Suchergebnisse

«Official History as Discourse of Legitimation. Colonial History Case».
Eric Savarese [93-112].
Although teached history has been limited to historians research for a long time, it also can lead to study legitimation process.Thus, analysis of construction forms, content and diffusion of the colonial history of the 3rd and 4th republic, as well as the recall of its presence in the colonial discussion prove that it is a discourse on colonization's legitimation. When teachers and writers of schoolbooks offered to childs their idealist vision of a colonial adventure that would be irrelevant to local populations, they passed a closed interpretation of the colonization that made the colonial domination unthinkable on most of people. So the anticolonialists contributed to keep the colonial order by using the main typologies that are developped in schoolbooks, so as to lead the criticism of the colonial adventure.

M.I. Cohen
Les ogres sont dépeints en Hollandais dans cette peinture représentant un type d'art villageois javanais, décrit ici pour la première fois, qui disparut durant la difficile période recouvrant l'occupation japonaise et les années de lutte pour l'indépendance. Mesurant quelques dix mètres de long, elle tapissait l'intérieur des pavillons de cérémonie ou les murs d'une maison, contribuant à donner un air de solennité et de fête lors des principaux rituels familiaux ou communautaires dans le village de Gegesik, près de Cirebon, sur la côte nord de la partie occidentale de Java Central, dans les années trente. Les auteurs rapportent de façon détaillée l'origine de la peinture, son utilisation rituelle, le récit qui lui servit de base et l'identité de certains des personnages représentés, certains étant des personnes réelles dont se souviennent encore les membres les plus âgés de la communauté. On trouvera aussi des informations sur l'artiste, ses autres œuvres, sa place dans la communauté et sur la façon dont de telles œuvres étaient commandées, créées, livrées et payées. L'histoire, représentée sur cette peinture est un résumé détaillé du Barikan du théâtre d'ombre, tel qu'il est encore joué, chaque année, à Gegesik ou dans les villages environnants, ou encore au cimetière royal près de Cirebon. Les auteurs discutent la matrice culturelle dans laquelle fonctionnait la peinture et les circonstances socio-politiques qui entourèrent sa création et lui donnèrent une signification particulière. Ils examinent le sens encore plus profond qui s'enracine dans les traditions de la communauté locale et de la société javanaise en général.

Appointed in January 1886 to the French war office, general Boulanger is forced to quit the following year because of the "danger" he represents for the French Republic. This article seeks to demonstrate that this boulangist "threat" is less based on a change of behavior on Boulanger's part than on an evolution of the way he is perceived. It is his colonial experience that makes Boulanger appear as "dangerous," since his action within the war office, together with the fame he derived from it, reflect the more general difficulty encountered by the political leaders in the process of converting officers to the republican values. This concern is reinforced by the particular circumstances of the beginning of the Third Republic characterized by a deep insecurity which increases the republicans's responsiveness to any risk of military "coup d'Etat.". Adapted from the source document.

The term 'Sahel' appeared in the early 1970s, in close connection with the famine that raged and then as soon became the identifier. Covering a geographical area that more or less corresponds to the Sudano-Sahelian climate zone (Upper Volta, Mali, Niger and French Sudan), it has been, in common parlance, definitely associated to the image of poverty in Africa. Vincent Bonnecase, political scientist at CNRS, proposes to deconstruct this association by showing that identity Sahel/poverty, rarely questioned, has a history with so many different stages illuminate public policy approaches in this area since the colonial period until today. Adapted from the source document.

From indian economy to colonial economy: salt exploitation in northern quito
Abstract
This article offers a discussion of the exploitation and distribution of salt through a case study of Las Salinas, a village of the Otavalan ethnic group (north of the Audiencia of Quito) in the sixteenth century. At the same time, it provides a perspective on the history of that village through the centuries. By an examination of a key product such as salt in an Indian society, it is possible to bring out the main features of its economic organisation, and the approach adopted by this society resembles those which are found in pre-colombian Perú and Colombia, the exploitation is carried out inside a multi-ethnic island, and distribution through a complex network of intra and inter-ethnic trade.
In the sixteenth century, the ecology of Las Salinas, which is warmer than the rest of the Otavalan territory, along with its control of the «salted earth», made it a privileged village and the richest of the whole ethnic group. In the seventeenth century, there was a progressive disintegration: the Indian village disappeared, condemned by demographic decline and Spanish land seizure.
Las Salinas was refounded in the eighteenth century, with a mixed population, basically black, and without any aboriginal Indians: salt exploitation was entirely in Spanish hands within a truly colonial system. In 1978 what still exists is the inheritance of that second foundation but the traditional exploitation is to be condemned in the short term, as it gives no profit in a liberal economy.

Despite the reticence of traditional Belgian historians (those attached to exclusive recourse to written sources), Congo offers historians an interesting research alternative in the form of life stories. When carefully recorded life stories are crossed and confronted with written sources, these retrospective narratives provide objective data while unfolding the colonial period of Congo-Zaire history. The passage from orality to 'historical matter' implies, nonetheless, a solid methodology prior to the thematic information gathering phase and subsequent analytical processing. In their search for contacts, information and documents, European researchers working in Congo are confronted with the realities of urban dynamics and with the risks of preconceived -- but evolving -- concepts and images. Various technical and cultural manifestations likely to influence the context and the results of research illustrate how important it is be humble and flexible while carrying out research in the Congo. Adapted from the source document.

The various regimes that have marked the contemporary political history of Laos -- the French colonial state (1893-1953), the Independent Kingdom of Laos (1953-1975) and, since 1975, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR) -- have all carried out ethnic censuses. The classifications that have been used over the course of these three political periods highlight the rulers' desire to define the community they seek to dominate. For this reason, the census has performed a variety of different functions: helping to collect taxes under the French administration; an instrument in the service of the young Laotian state's nationalist project following independence; and, under the present regime, a dual purpose tool for promoting cultural diversity & monitoring ethnic groups. At the same time, postwar census campaigns have created a space in which a number of so-called "minority" ethnic groups have been able to express their identity. The study of ethnic classification -- whether as an instrument of power or a vector of identity -- is essential to understanding the politics of identity in contemporary Laos. Adapted from the source document.