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»Nobody listens to the people that live in poverty when making decisions in this world.« (Malang Kohestani, Afghan story collector and singer) About the necessity and challenge to research de-colonially..

Als I.D. Ulrich Pregitzers Icti & Consiliarii Würtembergici, über das Schilteri Diatribam de Praerogative Comitum & Und Wolfgangii de Gemmingen [et]c. [et]c. de Conjunctione antiqua Comitum . Collectore Joanne Stephano Burgermeistero, U.J.D. Consilar. Saxon. & quonadam Ordinis Equestris . ; Titelblatt in Rot- und Schwarzdruck ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- 4 J.publ.g. 228

Als I.D. Ulrich Pregitzers Icti & Consiliarii Würtembergici, über das Schilteri Diatribam de Praerogative Comitum & Und Wolfgangii de Gemmingen [et]c. [et]c. de Conjunctione antiqua Comitum . Collectore Joanne Stephano Burgermeistero, U.J.D. Consilar. Saxon. & quonadam Ordinis Equestris . ; Titelblatt in Rot- und Schwarzdruck ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- 4 J.publ.g. 227

Das Sammeln druckgrafischer Bildnisse erfreute sich im 18. Jahrhundert der zunehmenden Wertschätzung einer gebildeten bürgerlichen Sammlerschicht. Auch aristokratische Sammler legten Porträtsammlungen ihrer Ahnen und Zeitgenossen in Klebebänden oder Kassetten an, die mitunter an die 100.000 Einzelbildnisse umfassen konnten.Während sich etwa Prinz Eugen von Savoyen seine Sammlung von Kunsthändlern arrangieren ließ, verbrachten Kaiser Franz I. von Österreich oder Louis-Philippe I. von Frankreich viel Zeit damit, ihre Porträts selbst in eine ideale Ordnung zu überführen.Man begegnet Gliederungen nach Staaten, nach Berufsstand oder nach historischen Epochen – je nach dem Anspruch, den der Sammler an seine Kollektion stellte. Die Ordnungssystematik wurde so zum Medium fürstlicher Repräsentation.

Alfred Beit (1853-1906) has been called a financial genius. When he went to South Africa in 1875, no one could imagine that the son of converted Hamburg Jews would soon become one of the richest men of his time - thanks to the diamonds of Kimberley and the gold of the Witwatersrand.As a co-founder of De Beers Ltd. and close friend of Cecil Rhodes, the charismatic promoter of British imperialism in southern Africa, Alfred Beit became one of the colonial fathers of Rhodesia. A British subject from 1898, he tried to mediate politically in the conflicts that developed between Germany and Britain with their respective empires, but failed to achieve a reconciliation between the two powers.Alfred Beit was himself a very prominent art collector and throughout his career he generously supported countless nonprofit-making institutions. TheHamburg Scientific Foundation itself owes its founding to one of his major donations. Beit's will passed on his wealth to a trust, which has financed development aid projects since 1906.This is the first comprehensive biography of this outstanding businessman, art collector and internationally active philanthropist

Alfred Beit (1853-1906) has been called a financial genius. When he went to South Africa in 1875, no one could imagine that the son of converted Hamburg Jews would soon become one of the richest men of his time - thanks to the diamonds of Kimberley and the gold of the Witwatersrand.As a co-founder of De Beers Ltd. and close friend of Cecil Rhodes, the charismatic promoter of British imperialism in southern Africa, Alfred Beit became one of the colonial fathers of Rhodesia. A British subject from 1898, he tried to mediate politically in the conflicts that developed between Germany and Britain with their respective empires, but failed to achieve a reconciliation between the two powers.Alfred Beit was himself a very prominent art collector and throughout his career he generously supported countless nonprofit-making institutions. TheHamburg Scientific Foundation itself owes its founding to one of his major donations. Beit's will passed on his wealth to a trust, which has financed development aid projects since 1906.This is the first comprehensive biography of this outstanding businessman, art collector and internationally active philanthropist.

Alfred Beit (1853-1906) has been called a financial genius. When he went to South Africa in 1875, no one could imagine that the son of converted Hamburg Jews would soon become one of the richest men of his time - thanks to the diamonds of Kimberley and the gold of the Witwatersrand.As a co-founder of De Beers Ltd. and close friend of Cecil Rhodes, the charismatic promoter of British imperialism in southern Africa, Alfred Beit became one of the colonial fathers of Rhodesia. A British subject from 1898, he tried to mediate politically in the conflicts that developed between Germany and Britain with their respective empires, but failed to achieve a reconciliation between the two powers.Alfred Beit was himself a very prominent art collector and throughout his career he generously supported countless nonprofit-making institutions. TheHamburg Scientific Foundation itself owes its founding to one of his major donations. Beit's will passed on his wealth to a trust, which has financed development aid projects since 1906.This is the first comprehensive biography of this outstanding businessman, art collector and internationally active philanthropist

Alfred Beit (1853-1906) has been called a financial genius. When he went to South Africa in 1875, no one could imagine that the son of converted Hamburg Jews would soon become one of the richest men of his time - thanks to the diamonds of Kimberley and the gold of the Witwatersrand.As a co-founder of De Beers Ltd. and close friend of Cecil Rhodes, the charismatic promoter of British imperialism in southern Africa, Alfred Beit became one of the colonial fathers of Rhodesia. A British subject from 1898, he tried to mediate politically in the conflicts that developed between Germany and Britain with their respective empires, but failed to achieve a reconciliation between the two powers.Alfred Beit was himself a very prominent art collector and throughout his career he generously supported countless nonprofit-making institutions. TheHamburg Scientific Foundation itself owes its founding to one of his major donations. Beit's will passed on his wealth to a trust, which has financed development aid projects since 1906.This is the first comprehensive biography of this outstanding businessman, art collector and internationally active philanthropist.

Alfred Beit (1853-1906) has been called a financial genius. When he went to South Africa in 1875, no one could imagine that the son of converted Hamburg Jews would soon become one of the richest men of his time - thanks to the diamonds of Kimberley and the gold of the Witwatersrand.As a co-founder of De Beers Ltd. and close friend of Cecil Rhodes, the charismatic promoter of British imperialism in southern Africa, Alfred Beit became one of the colonial fathers of Rhodesia. A British subject from 1898, he tried to mediate politically in the conflicts that developed between Germany and Britain with their respective empires, but failed to achieve a reconciliation between the two powers.Alfred Beit was himself a very prominent art collector and throughout his career he generously supported countless nonprofit-making institutions. TheHamburg Scientific Foundation itself owes its founding to one of his major donations. Beit's will passed on his wealth to a trust, which has financed development aid projects since 1906.This is the first comprehensive biography of this outstanding businessman, art collector and internationally active philanthropist.

Alfred Beit (1853-1906) has been called a financial genius. When he went to South Africa in 1875, no one could imagine that the son of converted Hamburg Jews would soon become one of the richest men of his time - thanks to the diamonds of Kimberley and the gold of the Witwatersrand.As a co-founder of De Beers Ltd. and close friend of Cecil Rhodes, the charismatic promoter of British imperialism in southern Africa, Alfred Beit became one of the colonial fathers of Rhodesia. A British subject from 1898, he tried to mediate politically in the conflicts that developed between Germany and Britain with their respective empires, but failed to achieve a reconciliation between the two powers.Alfred Beit was himself a very prominent art collector and throughout his career he generously supported countless nonprofit-making institutions. TheHamburg Scientific Foundation itself owes its founding to one of his major donations. Beit's will passed on his wealth to a trust, which has financed development aid projects since 1906.This is the first comprehensive biography of this outstanding businessman, art collector and internationally active philanthropist.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Leben und Werk des Bergbauingenieurs, Unternehmers, Mäzens und Mineraliensammlers Dr. Richard Baldauf (1848-1931) untersucht und in einen wissenschaftshistorischen Zusammenhang gebracht. Eine Neubearbeitung der Biografie von Richard Baldauf (1848-1931) förderte interessante Details, besonders in Zusammenhang mit den politischen und wirtschaftlichen Umständen der damaligen Zeit, zutage. Die Bearbeitung von Mineralproben aus seiner Sammlung zeigt die Entwicklungen und Fortschritte im Wissenschaftszweig Mineralogie innerhalb der letzten 100 Jahre auf. Julius Richard Baldauf wurde am 09. März 1848 in Chemnitz geboren. Nach erfolgreichem Abschluss seines Bergbauingenieurstudiums im Jahr 1869 blieb Baldauf weiterhin als bergmännischer Kurspraktikant an der Königlich-Sächsischen Bergakademie Freiberg eingeschrieben, um den Grad eines Markscheiders zu erhalten. Es folgten Anstellungen im damals tiefsten Kohlenschacht Deutschlands "Frisch Glück" in Oelsnitz (1871-1874) und beim Hänichener Steinkohlenbauverein (1874-1876). Die böhmische Braunkohle machte der sächsischen Steinkohle gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts allmählich Konkurrenz. Sie kam bereits im Jahr 1880 auf sechs Eisenbahnlinien und auf der Elbe nach Sachsen. Später breitete sich ihr Einsatz auf das gesamte Deutsche Kaiserreich aus. Diese wirtschaftliche Gunst wurde auch von Richard Baldauf erkannt. Er siedelte mit seiner Ehefrau Rosalie (geb. Rudolph, 1855-1918) und seinen Kindern nach Nordwestböhmen über, um im Braunkohlenbergbau tätig zu werden. Baldauf nahm zunächst Anstellungen als Bergverwalter in Klostergrab (Hrob) und als Bergdirektor in Ladowitz (Ledvice) an, bis es 1891 in Gemeinschaft mit seinem Schwager Hermann Eduard Rudolph (1846- ?) zur Gründung der Baldauf-Rudolphschen Braunkohlenwerke kam, die ihren Hauptsitz in Dux (Duchcov) hatten. Das Baldauf-Rudolphsche Braunkohlenwerk erwarb im Laufe der Jahre mehrere Grubenfelder, u. a. die Grube Hermann in Sobrusan (Zabrušany), Grube Richard in Brüx (Most) und die Grube Marianne in Skyritz (Skyřice). Im Jahr 1913 besaß der Betrieb insgesamt 20 Gruben im nordwestböhmischen Braunkohlenrevier. Richard Baldauf war ein fortschrittlich denkender und technisch interessierter Mensch. So wollte er bereits im Jahr 1883 moderne Abraummaschinen aus England in Böhmen einführen. Sein fortschrittliches Denken führte auch dazu, dass er mit der Grube Richard in Brüx (Most) einen wirtschaftlichen Tagebaubetrieb schuf. Dieser zählte zu den technisch modernsten Anlagen im Revier. Der Mitbegründer des Baldauf-Rudolphschen Braunkohlenwerks war der Architekt Hermann Eduard Rudolph. Er schloss sein Studium an der Kunstakademie Dresden im Jahr 1872 ab, um anschließend als Baumeister und Architekt in Teplitz (Teplice) zu wirken. Dass Hermann sehr erfolgreich war, zeigte er beim Bau der Teplitzer Synagoge, denn hier wurden seine Baupläne umgesetzt. Martin Baldauf, einziger Sohn von Richard und Rosalie Baldauf, sollte auch Bergbau in Freiberg studieren, um später die Geschäfte im väterlichen Braunkohlenwerk fortführen zu können. Er übernahm ab dem Jahr 1908 im Verwaltungsgebäude des Hermannschachts in Dux (Duchcov) die kaufmännischen Arbeiten. Durch die erfolgreiche Unternehmertätigkeit im böhmischen Braunkohlenrevier ist die Familie Baldauf zu Wohlstand gekommen. Mit diesem finanziellen Hintergrund war es Richard Baldauf möglich, ab dem Jahr 1904 eine wertvolle Mineraliensammlung aufzubauen und als Mäzen der Geowissenschaften in Sachsen hervorzutreten. Im Laufe von 25 Jahren hatte er 10 000 Mineralstufen zusammengetragen. Die in vier Teilkollektionen gegliederte Sammlung legte er nach wissenschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten an. In seinem "Öffentlichen Mineralogischen Museum", welches er auf der Geinitzstraße 5 in Dresden im Jahr 1916 eröffnete, präsentierte er unentgeltlich seine eindrucksvollen Mineralstufen. Der erfolgreiche Fortbestand des Braunkohlenunternehmens war nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg nicht mehr möglich, da nach Kriegsende eine politische Neuordnung in Europa entstand. Das führte im Jahr 1920 zwangsläufig zum Verkauf der Baldaufschen Gruben in Böhmen an die Tschechische Handelsgesellschaft. Mit dem Anteil des Erlöses aus dem Braunkohlenwerk wagte Richard Baldaufs Sohn Martin einen Neuanfang als Schokoladenfabrikant in Braunschweig, da Lebens- und Genussmittel nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg dringend benötigt wurden. Aufgrund der hohen Konkurrenz in dieser Branche, der zunehmenden Geldentwertung und eintretenden Weltwirtschaftskrise im Jahr 1929 bekam die Familie Baldauf, wie viele andere Familien auch, finanzielle Probleme. Die Fortführung des neugegründeten Unternehmens war nun nicht mehr möglich. Richard Baldauf wollte seinem Sohn aus der finanziellen Krise heraushelfen. So hegte er den Gedanken, seine wertvolle Sammlung zu verkaufen. Aus diesem Grund sind in den Jahren 1929 und 1930 zahlreiche Verkaufsverhandlungen im In- und Ausland durchgeführt worden, die aber erfolglos blieben. Der Verkauf der geschlossenen Sammlung wurde erst im Jahr 1939 durch Baldaufs Erben möglich. Im Zeitraum 1904 bis 1929 war Richard Baldauf mit dem Aufbau seiner Mineraliensammlung beschäftigt und wurde als Mäzen in Sachsen aktiv. Baldauf war vor allen in Fachkreisen für seine Großzügigkeit und seinen Einsatz als Förderer bekannt. Er ermöglichte dem Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie Dresden, dem Mineralogisch-Geologischen Institut der TH Dresden, der Bergakademie Freiberg und dem dortigen Institut für Geologie und Lagerstättenlehre die Anschaffungen wertvoller Minerale, teilweise ganzer Sammlungen sowie wissenschaftlicher Instrumente. An dieser Stelle ist die Baldauf-Stiftung in Höhe von 1 Million Mark aus dem Jahr 1920 besonders hervorzuheben. Diese Summe stammte aus dem Verkauf des Baldauf-Rudolphschen Braunkohlenwerkes und sollte der TH Dresden zu Unterstützungszwecken dienen. Im Rahmen der Dissertation wurde ein Teil der mineralogischen Sammlung von Richard Baldauf neu bearbeitet und in einen wissenschaftshistorischen Zusammenhang gestellt. Zunächst werden die Methoden zur Mineralidentifizierung in der Ära Baldauf vorgestellt sowie mineralogische Einteilungssysteme, die er für seine Sammelarbeit genutzt hat. Diskutiert wird weiterhin die heutige Systematik und Benennung von Mineralen, womit zu den Revisionsarbeiten übergeleitet wird. Im Rahmen der Dissertation wurden 25 Proben aus der Sammlung Baldauf mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD), Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM) gekoppelt mit einer energiedispersiven Elektronenstrahlmikroanalyse (ESMA oder EDS) und Thermoanalyse (DTA-TG-DTG) einer Revision unterzogen. Minerale, die in Baldaufs Sammelära noch völlig unbekannt waren, Fehlbestimmungen, Gemenge oder Minerale, die zuvor noch keiner Untersuchung unterzogen worden sind, konnten vollständig geklärt werden. Die aktuell ermittelten Untersuchungsergebnisse sind in 17 Fällen eindeutig, sieben Proben konnten nur teilweise geklärt werden. Für eine Mineralprobe konnte gar kein Ergebnis mit den modernen, mineralogischen Untersuchungsverfahren erzielt werden. Die Mineralproben, bei denen eine vollständige Identifizierung nicht möglich war, sollten einer nochmaligen Präparation und Untersuchung unterzogen werden. Die gründliche Aufarbeitung der gesamten Sammlung Baldauf würde mehrere Jahre in Anspruch nehmen. Die Revisionsarbeiten bieten noch sehr viel Potenzial, das von der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft in Zukunft verstärkt in Kooperation genutzt werden sollte. Auch Baldaufs umfangreicher archivalischer Nachlass konnte im Rahmen der Dissertation inhaltlich nicht vollständig bearbeitet werden. Bei einer weiteren Untersuchung würden vermutlich noch mehr interessante Details hervortreten. Da im archivalischen Nachlass nur die Briefe und Rechnungen enthalten sind, die Baldauf selbst empfangen hat, ist davon auszugehen, dass sich noch weitere, von ihm verfasste Schriftstücke, in anderen Institutionen auffinden lassen. So lassen sich beispielsweise über den Verbundkatalog für Nachlässe und Autografen "Kalliope" vier Briefe von Richard Baldauf an den Münchner Mineralogen Paul Heinrich Groth in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München nachweisen. Baldaufs Abschlussarbeit an der Königlich-Sächsischen Bergakademie Freiberg aus dem Jahr 1869 war im Universitätsarchiv Freiberg nicht mehr aufzufinden. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg sind dort zahlreiche Akten vernichtet worden. Wenig überliefert bleiben Details zu Baldaufs Tätigkeiten im sächsischen Steinkohlenrevier (Frisch-Glück-Schacht in Oelsnitz, Hänichener Steinkohlenbauverein). Das liegt vermutlich darin begründet, dass Baldauf nur wenige Jahre dort tätig gewesen ist. Abschließend ist festzustellen, dass die Sammlung Baldauf für die Sammlungsdokumentation, für die mineralogische und wissenschaftshistorische Forschung im angegebenen Zeitraum auch in Zukunft vielfältige Forschungsansätze bietet. ; This work investigated life and work of the mining engineer, entrepreneur, patron and mineral collector Dr. Richard Baldauf (1848-1931) and brought it into a scientifically historical context. A new revision of Richard Baldauf´s biography made appear interesting details, especially concerning the political and economical conditions of his time. The examination of mineral samples of his collection shows how the scientifical branch of mineralogy has developed and improved during the last 100 years. Julius Richard Baldauf was born on 9th March 1848 in Chemnitz. After having finished successfully his studies of mining science in 1869, Baldauf remained enroled at the Mining Academy Freiberg as a mining trainee, in order to achieve the title of a mine surveyor. Afterwards he was employed from 1871 to 1874 at "Frisch Glück" at Oelsnitz, which at that time was the deepest coal mine of Germany, and at "Hänichener Steinkohlenbauverein" (1874-1876). Towards the end of the 19th century the Bohemian brown coal started becoming a rival product for the Saxon hard coal. Already in 1880, it was transported into Saxony via six railway lines and the river Elbe. Later it was used more widely, in the complete German Empire. Among others, Richard Baldauf recognised this economical chance. He moved with his wife Rosalie (née Rudolph, 1855-1918) and their children to the northwest of Bohemia to work in the brown coal mining. In the beginning Baldauf became employed as a mining administrator in Klostergrab (Hrob) and as a mining director in Ladowitz (Ledvice), until he founded with his brother-in-law, Hermann Eduard Rudolph (1846- ?), the so-called "Baldauf-Rudolphsche Braunkohlenwerke", which had its main base in Dux (Duchcov). The "Baldauf-Rudolphsches Braunkohlenwerk" bought, as the years went by, some mining fields, among them the mine Hermann at Sobrusan (Zabrusany), mine Richard at Brüx (Most) and the mine Marianne at Skyritz (Skyrice). In 1913 the company possessed all in all 20 mines in the brown coal region in the northwest of Bohemia. Richard Baldauf was a man who was interested in progress and technology. No later than in 1883 he wanted to introduce modern machines from England into Bohemia. These machines were designed to remove the mining waste. His modern manner of thinking lead also to his creating the mine Richard at Brüx (Most) as an economically-working mining factory. It was counted among the region´s most modern constructions. Co-founder of the "Baldauf-Rudolphsches Braunkohlenwerk" was the architect Hermann Eduard Rudolph. He had finished his studies at the Kunstakademie Dresden in 1872, afterwards he became constructor and architect in Teplitz (Teplice). His construction plans were made reality in the building of the Teplitz synagogue. That demonstrates impressively how successful Hermann was. Martin Baldauf, only son of Richard and Rosalie Baldauf, was encouraged to study mining at Freiberg, too, in order to succeed his father later as administrator of their coal-mining company. From 1908 on he did the economical work at the administrational building of the Hermann-shaft at Dux (Duchcov). Being successful entrepreneurs in the Bohemian brown coal mining region meant for the Baldauf family living in prosperity. This financial background helped Richard Baldauf to establish, from 1904 on, a valuable collection of minerals and to made himself known as patron of the geological sciences of Saxony. In 25 years he had collected 10 000 mineral specimens. He established his collection according to scientific aspects. It was divided into four sections. In his Public Mineralogical Museum, which he in 1916 opened in Dresden, at Geinitzstraße 5, he presented his impressive mineral specimens without demanding an entrance free. After the First World War, his brown coal mining company could no longer exist successfully, for after the war Europe was politically divided and organised differently. Therefore, the Baldauf mines in Bohemia had to be sold to the Czech Trade Company in 1920. After having been given his share of the proceeds of the brown coal mining company, Richard Baldauf´s son Martin endeavoured a new start as a chocolate entrepreneur at Braunschweig, for after the First World War food and drink were needed urgently, no matter if for every day or semi-luxury. But there was high competition in this field, money was losing its valour increasingly and in 1929 the worldwide economic crisis began. That is why the Baldauf family, like many others, started having financial problems. Now it was not possible to go on with the newly-found enterprise. Richard Baldauf wanted to help his son to emerge of the financial crisis. Therefore, he was thinking of selling his valuable collection. That is why in 1929 and 1930 many sale negotiations took place, all without success. Only in 1939 the heirs of the Baldauf family were able to sell the complete collection. Between 1904 and 1929, Richard Baldauf was establishing his mineral collection and became active in Saxony as a patron. Particularly among specialists and scientists of his field, he was famous for his generosity and his commitment as a patron. He made it possible for the Museum for Mineralogy and Geology Dresden, the Institute for Mineralogy and Geology of the TH Dresden, the Mining Academy Freiberg and its Institute for Geology and Economic Geology to acquire valourable minerals, even as whole collections, and scientific instruments. Furthermore, he sponsored the work of scientific and other assistants. In that context the Baldauf foundation has to be emphasized in particular. It was founded in 1920 with a sum of 1 million Deutschmarks. This money had been earned with the sale of the "Baldauf-Rudolphsches Braunkohlenwerk" and was designed to support the TH Dresden. In this doctoral thesis a part of Richard Baldauf´s mineralogical collection was revised and put into a scientifically historical context. First, the methods for mineral identification in the Baldauf era and mineralogical classification systems that he used for his collection work were presented. Furthermore, the systematization and nomination of minerals that are applied today are discussed. That leads to the revision work. In the doctoral thesis 25 samples from the Baldauf collection were revised, applying X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), combined with an energy-dispersive microanalytical spectrometer (EDS) and thermal analysis, including a combination of differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermal gravimetric analysis (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG). So entire research could be made about minerals that in Baldauf´s times still were totally unknown and minerals that had been classified wrongly or not at all. 17 of the research results made here are definitive, seven samples could only partly be clarified. No result at all could be made for one sample, using the modern, mineralogical examination methods. Those mineral samples for which a complete examination was not possible should be prepared and examined again. To revise the whole Baldauf collection thoroughly would take some years. There is still much potential in the revision work. In the future, that should be used cooperatively even more than today by the scientific community. Baldauf´s wide archival holdings, too, could not be seen through completely in this doctoral thesis as far as its content is concerned. In a second examination probably more interesting details would come to light. Since the archival holdings only contain the letters and receipts that Baldauf himself received, it seems probable that in other institutions further papers can be found the author of which he is. Using the corporal catalogue for heritages and autographers, "Kalliope", four letters can be proven, written by Richard Baldauf to the mineralogist Paul Heinrich Groth, of Munich, of the Bavarian State Library, Munich. Baldauf´s final thesis with the Mining Academy Freiberg, from 1869, was intraceable and could not be found anymore at the University Archive at Freiberg. After the Second World War numerous files have been destroyed there. Few information could be found to details about Baldauf´s work in the Saxon hard coal region (the shaft Frisch-Glück-Schacht in Oelsnitz, the Hänichener Steinkohlenbauverein). The reason might be that Baldauf worked there for only some years. In the end it must be emphasized that it becomes evident that, in the future, too, the Baldauf collection offers numerous research opportunities: for the collection documentation and for the mineralogical and scientifically historical investigation for the said time.

Henry P. Newman loved fine arts: In the house of the Hamburg grain wholesaler who introduced revolutionary unloading techniques on his company quay, painters and poets were frequent guests. For many years the merchant banker assembled an extraordinary collection of exquisite paintings. Among them were works by French and German impressionists. When World War I broke out, Henry P. Newman donated the hospital train C1 and accompanied it to Bulgaria in the winter of 1915/16. Although being an educated art lover, Newman was also committed to science. He was a member of the first board of trustees of the Hamburg Scientific Foundation. This biography traces the life of this man, who - contrary to the prevailing self-conception of the Hanseatic merchant team - devoted himself to his profession with dedication and expert knowledge of art.

Die Vorlage enth. insgesamt 3 Werke ; Titelbl. in Rot- und Schwarzdr. ; Vorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: Franckfurt am Mayn, zu finden bey Wolffgang Christoph Multz. Gedruckt bey Matthias Andreä, 1721.

"New Yorks most valuable citizen" – this honorary title was given to Adolph Lewisohn. When he was born in Hamburg in 1849 as the son of Orthodox Jews and successful merchants, a career as a merchant was put in his cradle. In search of personal freedom he persuaded his strict father in 1867 to let him go to New York. The fact that Lewisohn, as an industrialist in the USA, will generate millions of euros in only twenty years time would have seemed like a fairy tale to the young migrant. With dedication, foresight and flexibility he builds a copper empire. For four decades he then supports countless charitable projects with millions of euros. The Hamburgische Wissenschaftliche Stiftung (Hamburg Scientific Society) also owes him one of the biggest donations it received when it was founded. This is the first biography of this exceptionally successful businessman, art collector and international philanthropist.