounded on the will of completely independent men. This is the result of abandoning any reference to the superiority of a transcendent natural law. Adapted from the source document.

The debate between realists and liberals in the field of International Relations concerning the causes and effects of economic interdependence among states has led to a remarkable branch of empirical literature, but hardly any research has studied such dynamics in the period following the Cold War, which is so often defined "the age of globalization". This article is based on a quantitative analysis of the influence of international politics on commercial flows in the post-bipolar period and it performs such analysis on two datasets: the first one including all countries of the system for which data are available and the second one focused on the countries that previous similar studies have identified as great powers. The results show that the contemporary international system is marked by a high degree of complexity and by the simultaneous action of different and even contrasting logics. Liberal variables such as democracy and economic international institutions exert a remarkable effect on international trade, especially at the global level, but international security and even power politics issues are still relevant, particularly for the great powers in their reciprocal relationships. Adapted from the source document.

The article aims to enrich our understanding of the double-concept of "peace/war" in international relations, & of its place in international theory, starting from an examination of its relations with issues of power & freedom. The authors look at history to comprehend the essential features of peace & war in different systems of states as they have historically developed; but they also turn to contemporary international politics to highlight the ways in which both peace & war have changed since the end of the Cold War. Finally, the article investigates the politics of "peace/war" in the international order of today, with particular reference to globalization & the role of American hegemony. Adapted from the source document.

The victory of Western liberal states that ended the Cold War generated the hope that international relations could be inspired by the ideals of democracy & the rule of law. Cosmopolitan democracy is a collective project of normative political theory originally developed by a group of European thinkers in the early 1990s with the aim to provide intellectual arguments in favor of an extension of democracy within states & at the global level. While some significant successes have been achieved in terms of democratization within states, much less has been attained in democratizing the global system. The aim of this review article is twofold: on the one hand, it reaffirms the basic concepts of cosmopolitan democracy. On the other hand, it discusses the critical remarks made by a variety of perspectives including the Realist, the Marxist, the Communitarian & the Multiculturalist. References. Adapted from the source document.

Clemens Von Metternich and Henry Kissinger were two of the most important statesmen of modern and contemporary age. Among realist, policy makers, they were masters in the use of secrecy as a diplomatic mean. The article is divided into three sections. The first one looks at Metternich and Kissinger's diplomatic style in comparison with the social experiences. It was the Revolution in France and the rise of the Nazi regime in Germany, that founded their conception of the foreign affairs as of the international order. The second part of the work attempts to apply at opposed diplomatic sceneries a triadic model of interaction among states. In particular, it looks at the role of Austria into the Holy Alliance during Metternich's era and the Nixon-Kissinger's opening to China during the Cold War. The conclusion aims to explain in which ways the two statesmen implemented their policies. Regarding the systemic effects promoted by Metternich and Kissinger's diplomacy, the article also provides a final evaluation of their strategies. Adapted from the source document.

Historically the Mediterranean has been crossed by civilizations, peoples and goods which interacted, not always peacefully, respecting pluralism and mutual acknowledgment. The colonial expansion was a rupture which introduced the European hegemony all over the basin denying the "other". France and Italy were the most relevant beneficiaries. Italian colonialism started in the Red Sea and founded the Empire in the Horn but landed in the Northern Africa with Libya's conquest in 1911-12. Not even decolonization, with the access to independence of the colonial possessions after the Second World War, entirely filled the gap between North and South opened by colonialism as such because of the asymmetry at the level of power and the economic and commercial dependence. Italy pursued its international alliances in a perspective focussed on the Atlantic Ocean. Despite the Cold War strains Rome tried to save a good neighbouring with the Arab states. Europe has its border -- as a place where the diverse actors meet -- in the Mediterranean. However, the united Europe failed in all the attempts to bring about a real cooperation with the South shore. The Euro-Mediterranean partnership setup in 1995 did not survive the evaluation Conference ten years later. Is the cooperation season over? Italy too has been involved in the coalition that waged a war to accelerate the collapse of Qadhafi's regime under attack from an internal upsurge covering the will of France to reaffirm a post-colonial influence after the liberty wave (Arab Spring) that is going to change the profile of North Africa. Adapted from the source document.