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What are the origins of colonial forced labor? While extensive research investigates the effects of colonial forced labor on contemporary political and economic development, little is known about the origins of colonial forced labor. Based on historical accounts, we offer a simple formal model that emphasizes constraints facing profit-maximizing colonists. The model provides a novel explanation for colonial forced labor by demonstrating that local and foreign forced labor depended on different factors. Colonists used local, indigenous forced labor when they encountered an indigenous political administration that was already coercing labor. However, colonists used foreign forced labor, like African slavery in the Americas, when indigenous labor was not already organized and natural resources were present. Original data from 439 subnational territories covering the Americas support the hypotheses across a variety of model specifications. This study implies that differences in political and economic development today may predate European colonialism. Adapted from the source document.

"References" at end of each chapter. ; Series title also at head of t.-p. ; pt. 1. Motives and methods of colonization.--pt. 2. Forms of colonial government.--pt. 3. Institutions of colonial government. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Includes index. ; At head of title: The citizen's library. ; The citizen's library of economics, politics, and sociology, ed. by R. T. Ely. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Pt. 1. Motives and methods of colonization -- Pt. 2. Forms of colonial government -- Pt. 3. Institutions of colonial government. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Includes index. ; Series edited by Richard T. Ely. ; Series title also at head of t.p. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Pt. 1. Motives and methods of colonization -- Pt. 2. Forms of colonial government -- Pt. 3. Institutions of colonial government. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"References" at the end of each chapter. ; Includes index. ; Series edited by Richard T. Ely. ; Series title also at head of t.p. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Pt. 1. Motives and methods of colonization -- Pt. 2. Forms of colonial government -- Pt. 3. Institutions of colonial government. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Typewritten (carbon copy) ; Thesis (M.A.)-- Univ. of California, May 1926. ; Bibliography: numb. l. 120-122. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Long-term growth in developing countries has been explained in four frameworks: 'extractive colonial institutions' (Acemoglu et al., 2001), 'colonial legal origin' (La Porta et al., 2004), 'geography' (Gallup et al., 1998) and 'colonial human capital' (Glaeser et al., 2004). In this paper we test the 'colonial human capital' explanation for sub-Saharan Africa, controlling for legal origin and geography. Utilising data on colonial era education, we find that instrumented human capital explains long-term growth better, and shows greater stability over time, than instrumented measures for extractive institutions. We suggest that the impact of the disease environment on African long-term growth runs through a human capital channel rather than an extractive-institutions channel. The effect of education is robust to including variables capturing legal origin and geography, which have additional explanatory power. Adapted from the source document.

Long-term growth in developing countries has been explained in four frameworks: 'extractive colonial institutions' (Acemoglu et al., 2001), 'colonial legal origin' (La Porta et al., 2004) 'geography' (Gallup et al., 1998) and 'colonial human capital' (Glaeser et al., 2004). In this paper we test the 'colonial human capital' explanation for sub-Saharan Africa, controlling for legal origins and geography. Utilizing data on colonial-era education, we find that instrumented human capital explains long-term growth better, and shows greater stability over time, than instrumented measures for extractive institutions. We suggest that the impact of the disease environment on African long-term growth runs through a human capital channel rather than an extractive-institutions channel. The effect of education is robust to including variables capturing legal origin and geography, which have additional explanatory power.