Today the world is a village. The globalization made it a space always smaller in a uni-verse always bigger. This research brings together three actors: the professional sport, the West, and the Middle-Eastern culture. Their interaction develops within the frame-work of the globalization. My work was to study their connection.The professional sport is an invention of the West which propagated in the world and in East in particular through the colonization. After a period of break between these two worlds, a new relation was born today. The means of social communication did not stop making always more obvious the interactions between people in particular through sport. In Lebanon, the taken place by the soccer and the basketball is particularly revealing of this influence. The development of the satellite channels made that from now on the sport does not limit itself any more to the surrounding walls of stadiums but entered the most moved back houses. The Middle-Eastern context enjoys characteristics which do not spare sports. Indeed, in Lebanon, the professional sport is subjected to very strong cultural imperatives which we cannot disregard. The Lebanese society far from being secular, is colored by the religious pluralism. Sport teams belong to various politico-religious groups: the team of the Catholics, the team of the orthodoxes, and that of the Muslims … it's the same for spectators.This search tried to move forward certain hypothesis, and to emit a problem which amounts to the following question: from where comes the interest to study the impact of the professional sport on the sport in the Lebanon and how the mosaic of the Middle-Eastern culture influences the evolution of the world sport? The methodology adopted to answer this question, based itself on the questioning and the observation from prede-termined survey and from semi-directive interviews. If the most significant results point out the adoption of a sports model inherited from the French colony, we highlight how much succeeded them American-style behavior on behalf of the Lebanese professional sportsmen. The interaction between Lebanon and the West allowed this one to enter gradually the understanding of this mosaic which constitutes the Middle East. And to measure the implications of the sport in this sociological complexity. Our research illus-trates in detail these results. The specific contribution of such an investigation shows how much the analysis of realities so modest they are, sometimes allows to understand better the phenomenon of the globalization of the sport such as we live it today. ; Aujourd'hui le monde est un village. La mondialisation en fait un espace toujours plus petit dans un univers toujours plus grand. Cette recherche met en présence trois acteurs : le sport professionnel, l'Occident, et la culture moyen-orientale. Leurs interactions se développent dans le cadre de la mondialisation. Ce travail de synthèse étudie leur con-nexion. Le sport professionnel est une invention de l'Occident qui s'est propagée dans le monde et en Orient notamment à travers la colonisation. Après une période de rupture entre ces deux mondes, une relation nouvelle a vu le jour aujourd'hui.Les moyens de communications sociales n'ont cessé de rendre toujours plus évidentes les interactions entre les hommes notamment à travers le sport. Au Liban, la place prise par le football et le basketball est particulièrement révélatrice de cette emprise. Le déve-loppement des chaines satellitaires a fait que désormais le sport ne se limite plus aux enceintes des stades mais est entré dans les maisons les plus reculées. Le contexte moyen-oriental jouit de caractéristiques qui n'épargnent pas les disciplines sportives. En effet, au Liban, le sport professionnel est soumis à des impératifs culturels très forts dont on ne peut faire abstraction. La société libanaise loin d'être une société sécularisée, est colorée par le pluralisme religieux. Les équipes sportives appartiennent à différents groupes politico-religieux : l'équipe des catholiques, l'équipe des orthodoxes, et celle des musulmans… il en va de même des spectateurs.Cette recherche a tenté d'avancer certaines hypothèses, et d'émettre une probléma-tique qui se résume à la question suivante : d'où vient l'intérêt d'étudier l'impact du sport professionnel sur le sport au Liban et comment la mosaïque de la culture moyen-orientale influence l'évolution du sport mondial ?La méthodologie adoptée pour répondre à cette problématique, s'est fondée sur le ques-tionnement et l'observation à partir d'enquêtes prédéterminées et d'entretiens semi-directifs. Si les résultats les plus significatifs font remarquer l'adoption d'un modèle spor-tif hérité de la colonie française, ils mettent autant en évidence combien leur ont succédé des comportements à l'américaine de la part des sportifs professionnels libanais. L'ouverture du Liban à l'Occident a permis à celui-ci d'entrer progressivement dans la compréhension de cette mosaïque que constitue le Moyen-Orient, et de mesurer les im-plications du sport dans cette complexité sociologique. La recherche illustre dans le dé-tail ces résultats. L'apport spécifique d'une telle investigation montre combien l'analyse de réalités aussi modeste soit-elle, permet parfois de mieux comprendre le phénomène de la mondialisation du sport tel que nous le vivons aujourd'hui.
On November 16, 1942, in the New Mexican desert, J. Robert Oppenheimer suggested to his military counterpart, General Leslie Groves, that Ashley Pond's Los Alamos Ranch School would be an ideal location for the establishment of a secret laboratory to pursue research on the design and construction of the atomic bomb. This event sealed the fate of New Mexico, dubbed the "Land of Enchantment," which acquired a new identity as the cradle of the nuclear age. The Los Alamos Laboratory paved the way to a third colonization of the area; a scientific conquest funded by the Federal Government and maintained by the arms race with the Soviet Union. Along the Rio Grande, the derivative installations of the Manhattan Project revolutionized the social, economic, and demographic order in the state while introducing environmental and cultural disruptions. And yet, seventy years later, New Mexico was still among the five poorest states in the nation despite its nuclear Eldorado. This thesis assesses the double-edged quality and the multiple facets of the Manhattan Project's legacy in New Mexico. By evaluating the durability and distribution of the benefits entailed by the nuclear industry in terms of jobs, education, and standards of living, this dissertation focuses on the question of the extent to which local populations actually gained from this high-technology revolution, and of the environmental, socio-economic price, which has been and will have to be paid for the nuclear bonanza. Since the settlement of the first atomic pioneers in Los Alamos, the native populations of New Mexico—be they Indian Pueblo dwellers, Hispanic villagers, or Anglo ranchers—have had to adapt to the ups and downs of the new order based on a dependence on federal funds that were, in turn, determined by global politics, and to face an increasingly harsh competition with outsiders, i.e. nuclear immigrants to the state. A combination of military and government power with secrecy built up the mechanism of a local military-industrial and scientific complex, which maintained the region's status as an internal colony of the United States. Since the 1980s, growing public awareness of environmental and health consequences of radioactivity have prompted antinuclear reactions in New Mexico. Thereupon, many previously unheard voices have spoken up to shed a new light on the nuclear heritage in the state. This local perspective of the humblest, forgotten participants in the advent of the nuclear age lacks historical recognition; therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to address the relations between New Mexicans and the local nuclear industry. ; Le 16 novembre 1942, dans le désert du Nouveau-Mexique, J. Robert Oppenheimer suggéra à son homologue militaire, le Général Leslie Groves, que la Los Alamos Ranch School d'Ashley Pond serait une localisation idéale pour l'établissement d'un laboratoire secret où continuer la recherche sur la conception et la construction de la bombe atomique. Cet événement scella le destin du Nouveau-Mexique, surnommé la « terre d'enchantement », qui se vit alors octroyé une nouvelle identité en tant que berceau de l'ère nucléaire. Le laboratoire de Los Alamos a déclenché la troisième colonisation de la région : une conquête scientifique financée par le gouvernement fédéral et entretenue par la course à l'armement avec l'Union Soviétique. Le long du Rio Grande, les installations nées à la suite du Projet Manhattan ont révolutionné l'ordre social, économique et démographique établi dans l'État tout en y produisant des bouleversements environnementaux et culturels. Et pourtant, soixante–dix ans plus tard, le Nouveau-Mexique demeurait l'un des cinq États les plus pauvres du pays malgré son Eldorado nucléaire. Cette thèse évalue l'ambivalence et les multiples facettes de l'héritage du Projet Manhattan au Nouveau-Mexique. En estimant la durabilité et la répartition des profits générés par l'industrie nucléaire en termes d'emplois, d'éducation et de niveau de vie, cette thèse interroge l'étendue réelle des gains perçus par les populations locales grâce à cette révolution vers le nucléaire et la haute technologie, ainsi que l'évolution des coûts socio-économiques et environnementaux qu'il a fallu et qu'il faudra encore payer pour la panacée nucléaire. Depuis l'arrivée des premiers pionniers atomiques à Los Alamos, les populations natives du Nouveau-Mexique (qu'il s'agisse des Indiens pueblos, des villageois hispaniques ou des ranchers anglos) ont dû s'adapter aux changements en dents de scie d'un nouvel ordre reposant sur des fonds fédéraux, eux–mêmes déterminés par la scène politique internationale et ils furent confrontés à une concurrence de plus en plus rude avec les nouveaux arrivants, c'est-à-dire les immigrés du nucléaire venant d'autres États. L'association du pouvoir militaire, du gouvernement et de l'omniprésente confidentialité a renforcé les mécanismes du complexe militaro-industriel et scientifique local, ce qui a maintenu la région dans son statut de colonie interne des États-Unis. Depuis les années 1980, une prise de conscience progressive de la société concernant les conséquences environnementales et sanitaires de la radioactivité a entraîné des réactions antinucléaires au Nouveau-Mexique. Dès lors, de nombreuses voix précédemment restées dans le silence se sont levées pour mettre en évidence une autre vision de l'héritage nucléaire dans l'État. Cette perspective locale des participants les plus modestes, les oubliés de l'avènement de l'ère nucléaire, manque de reconnaissance historique. Par conséquent, l'objectif de cette thèse est d'examiner la relation entre ces Nouveaux-Mexicains et l'industrie nucléaire locale.
Latin America literature is perceived in the minds of readers up to present days mostly as very exotic Creole writing of former European colonies. As the best possible variant, the reader might be able to name Marcos, Borges or Cortazar recalling the definition of "magical realism". At this point the consumer-household introspection (the introspection of an ordinary reader, who is used to be called "mass") of Latin America literature is actually exhausted while the home literary-critical scientific discourse is limited with mostly sporadic studies of creativity of the most famous representatives of Latin America literature. This is mainly Nobel laureates Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Miguel Angel Asturias, Mario Vargas Llosa, Pablo Neruda, Octavio Paz, whose most important achievements are translated if not into Ukrainian but at least into Russian. It is not surprising, therefore, that the publication of the novel of the well-known Paraguayan scientist, teacher, social activist and writer Juan Manuel Marcos "Gunter's Winter" (the first time published in Spanish in 1987, the Ukrainian translation was published only in 2014) remained without attention both on the part of the reader, and critic. The existence of some sporadic publications concerning the Ukrainian translation of this work in the Internet does not claim on the completeness of critical review of the text. So, the proposed article is the first attempt of scientific and critical reading of the novel "Gunter's Winter" in the context of postmodern culture of the twentieth century, as well as in the context of Spanish-language literature of Latin America. By clearly seen with the unaided eye the juxtaposition of cultures (elements of the indigenous culture of the ancient Paraguay strangely integrate into modern Spanish and American cultural world), by the syncretism of the poetry of Latin America literature with the traditions of European intellectual prose of the twentieth century, by clear intertextuality, by style and narrative experimentation in the novel it may be guessed both personal life destiny of the author (the political dissident, exile, emigrant) and the history of the literature of whole South America. The latest one has passed the stages of dynamic development during the last century, from, in fact, its birth to the mastering of the aesthetics of modernism and postmodernism and creating its own artistic, stylistic and aesthetic profile. This evolution of Latin America literature is customary expressed with the terms "boom" and "post-boom". The life and career of Juan Manuel Marcos just illustrates the fundamental principles of the prose of period the Post-Boom. Having suffered from political persecution and imprisonment (1973 – 1987), the author was forced to leave the motherland that influenced the formation of his attitudes and beliefs, and was embodied in the novel "Gunter's Winter". It can hardly be called autobiographical (actually, the author was not aimed to write the autobiography), but with the plot it is easy to guess personal existential experience of the writer, worried for the fate of his country and the destiny of man, which was left all by himself with the system. ; Статья – это попытка литературоведческого анализа романа современного парагвайского писателя Хуана Мануеля Маркоса «Зима Гюнтера» через призму постмодерного представления о культуре. Художественное произведение осмысливается авторами в контексте эстетики литератур стран Латинской Америки (явления «бума» и «пост-бума»), а также с точки зрения мировоззрения постмодерного искусства в целом, представления о культуре как игре. В процессе анализа текста романа выделены характерные черты стиля писателя: лаконизм письма, «разорванность» сюжета и композиции, многочисленные аллюзии на литературные произведения ХХ века (интертекстуальные связи с многими произведениями мировой литературы), внимание до экзистенциальных проблем и категорий, духовных и мировоззренческих поисков человека в условиях тоталитаризма, глубокую связь с местной литературной традицией. Роман «Зима Гюнтера» Хуана Мануеля Маркоса – яркий образец постмодерной прозы, которая возникла на пересечении эстетических координат испаноязычной прозы и мировой литературной традиции. Кроме того, роман отображает явления поликультурности, характерной для литератур многих латиноамериканских стран. ; Стаття являє собою спробу літературознавчого аналізу роману сучасного парагвайського письменника Хуана Мануеля Маркоса «Зима Ґюнтера» крізь призму постмодерного уявлення про культуру. Художній твір осмислюється авторами в контексті естетики літератур країн Латинської Америки (явища «буму» та «пост-буму»), а також з огляду на світогляд постмодерного мистецтва в цілому, уявлення про культуру як гру. В процесі аналізу тексту виокремлені характерні риси стилю письменника: уривчастість і лаконізм письма, «розірваність»сюжету й довільність композиції, численні алюзії на літературні твори ХХ ст. (інтертекстуальні зв'язки з багатьма творами світового письменства), увага до екзистенційних проблем і категорій, духовних і світоглядних пошуків людини в умовах тоталітаризму, закоріненість в місцеву літературну традицію тощо. Роман «Зима Ґюнтера» Хуана Мануеля Маркоса є яскравим зразком постмодерної прози, що постала на перетині естетичних координат іспаномовного письменства та світової мистецької спадщини, осмислюваних крізь призму особистого екзистенційного досвіду письменника. Окрім того, досліджуваний роман відбиває явище полікультурності, властивій літературам багатьох латиноамериканських країн. Це явище засвідчене насамперед на рівні естетики роману, в якому тісно переплетені міфологічний світогляд корінного населення країни, іспаномовна європейська культура, а також американська популярна культура другої половини ХХ ст. Вагоме місце в тексті посідає «автобіографічний елемент» – особистісні переживання письменника-громадянина, його світоглядні пошуки в умовах вимушеної еміграції
British Colonial Period in various colonies in the world exerted impacts on the total life of the colonized, showing in physical layout modifications, socio-political institutional structures, economic and infrastructural development dimensions of the settlements. Schools in British Period served as Imperial syndicate to enforce compliance through formal education, community meeting place and centers for extra-curricular activities. The school buildings stood as icon and heritage assets in their locations with measures of both tangible and intangible heritage values. They also represent the Colonial Architecture of British Empire that shows hybridization of local and modern stylistic approaches and box philosophy of design. Today their historical, architectural, environmental and educational significance should construe the evidence for registering and preserving them for future generations. This research aims to compare the school buildings of the British colonial period in Old Calabar, Nigeria and Famagusta, North Cyprus. The methodology of the thesis is qualitative method, firstly via literature reviews of the keywords of the thesis title. Secondly, through case study that entails field survey to make selection based on the school buildings that were built during British Period in Old Calabar, Nigeria (1885-1960) and Famagusta, North Cyprus (1878-1960). The field study area will be limited to the 2 Local Government Areas in Calabar and 13 districts in Famagusta. The case study involves historic analysis and physical analysis of the selected cases that will be supported by observations, photographs and measurements to achieve the stated aims. In order to appreciate the physical characteristics of the buildings their architectural assessment will be limited to the spatial organization, formal organization, architectural details, building materials and structural system of each case. This thesis has five Chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the need for studying the subject and background of the study. Chapter 2 includes the theoretical framework through literature review of British Colonial Architecture and Colonial schools. The British Colonial Period in Calabar and Famagusta will be discussed in Chapter 3. The analysis of the selected school buildings and the findings on the comparison of the school buildings of the two regions will be given in Chapter 4, regarding their architectural assessments' outcome. Chapter 5 takes up the conclusion of the thesis. The findings generated proves that linear spatial organization, load bearing structural system, repetition of spaces with similar functions, use of materials like (stones, wood, metal, glass and concrete) constitute the similarities between the schools. Differences occurs in the arcades form, roof form and slope and the wall thickness between two context's school structures. For the differences, Calabar school buildings show repetition of arcaded/straight terraces, steep roof slopes and slender stone walls while Famagusta ones show repetition of arcades with straight post and lintel character, flat/gentle roof slopes and massive stone walls due to the contrasting climatic conditions. Keywords: British Colonial period, British Colonial architecture, school buildings, Old Calabar, Famagusta. ; ÖZ : İngiliz Koloni Dönemi ınin birçok koloni ülkesinin fiziksel gelişimleri, sosyo-politik ve yönetimsel alanlarda, ekonomik ve altyapı gibi alanlarda geniş etkileri olmuştur. İngiliz dönemi okulları, İngiliz standartlarında şirketleşmeyi hedefleyen bir eğitim şeklinde hizmet vermiş ve aynı zamanda halkların toplanma yeri yanında birçok eğitim aktivitesini gerçekleştirme yerleri idiler. Okul binaları, koloni döneminin yerel ve modern mimari sentezi olarak kabul gören 'kutu' biçimindeki tasarımları nedeni ile birer ikon ve kültürel değer olarak görülebilirler. Bu okulların mimari, tarihi, çevresel ve bilimsel değerleri, onların listelenmesini ve gelecek nesillere korunarak aktarılmasını gerektirir. Bu çalışma İngiliz Koloni dönemi okullarının Old Calabar- Nijerya ve Mağusa-Kuzey Kıbrıs örneklerinin karşılatırılmalı olarak incelenmesini hedeflemektedir. Tezde niteliksel araştırma methodu kullanılmıştır. İlk önce tezin anahtar sözcükleri ile ilgili literatür taraması yapılmıştır. İkinci olarak tezin çalışma alanı olarak seçilen Old Calabar, Nijerya (1885-1960) ve Mağusa Kuzey Kıbrıs (1878-1960)'daki İngiliz koloni dönemi okulları seçilmiştir. Çalışma alanı Nijerya'nın iki yerel yönetim bölgesi ile Mağusa'nın 13 bölgesindeki okulları kapsamaktadır. Alan çalışması tarihi ve mimari analizler yanında gözlemler, fotoğraflar ve çizimlerle desteklenmiştir. Okul yapılarının fiziksel özelliklerini saptamak için yapılan mimari değerlendirme mekansal organizasyon, formal organizasyon, mimari detaylar, bina elemanları ve stürüktürel sistem analizlerini içermektedir. Tez beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm bu konunun çalışma nedeni, çalışmanın amacı ve metodunu tartışmaktadır. İkinci bölüm İngiliz Koloni dönemi mimarisi ve okulları ile ilgili literature çalışmasını içermektedir. Nijerya ve Kuzen Kıbrıs'taki İngiliz Koloni dönemi üçüncü bölümde irdelenmiştir. Alan çalışması için seçlen okulların analizleri ve analizlerden elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılmalı olarak dördüncü bölümde verilmektedir. Beşinci bölüm çalışmanın sonuçunu içermektedir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda her iki çalışma alanındaki İngiliz Koloni dönemi okullarının benzer mimari özellikleri şu şekilde soptanmıştır: lineer mekansal organizasyon, yığma stürüktür systemi, aynı fonksiyona sahip mekanların yanyana sıralanması, yerel malzeme kullanımı (taş, ahşap, metal, cam ve betonarme). Farklılıklar ise binalan çatı, arkad ve duvar kalınlıklarında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Buna göre Calabardaki okul yapılarında kemerli ve düz arkadlar, eğimli çatı ve ince taş duvarlar kullanılmışken, Mağusa okullarında düz kolon kirişleri olan arkadlar, az eğimli veya düz çatılar ile kalın taş duvarlar bölgelerin farklı iklim koşullarına göre tercih edilmiçtir. Anahtar sözcükler: İngiliz Koloni Dönemi, İngiliz Koloni Mimarisi, okul yapıları, Old Calabar, Mağusa. ; Master of Science in Architecture. Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Architecture, Dept. of Architecture, 2015. Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Beser Oktay Vehbi.
Conté: Treball de recerca, pòster i resum executiu ; El conflicte Israelià-Palestí és un dels conflictes més llargs del món. Aquest conflicte és una prioritat estratègica per Europa, tal i com estableix l'Estratègia Europea 2003 de la UE, de la qual Europa en té molt a guanyar amb la resolució del conflicte. Molts han discutit sobre el rol que ha de jugar la Unió Europea en el conflicte, ja sigui polític o econòmic, i algunes opinions afirmen que no fa tot el que podria. La UE, la qual els seus principis i valors tendeixen a promocionar mesures per a la resolució de conflictes, no és la única organització que ha proposat iniciatives, però tots els intents per acabar amb el conflicte sobre aquests territoris de moment han fallat. Tot i que els Territoris Ocupats no són internacionalment reconeguts com a part d'Israel, la situació ha restat irresolta durant més de 40 anys. Les Directrius 2013 de la Comissió Europea prohibeixen l'emissió de beques, finançament o premis a entitats Israelianes, amb l'excepció que incloguin una clàusula exclusiva de colònies. Les institucions israelianes situades més enllà de la Línia Verda d'abans del 1967 seran automàticament inelegibles. La UE manca influència política però és el major donant financer a l'Autoritat Palestina i el soci comercial més important d'Israel. Es sol dir que la Unió Europa és un "gegant econòmic" però un "nan polític". Ha canviat això la Unió Europea a través de les Directrius 2013? Les Directrius 2013 busquen influenciar la posició econòmica de la UE. És la primera vegada que la UE ha mostrat desacord amb la política d'Israel, no només a través de declaracions polítiques sinó que també a través de polítiques econòmiques.Tot i això, la seva eficàcia roman dubtosa ja que Israel etiqueta els seus productes de manera que amaga el seu origen geogràfic, dificultant-ho per a la UE i als seus ciutadans per a que distingeixin entre Israel i els Territoris Ocupats. El problema central d'aquestes directrius és que distingeixen entre Israel i les empreses israelianes situades als Territoris Ocupats com si fossin diferents, però sovint són parts separades de la mateixa empresa. Com llavors pot saber la UE amb qui pot promocionar relacions econòmiques i amb qui no? Les Directrius 2013 poden resultar grandiloqüents. La UE cerca honorar els seus valores però no pot fer-ho de manera eficaç degut a les seves divisions internes. Les directrius posen les bases per a canvis importants però no asseguren que aquests passin. Soles són insuficients. Hi ha una falta de mesures específiques, mecanismes i finançament per a que aquestes directrius es duguin a terme siguin supervisades. ; The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the longest ongoing confrontations in the world. Not only is it a strategic priority for Europe, as the EU 2003 Security Strategy states, but Europe has also much to gain from conflict resolution. Many have discussed the role the EU has to play, whether economic or also political, and one informed opinion is that the EU is underplaying its hand. The EU, whose principles and values tend to promote measures for conflict resolution, is not the only organisation to propose initiatives, but all attempts to end the conflict over these territories have so far failed. And even though the Occupied Territories are not recognised internationally as part of Israel, the situation has remained unresolved for over 40 years now. The European Commission 2013 Guidelines prohibit the issuing of EU grants, funding, prizes or scholarships to Israeli entities unless a settlement exclusion clause is included. Israeli institutions and bodies situated across the pre-1967 Green Line should be automatically ineligible. The EU lacks political influence but is the largest financial donor to the Palestinian Authority and biggest trade partner for Israel. It is sometimes said that the EU is an "economic giant" but a "political dwarf". Has the EU changed this through the 2013 Guidelines? The 2013 Guidelines seek to leverage the EU's economic position. It is the first time that the EU has shown its disagreement with Israeli policy not just through political statements but through economic policy. However, their effectiveness remains in doubt because Israel labels its products in a way that masks their geographical origin, making it difficult for the EU and its citizens to distinguish between Israel and the Occupied Territories. The core problem of these Guidelines is that they distinguish between Israel and Israeli companies in the Occupied Territories as if they were different, but very often they are separate parts of the same company. How then is the EU supposed to know who it can promote economic relations with? The 2013 Guidelines could be no more than grandstanding. The EU seeks to honour its core values but it cannot do so effectively due to its own internal divisions. The Guidelines lay the basis for an important turn in events but they do not ensure it will happen. Alone they are insufficient. There is a lack of specific measures, mechanisms and funding for these guidelines to be carried out and monitored
This thesis demonstrates that, throughout history, since the Spanish Conquest until the 21st Century, agriculture has been an important activity of the mapuche people. Research conducted points out the ability of the mapuche to resist and battle against powerful and ferocious foes, and in addition, their intelligent adaptation to foreign invasions, including that of the State of Chile. The thesis demonstrates the changes that took place in agriculture, and the ability of the mapuche people to innovate, since the Inca invasion in the 15th century, the Spanish conquest through the 16 to 19th centuries, and the Chilean occupation that extends reaching the 21st century. At the start of the Spanish conquest, mapuches constituted people that autonomously occupied a territory, were fully sedentary, communities populated clearly delimited areas, and conducted agriculture of cultural subsistence, in addition to harvesting native vegetation, fishing and hunting. Society was matricially organized by lineages, by groups, had a cosmic view, culture and social organization. During the Colony, they adopt and appropriate European technology, develop a powerful animal husbandry that extends through the Argentinian pampa; this activity generates a strong and diversified commercial exchange between the mapuche territory and the Kingdom of Chile, of animal products, handicrafts and food products. Exchange was unfavorable for the mapuche and had to be regulated through parliaments. The Chilean Republic at first recognized the mapuche territories, but later, for reasons of economic expansion, occupies them through war. Mapuches resist and are defeated by the Chilean army that had recently won the Pacific Ocean War against Peru and Bolivia. The mapuche enter the 20th century deprived of 95% of their territory, almost the total of their powerful animal husbandry, their capital goods, machinery, equipment, annual and perennial crops. But above all, they are excluded, segregated, faced with assimilation and extermination strategies, they die from hunger, diseases and pests. The real historical debt of the State of Chile with the mapuche generates at that point. Agrarian reforms, in particular that of the Popular Unity (1970-73) political government faces the problem of usurped lands and initiates solutions, later reversed by the Military Government (1973-90). Concertation for Democracy governments (1990-2010), recognize the specificities of the mapuche people and partially solves land conflicts. At present, rural mapuche face powerful strategies of assimilation and cultural extermination; however, at the rural communities level, the ability of the mapuche people to adapt to changes, adequate, resist, and impose the basic terms of the conditions necessary to reconstruct themselves as a Chilean original people has become clearly evident. ; Cette thèse démontre l'existence de l'agriculture comme une activité importante du peuple mapuche à travers l'histoire, depuis la conquête jusqu'au XXIème siècle. La recherche démontre la capacité des mapuche pour résister et combattre des ennemis puissants et féroces, et également l'intelligente adaptation à toutes les invasions étrangères, même celles de l'Etat Chilien.La thèse montre les changements dans l'agriculture et la capacité du peuple mapuche pour innover, depuis l'invasion des incas au XVème siècle, la conquête des espagnols du XVIème au XIXème siècle et l'occupation chilienne jusqu'au XXIème siècle. Au moment de la conquête espagnole, les mapuche étaient un peuple en pleine sédentarisation qui occupait un territoire de façon autonome. Les communautés peuplaient des terrains délimités et pratiquaient une agriculture de subsistance culturelle, en plus de la cueillette, de la pêche et de la chasse. La société était organisée en groupes de lignées matricielles, ils avaient une cosmovision, une culture et une organisation sociale. Pendant la colonie, ils adoptent et s'approprient les technologies européennes, ils développent un élevage puissant qui s'étend à la pampa argentine. Cette activité génère un échange commercial puissant et diversifié entre le territoire mapuche et le Royaume du Chili, fait de produits animaux, d'objets manufacturés et de produits alimentaires. L'échange était défavorable aux mapuche et dut être régulé par des traités. La République commence à reconnaitre les territoires mapuche, mais ensuite, pour des raisons d'expansion économique, elle les envahit à feu et à sang. Les mapuche résistent mais sont mis en déroute par l'armée chilienne, qui a gagné la guerre du Pacifique.Les mapuche commencent le XXème siècle spoliés de 95% de leurs terres, de presque tout leur puissant élevage, de leurs biens capitaux, des machines, des équipements, des charrues, des semences et des plantations. Mais surtout ils sont exclus, mis en ségrégation et confrontés à des stratégies d'assimilation et d'extermination. Ils meurent d'inanition, de maladies et d'épidémies. C'est là qu'est générée la vraie dette historique de l'Etat du Chili envers les mapuche. Les Réformes Agraires, et particulièrement celles de l'Unité Populaire (1970-1973) soulèvent le problème des terres usurpées, elles proposent et mettent en œuvre des solutions, que la dictature militaire (1973-1990) annule. La Concertation pour la Démocratie (1990-2010) reconnait les spécificités du peuple mapuche et résout une partie des conflits pour la terre. Actuellement, les mapuche de la campagne sont confrontés à de puissantes stratégies d'assimilation et d'extermination de leur culture, cependant au niveau des communautés rurales, on observe la capacité manifeste du peuple mapuche de s'adapter aux changements, résister et imposer les termes de base des conditions nécessaires pour se reconstruire comme peuple originaire du Chili.
[eng] The discovery of America was followed by a flow of precious metals to Spain and Portugal, and from there throughout the world. Historiography has reconstructed the quantities of gold and silver transferred from the New World to the Old World in the Early Modern period, but what was the reason for the bullion outflows? This dissertation answers this question. In particular, it examines the logic of silver outflows from Cadiz to London in the first half of the 18th century. Castile enacted bullionist laws during more than four centuries, from the Late Middle Ages to mid-19th century. The laws fixed prices and placed bans on export. But these measures did not prevent the export of silver and instead caused a great deal of smuggling. This dissertation aims at understanding the logic of silver outflows focusing on the smugglers' point of view: arbitrage. In this regard, the archive of the merchant house Roux (Marseille), probably the best preserved 18th century commercial archive in Europe, has made possible the reconstruction of the specie-point mechanism for silver - the Old Mexican pieces of eight - between Cadiz and London as exactly practiced by contemporary merchants. The discovery of half-monthly data on silver black market in Cadiz for the period 1729-1741 has been a milestone in order to understand the logic of silver outflows. Empirical result from these data for arbitrage equation presents a puzzle for our understanding of the specie-point mechanism: from 1729 to 1737 there was a systematic bias between the implicit spot exchange rate and the arbitrated parity, which made arbitrage systematically profitable. On the contrary, from 1737 to 1741 the bias was corrected because the Spanish government reacted to illegal bullion outflows with a devaluation, which equalized the exchange rates and the arbitrated parity. This research explores both theoretically and empirically the reasons for the apparent mispricing for the first period and the effect of the devaluation on silver prices for the second period. The outcome is that bullionist regulations configured an oligopsony structure in Cadiz that had the power to drive down silver prices below the international price (i.e., London price). Oligopsony agents were the most important foreign merchants in Cadiz, organized in family and partnership networks which were rice-makers; their structure was maintained because the long-run international networks created entry barriers in the business of illegal export of bullion. Secrecy was reserved because both sides of the market cheated the Spanish government: importers from the Spanish American colonies saved the high import tax and exporters to the ain European bullion markets ignored the ban against exports. Nevertheless, oligopsony power had a floor, which was the Official Parity (i.e., the number of units of account per coin). Below the Official Parity, the pieces of eight were used as money and went out from the commodity market. The devaluation of 1737 should be understood as an increment of the Official Parity for eliminating oligopsony power. Some main lessons emerge from this dissertation. First, understanding the reasons of the specie flows in the Early Modern period demands comprehension of the specie-point mechanism. Second, the construction of the silver-points requires the location, collection and manipulation of the right data: market prices, exchange rates and costs of arbitrage. And third, the interpretation of the arbitrage results needs to focus on the special microeconomic features of the bullion market structure. This is an original approach which will provide a lot of insight into the workings of commodity money. The first chapter describes the Castilian stagnated legislation and immobile institutions established with the aim of avoiding bullion outflows: fixed prices and bans on export. The second chapter analyses the specie-point mechanism in the institutional setting of bullion controls: the case of silver Pieces of Eight between Cadiz and London during the period 1729-1741. Arbitrage equation shows a systematic bias between the spot exchange rate and the arbitrated parity corrected by the 1737 devaluation. The third chapter analyses the specie-point mechanism in the institutional setting of free bullion movement: the case of gold and silver bars between London and Amsterdam during the period 1734-1758. London-Amsterdam bullion market was integrated, and arbitrage equation shows only few and non persistent breaks. The fourth chapter tells the story of the agents involved in the illegal exchanges of silver in Cadiz, and demonstrates that the smugglers were the French merchants who obtained the highest income of all merchants in Cadiz. The fifth chapter examines the contemporary Castilian reports against smuggling in order to describe how the illegal exchange took place. Smuggling was reserved to foreign merchants because they had achieved privileges which prevented them to be prosecuted. The sixth chapter demonstrates that the smugglers were organized in long-run networks which conferred them the market power to drive down bullion prices below the international price, and the international connections to illegally extract and distribute the bullion from Cadiz. The seventh chapter develops a static model of partial equilibrium for commodity-money in order to understand the workings of the oligopsonistic silver-commodity market and the effect of devaluation on the bullionist goal of treasuring silver. We will end offering some conclusions. Appendices explain the construction of the specie-point mechanism.
The author, who travelled in southern Arabia during the winter 1958/59 together with Prof. H. v. Wissmann and Colonel D. van der Meulen, attempts in this contribution to demonstrate the changes in population and economic geography which have occured in Hadramaut during recent decades. Ḥaḍramaut as now understood forms the major part of the British Eastern Aden Protectorate. It consists of three physical regions: 1. The coastal area, occupied by sand and pebble deserts, the Harra surfaces of recent volcanic origin and a marginal mountain chain of pronounced relief. 2. The Djöl, a raised platform consisting mainly of early Tertiary limestone which in the west, opposite the highland of Yemen, commences with a clear scarp and submerges northwards under the sands of the Ruh' al-Khälï. 3. According to physical character the wadies which are incised in the Djöl and which collect in the Wädï Ḥaḍramaut, a vale of 2—4 Km width running in a west-easterly direction, must be taken as a physical region in its own right. The potentialities for farming in the Hadramaut are very limited; they only exist in the oases of the coastal region and in the wadies whereas most of the Djöl merely serves as a passage for the Bedouins. Thus Ḥaḍramaut, even under optimum conditions, has only been able to feed about a quarter of its inhabitants with home produced foodstuffs. These unfavourable natural conditions early forced the Hadärim to emigration. Initially it was to nearby areas on the Red Sea coast and in Eastern Africa where South Arabic settlement colonies existed as early as the time of the birth of Christ. From the beginning of the last Century onwards, however, South-East Asia, in particular Singapore, Java and Sumatra, became the most favoured destinations for migration. As a result before World War II the number of Arabs from Ḥaḍramaut in the Dutch East Indies had reached about 90,000. Since the emigrants always aimed to return eventually to their homeland after years of absence, the dose links with Indonesia have found a clear reflection in Ḥaḍramaut itself. It is apparent in the architecture of the urban settlements, in eating habits and also anthropologically in considerable Malayan traces amongst many families of the economically most successful upper classes. These contacts with the outside world, however, weakened the authority of the religious leaders, the "Seyyids", descendants of Mohammed, who by means of successful business in foreign countries had themselves amassed the greatest wealth. They were neither any longer able to mediate in the numerous feuds which the vendetta made flare up again and again, nor to stem the continuing loosening of the tribal structure and to put an end to the internal disunion of the country which nearly amounted to a latent state of war. Only the truce of 1937, achieved with British help, brought an end to these troubles and provided the possibility of undertaking various development schemes, e. g. the improvement of communications. The most important consequence was the opening of the access to the Wädï Ḥaḍramaut which the conservative and strongly anti-foreign Population had prevented so far. A period of drought during World War II, which reached catastrophic proportions, and a recession of emigration, which because of the changed political Situation could no longer be resumed on the former scale even after the war, have eventually forced Hadramaut to take all measures to use the indigenous possibilities to a greater degree and increase agricultural production. Irrigation, both by utilisation of the episodic floods (seyls) and permanent irrigation by means of wells, has especially been developed. Many newly built dams utilise the floods; the success achieved by this means in Ḥaḍramaut itself is only modest whereas, in Abyan, about 50 Km to the east of Aden it was possible to develop seyl irrigation on a large scale resulting in considerable progress. By means of compact installations for distribution of the water and an extensive network of irrigation ducts which are safeguarded against "seyl erosion" it was possible to expand the cultivated area, especially for cotton growing, to 18,000 ha and to provide the basis of existence for 5,000 farm units. In the case of the development of irrigation from wells it was less the construction of new installations but the introduction of technological improvements for lifting the ground water, viz. the installation of diesel pumps into the existing well shafts. At the end of 1958 about 1,000 wells, approximately half the total of the Wädi Ḥaḍramaut, were used that way. As a consequence the oasis economy of the Wädi Ḥaḍramaut experiences not only an increase of its area but also a shift towards cultivation of crops with higher yields in which process wheat comes to dominate agricultural production to a higher degree than hitherto. High production costs are, however, a handicap to the development of agriculture. They are a consequence of the still inadequate communications and the unhealthy social conditions of the agricultural population; these arise from the share cropping and tenant farm Systems of the Middle East and further from the contempt in which agricultural work is held by large sections of the population.
Telegrams exchanged between Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles and the following people: private citizens, Congressmen, Generals, the Progreso Labor Federation, the Organizing Committee of the Silver Wedding anniversary, the Agrarian Committees and Colonies from San Gerónimo, Guerrero; the Union of Truck rentals proprietors and associates from Puebla, the residents of the Arcelia, Guerrero Municipality, Shipping Agencies from Progreso, Yucatán, Governors, the League of Chauffeurs and car owners from Tampico, the National Chamber of Commerce and Industry from Tlalpan, the Union of shoe polishers from the Federal District, the President of the City Council from Orizaba, Veracruz, the Union of Construction workers from Tacubaya, Federal District, the Group of Plasterers from the Federal District, residents from San Luis Tlaxatemalco, Xochimilco, Federal District, the residents of Santiago Tepalcatlalpan, Xochimilco, Federal District, the Confederation of Labor Parties from Puebla and the Municipal Committee of the Revolutionary National Party in Ajuchitlán, Guerrero. The aforementioned telegrams concern replies of acknowledgement, schedule of interviews, clarification about Juan R. Escudero as a farming colony located in San Gerónimo, Guerrero, greetings on the occasion of the State of the Union address, a request to provide guarantees for the supporters of Gen. Gabriel R. Guevara and the election conflict, transcription of the telegram sent by the Secretary General of the Progreso Labor Federation to Bartolomé García Correa on the payment of the agreed sentence of the court for the readjustment of henequen fees, a request for information of the arrival date of the transportation which will bring the Bataclán horse shipped to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles, confirmation of installing the XXXIV Local Legislature of Durango, a notice and thank-you note for the appointment as Chief Clerk of the Department of Industrial Plants and Military Supplies, requests for appointments, election issues in Arcelia, Guerrero, an invitation to participate in a Livestock fair, complaints about murders and abuses committed against peasants in San Gerónimo, Guerrero, a request for information about the political relationship of Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles and Gen. Ortiz Rubio, a request for the repeal of taxes imposed on the transportation in Puebla, a request for the budget submission to pay salaries to the troops in Tulancingo, Hidalgo, a request for a recommendation for employment, a notice about the suspension of works at the Rodríguez Dam in Mexicali, Baja California Norte due to budget cuts, a notice about persecution of chauffeurs and car owners in Tampico, endorsement of the appointment of Abelardo Rodríguez as Interim President, endorsement and congratulations to Gen. Calles, Confirmation of the governor election win in Zacatecas in favor of Gen. Matías Ramos, petitions for Vicente Estrada Cajigal's reinstatement as Head of the Department of the Federal District, a request for budget submission to Cuernavaca, reports of the shipping of horses to Tlaxcala, election issues in Durango. / Telegramas entre el Gral. PEC, particulares, Diputados, Generales, Federación Obrera Progreso, Comité Organizador de las Bodas de Plata, Comités Agrarios y Colonias Agrícolas de San Gerónimo, Gro.; Sindicato de Propietarios de Camiones de Alquiler y Similares de Puebla, vecinos del Municipio de Arcelia, Gro.; Agencias Navieras de Progreso, Yuc.; Gobernadores, Liga de Chauffeurs y Propietarios de Automóviles de Tampico, Cámara Nacional de Comercio e Industria de Tlalpan, Unión de Boleros del Distrito Federal, Presidente del Ayuntamiento de Orizaba, Ver.; Unión de Albañiles Tacubaya, D.F.; Grupo de Yeseros del Distrito Federal; vecinos de San Luis Tlaxatemalco, Xochimilco, D.F., vecinos de Santiago Tepalcatlalpan, Xochimilco, D.F.; Confederación de Partidos Trabajadores de Puebla y Comité Municipal del Partido Nacional Revolucionario en Ajuchitlán, Gro., acerca de: notificaciones de enterado, concesión de entrevistas, aclaración sobre que Juan R. Escudero es una colonia agrícola en San Gerónimo, Gro., salutaciones con motivo del informe presidencial, solicitud de impartición de garantías a los partidarios del Gral. Gabriel R. Guevara y conflicto postelectoral, transcripción del telegrama enviado por el Secretario General de la Federación Obrera Progreso a Bartolomé García Correa para pagar conforme al laudo acordado para el reajuste de tarifas del henequén, solicitud de informes de fecha de llegada del transporte en que se enviará al Gral. Calles el caballo Bataclán, notificación de instalación de la XXXIV Legislatura Local de Durango, notificación y agradecimiento por el cargo de Oficial Mayor del Departamento de Establecimientos Fabriles Militares, solicitudes de audiencia, problemas electorales en Arcelia, Gro.; invitación para que participe en exposición ganadera, quejas por asesinatos y atropellos cometidos contra campesinos de San Gerónimo, Gro.; solicitud de informes acerca de las relaciones políticas entre el Gral. PEC y Ortiz Rubio, solicitud de derogación de impuesto sobre transporte en Puebla, solicitud de envío de haberes para pago de la tropa en Tulancingo, Hgo., petición de recomendación para obtención de empleo, notificación de suspensión de obras de la Presa Rodríguez en Mexicali, B.C.N. por falta de presupuesto, notificación de persecusiones contra chauffeurs y propietarios de automóviles en Tampico, adhesiones al nombramiento de Abelardo Rodríguez como Presidente interino, adhesiones y felicitaciones al Gral. Calles, notificación de elección de Gobernador en Zacatecas a favor del Gral. Matías Ramos, peticiones de reinstalación de Vicente Estrada Cajigal como Jefe del Departamento del Distrito Federal, solicitud de envío de haberes a Cuernavaca, informes sobre envío de caballos a Tlaxcala, problemas electorales en Durango.
2007/2008 ; Il problema della comparsa e propagazione veloce delle antibiotico-resistenze in ambiente ospedaliero, ma anche extraospedaliero, è divenuto ormai un'emergenza che solo un'attenta politica sanitaria può aiutare a combattere o quantomeno a contenere. Molti studi a livello nazionale e nell'ambito della comunità europea e internazionale concordano che solo l'uso oculato dei farmaci e l'identificazione immediata delle specie resistenti possono ridurre la diffusione del fenomeno, che attualmente provoca un notevole incremento della spesa sanitaria e un peggioramento della qualità di vita dei pazienti. I dati epidemiologici indicano una grande variabilità geografica delle antibiotico-resistenze, sia a livello di nazioni, che di singole realtà locali o addirittura evidenziano differenze circoscritte a piccole zone ben delimitate e questo rende praticamente impossibile estrapolare linee guida a validità universale, mentre è necessario creare programmi di sorveglianza adattati alla realtà locale delle specie batteriche e delle loro resistenze. L'industria farmaceutica cerca di sopperire alla costante richiesta di farmaci che possono essere efficaci contro le specie resistenti, ma lo studio di nuove molecole attive richiede molti anni e spesso la loro introduzione nell'uso clinico è in breve neutralizzata dai meccanismi di variabilità batterica. Il progetto di ricerca è partito da una prima valutazione della situazione locale, con particolare attenzione a microrganismi che presentassero antibiotico-resistenze con frequenze anomale rispetto ai dati nazionali o internazionali e verso farmaci di recente introduzione. Si è osservato un dato inconsueto per la resistenza degli enterococchi al linezolid, farmaco appartenente ad una nuova classe di antibiotici, gli oxazolidinoni, il cui uso clinico è iniziato in Italia nel 2001. A Trieste nel 2005 si è registrata una frequenza di resistenza (isolati resistenti e a sensibilità intermedia) al linezolid in enterococchi del 5,5% che non ha riscontro nei report periodici dei programmi di sorveglianza internazionali di tale resistenza (ZAAPS, LEADER, SENTRY). Si è valutata dapprima la strategia più idonea per verificare se la resistenza anomala al linezolid (LNZ) fosse reale o fosse dovuta ad una sovrastima delle resistenze prodotta dalle metodologie seguite. Nel 2006 sono stati caratterizzati (identificazione con strumenti automatici o in base a caratteri fenotipici; sensibilità ad antibatterici con metodi automatici o con test di diffusione in agar) e conservati a -80°C enterococchi isolati da tamponi rettali di sorveglianza, eseguiti regolarmente per il monitoraggio delle resistenze nei reparti ad alto rischio di infezioni (Rianimazione e reparti chirurgici), e da altri campioni afferenti al Laboratorio di Microbiologia dell'Ospedale di Cattinara, in particolare enterococchi con resistenza ai glicopeptidi o con dubbia sensibilità al LNZ per un totale di 121 ceppi (114 isolati dai tamponi rettali di sorveglianza e 7 da materiali diversi). Sono state poi valutate le condizioni più idonee per il rilevamento della mutazione G2576T, che conferisce resistenza al linezolid. Questa mutazione comporta il cambiamento di una base nel domain V della subunità 23S dell'rRNA ed è quella predominante in ambiente clinico. In particolare, sono stati valutati i seguenti punti: • Estrazione del DNA: con fenolo/fenolo-cloroformio-isoamilico e successiva precipitazione con etanolo o, metodo più veloce, trattamento a 95° per 10 minuti di una sospensione in 10 µl di acqua distillata di 2-4 colonie prelevate da una coltura on in agar sangue. • Scelta dei primers per l'amplificazione della sequenza di DNA comprendente il sito di mutazione, scelta delle condizioni di amplificazione e identificazione dell'enzima di restrizione più appropriato, NheI, che, in presenza della mutazione G2576T, procede al taglio del frammento di 745 bp ottenuto dall'amplificazione, generando due frammenti di 556 e 189 bp. • Acquisizione di ceppi di controllo resistenti al linezolid: sono stati forniti, dalla Dott.ssa R. Fontana di Verona, 3 ceppi di Enterococcus faecium con diversi gradi di resistenza al LNZ. In nessuno dei ceppi isolati a Trieste nel 2006 è stata rilevata la mutazione G2576T. I ceppi di controllo, sottoposti agli stessi trattamenti di estrazione, amplificazione e restrizione, hanno invece evidenziato il profilo elettroforetico caratteristico generato dalla presenza della mutazione; è stata inoltre rilevata la difficoltà di individuare la resistenza con i test di sensibilità, sia in automazione, sia in agar-diffusione, soprattutto quando solo poche copie di geni sono mutate. Nel maggio del 2007 è stato isolato il primo enterococco resistente ai glicopeptidi e al linezolid (E. faecalis), da un catetere di drenaggio toracico proveniente da un paziente trattato con vancomicina, ma mai con linezolid. Ciò ha dato il via ad una serie di prove per la caratterizzazione del ceppo, per la verifica della presenza della mutazione G2576T e per il controllo dell'eventuale colonizzazione intestinale attraverso colture da tamponi rettali di sorveglianza. Le prove effettuate hanno evidenziato la difficoltà, con i metodi solitamente usati in laboratorio, di isolare i ceppi resistenti in materiali con abbondante flora commensale, come sono i tamponi rettali di sorveglianza; nel materiale fecale possono infatti coabitare enterococchi resistenti e sensibili e una volta cessata la pressione selettiva, determinata dalla terapia, il ceppo sensibile prende il sopravvento su quello resistente, che sarà così difficilmente identificabile, pur mantenendosi spesso vitale e pronto a moltiplicarsi velocemente in caso di ripresa del trattamento, annullando l'efficacia terapeutica del farmaco. Per superare il problema, è stata studiata una apposita strategia, basata sulla coltura dei campioni su terreno selettivo per enterococchi (Enterococcosel agar) e sul successivo inoculo su agar Mueller Hinton contenente 4 µg/ml di linezolid (Lin-screen) di una sospensione densa (2 McFarland) di colonie H2S positive prelevate dall'Enterococcosel. Tale metodo rende possibile la selezione diretta di enterococchi LNZ-resistenti dai tamponi rettali. La sua applicazione ha consentito sia l'isolamento di E. faecalis LNZ-resistente dal tampone rettale del paziente da cui era stato isolato il primo enterococco resistente al linezolid, sia il ritrovamento di un secondo ceppo resistente ai glicopeptidi e al linezolid (E. faecium) in un campione fecale di un paziente in precedenza trattato con linezolid, ma mai sottoposto a terapia con vancomicina. Lo studio si è quindi focalizzato sui ceppi resistenti al linezolid isolati a Trieste, con la ricerca da un lato della storia clinica dei pazienti da cui i ceppi erano stati isolati, dall'altro con la conferma molecolare della presenza della mutazione G2576T e con la genotipizzazione dei ceppi resistenti e sensibili isolati dagli stessi pazienti. È stato inoltre valutata la frequenza della resistenza ai glicopeptidi nel triennio 2006-2008. I principali risultati ottenuti includono: 1) La dimostrazione che il sistema automatico Vitek tende a sovrastimare la resistenza al Linezolid: 9 ceppi di enterococco, la cui MIC per linezolid, determinata dal sistema automatico Vitek, era di 4 µg/ml, indice di sensibilità intermedia (I), sono stati saggiati con Lin-screen e con E-test: non è stata rilevata crescita e la MIC è risultata nel range di sensibilità dimostrando così che il 5,5% di resistenza (ceppi a sensibilità intermedia o resistenti) al linezolid rilevato nel 2005 era quasi certamente frutto di una sovrastima del Vitek. 2) La descrizione del primo caso in Italia di colonizzazione con E. faecalis resistente sia al linezolid che alla vancomicina: il ceppo è stato isolato da un catetere di drenaggio toracico da un paziente trattato con vancomicina per empiema pleurico causato da S. aureus meticillino-resistente (MRSA). La terapia con vancomicina potrebbe aver indotto la possibile selezione dei ceppi vancomicina-resistenti, ma il paziente non è mai stato trattato con linezolid e quindi resta inspiegabile la comparsa di tale resistenza; presenza continua di infezione da MRSA e procedure invasive (cateteri) possono essere fattori di rischio, come forse la contemporanea presenza in reparto di una persona trattata con linezolid. I ceppi resistenti isolati dal catetere e successivamente dai tamponi rettali di sorveglianza presentano il genotipo vanA e appartengono allo stesso clone, ma risultano genotipicamente diversi dai ceppi sensibili isolati dallo stesso tampone di sorveglianza, come rilevato dalla PFGE. Il ceppo resistente potrebbe quindi essere stato acquisito dal personale o dall'ambiente ospedaliero. Il caso è stato presentato con un poster al XXXVII congresso nazionale AMCLI (5-8 ottobre 2008) ed è ora oggetto di un lavoro per l'eventuale pubblicazione su riviste internazionali. 3) La descrizione di E. faecium resistente a vancomicina, teicoplanina e linezolid isolato da un campione di feci, con la tecnica del Lin-screen, in un paziente con pregressa infezione da VRE. Il paziente non è mai stato trattato con vancomicina; è stato trattato con linezolid per un breve periodo e ciò può aver determinato la comparsa dei VLRE. I ceppi resistenti a vancomicina e linezolid, isolati dopo il trattamento con linezolid, sono stati confrontati con gli E. faecium resistenti a vancomicina isolati dallo stesso paziente, prima del trattamento con linezolid: si è valutata sia la presenza della mutazione G2576T (presente solo nei ceppi resistenti al linezolid), sia la relazione clonale tramite PFGE: i ceppi VRE isolati prima del trattamento con linezolid e quelli VRLE colonizzanti appartengono allo stesso clone, quindi in questo caso si può affermare che il ceppo linezolid-resistente è derivato da quello sensibile dopo pressione selettiva data dall'uso, sia pur breve, del linezolid. E' stata confermata la presenza del gene vanA, tramite amplificazione per PCR, in tutti i ceppi vancomicina-resistenti. 4) L'osservazione che E. faecium vancomicina-resistenti (tutti confermati di genotipo vanA) provenienti da vari reparti ospedalieri, ma anche dall'esterno, sono geneticamente correlati (esame dei profili PGFE dopo macrorestrizione SmaI) e quindi parte della stessa catena di trasmissione; la trasmissione da paziente a paziente o attraverso oggetti contaminati o ancora attraverso gli operatori sanitari potrebbe spiegare la comparsa di VRE anche in pazienti non sottoposti a terapia con glicopeptidi, come nel caso descritto al punto 3. 5) E' stata infine dimostrata la praticità dell'uso del Lin-screen, la sua capacità di individuare batteri resistenti anche se presenti a bassissime concentrazioni in colture miste ricreate in vitro, i molteplici usi a cui può essere destinato: • Nei pazienti da cui sono stati isolati VLRE dove è necessario esaminare campioni multipli e a distanza di tempo per confermare la scomparsa di enterococchi linezolid-resistenti colonizzanti, infatti non sempre un primo campione negativo basta a confermare la loro assenza, campioni successivi possono nuovamente portare a crescita su Lin-screen, in dipendenza della minore o maggiore concentrazione dei ceppi resistenti e del modo con cui il prelievo è stato eseguito. • Per conferma della sensibilità intermedia o dubbia rilevata da strumenti automatici o dai test di diffusione in agar. • Per eventuali resistenze al linezolid non dovute alla classica mutazione G2576T. • Per il controllo della colonizzazione da parte di ceppi resistenti al linezolid in caso di un eventuale uso del farmaco, esame da eseguire prima dell'inizio della terapia, per escludere la presenza di isolati già in possesso della mutazione e quindi tendenzialmente pronti ad evolvere verso una maggiore resistenza, con il conseguente fallimento terapeutico; esame da ripetere al termine della terapia per confermare l'assenza di ceppi resistenti selezionati in corso di terapia. L'utilizzo del Lin-screen nei 2 casi descritti ha confermato l'ipotesi che VLRE e VLSE possono coabitare in siti normalmente ricchi di flora commensale; in caso di terapia la specie resistente potrà facilmente prendere il sopravvento, moltiplicandosi e diffondendosi in altri siti organici dello stesso paziente o, tramite oggetti contaminati od operatori sanitari o dagli stessi pazienti infetti, passare ad altri pazienti, se non vengono seguite attente procedure di prevenzione e di controllo delle infezioni. ; XXI Ciclo
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You will find a full line of Pure Drugs and Fine Stationery at the People's Drug Stoie Prescriptions a specialty. * f THE GETTYSBURG JIERGDRY The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College Vol. XII. GETTYSBURG, PA., FEBRUARY, 1904 No. 8 CONTENTS THE BEACON, 232 CHAS. W. WEISER, '01. THE PRESENT MOVEMENT TOWARD PROTECTION IN ENGLAND, 233 FRANK LAYMAN, '04 TALES OF A BACHELORS' CLUB—NO. 1, 238 JAMES GARFIELD DILLER, '04. THE NEED OF RENEWED INTEREST IN THELITER-ARY SOCIETIES OF OUR COLLEGE^ . . . 249 CONVERSATION AS AN ART 254 HARRIET A. MCGILL, '06. EDITORIALS, 256 EXCHANGES, ' . . 260 232 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY THE BEACON. CHARI,ES \V. WEISER, 'OI. *AR across trie wooded valley, Miles and miles across the plain, On a distant hill top gleaming Thro' the mist and drizzling rain, A beacon light is glaring, Dancing, leaping, spluttering, flaring As it catches at new fagots, Licks and laps the heap of pine Built far out upon the coast line, Where the land meets foamy brine, Warning signal to the vessels, Rocked upon the stormy sea, Of the rocks and shoals that threaten As they're drifting to'_the lea. And the night comes down upon it, Folding close her sable wings ; Darkness reigns, save for the flaring Of the beacon as it flings Its ruddy light in warning Thro' the stormy night till morning. Heaped up by silent figures Silhouetted on the flame, As they wander round the beacon Heaping up the burning flame. And the night rolls on terrific, Loudly still the tempests roar, Wierd and mystic sounds and sights Flit along the storm-beat shore. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 233 THE PRESENT MOVEMENT TOWARD PROTEC-TION IN ENGLAND. FRANK LAYMAN, '04. THE one live question in English politics today is that of tariff. For many years, while the United States and the nations of continental Europe have been hedging them-selves about with high protective tariffs, free trade has been the guiding principle in England's tariff legislation. This unique position of England is easily explained. For some reasons, and among them her great natural advantages in the immense deposits of coal and iron, England has become a great manu-facturing nation, and so it has been to her advantage* to get foodstuffs and raw materials free of duty, while no prohibitory tariff was needed on articles which she herself manufactures be-cause of her own advantages in their manufacture. In the world's division of labor, manufacturing has become her work and she has thought it unwise to increase, by import duties, the price of the food required while doing that work. There have not been lacking, however, efforts to establish a protective tariff, especially on grain. Of this nature were the so-called Corn Laws, passed in 1815 and repealed after long and bitter discussion in 1846. Then free trade held the field with-out interruption until the time of the Registration Act, passed in 1902 and repealed in 1903. The present movement for pro-tection, started by Mr. Chamberlain, is like the others in that a tax on grain is proposed, but it differs from them very ma-terially in the means proposed and the ends aimed at. What is Mr. Chamberlain's plan ? For the most part he has discussed it in rather vague and general terms, but on one oc-casion at least, speaking more specifically, he said that he does not advocate a tax on raw materials such as wool and cotton, but that his scheme included a tax of six cents a bushel on wheat and a five per cent duty on meat coming from the United States and other foreign countries, while the same arti-cles from the British colonies would be admitted free; also a 234 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. tax of ten per cent on manufactured articles and a reduction of the present duty on tea, coffee, sugar and cocoa. For this favored treatment of colonial goods a similar differential for the products of the English factories is expected in the colonial markets. According to Mr. Chamberlain, three good results will follow the adoption of this scheme. They are: (i) the encourage-ment of the agricultural and meat-producing industries of the colonies ; (2) the advancement of the manufacturing interests of England due particularly to favorable markets in the colon-ies; (3) the consolidation of the Empire by binding the colon-ies to the mother country by ties of self-interest. Let us ex-amine each of these separately and try to determine whether these results may reasonably be expected. The agricultural and meat-producing interests of the colonies will be encouraged without a doubt. The case of American and Canadian wheat will illustrate. The English people will pay just the same for their bread, whether it is made of wheat coming from the United States or from Canada, but the importer of wheat can and will offer just six cents more for Canadian than American wheat because of the six-cent tax that he must pay on the latter. This difference in price will encourage Ca-nadian farmers to the same extent to which it will discourage American farmers, and, as ordinarily happens in such cases, the higher price will greatly stimulate the production of Canadian wheat. The cost of transportation from the two countries is about equal, but the result will be the same wherever the cost of transportation from a colony does not exceed that of trans-portation from the United States or from other foreign countries by as much as six cents. This would include all or nearly all the colonies. On the second point, the advancement of England's manu-facturing interests, the scheme will fail for several reasons. In the first place, the cost of food for the English laborer will be increased almost in the same proportion in which colonial agri-culture is benefited. If,- as seems likely, the importer of wheat will offer six cents less for wheat from the United States and THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 335 other foreign countries, then, until agriculture in the colonies is further developed, the supply of wheat in the English market will be considerably reduced. The supply being lower, the price will necessarily be higher. It may be argued, however, that within a few years the stimulated production of the colonies will fur-nish such a supply that the price will be greatly lowered. This seems plausible upon the face of it, but certainly it is not reason-able to suppose that the price will thus become as low as it would if this colonial wheat had to compete in a free market with the wheat of the rest of the world. The same will be true of other food products affected by the tariff. That the price of bread and meat would thus be raised by the tariff is one of the disputed points in the debate now going on in England, but it was virtually admitted by Mr. Chamberlain himself, when, in answer to the cry that he would raise the cost of food for the people, he proposed a reduction of the duties on tea, coffee, sugar and cocoa as a compromise measure. It is hard to see, however, how a reduction of duties on these few luxuries can lower the total cost of living as much as a high tariffon the chief necessaries of life would tend to raise it. If the cost of food for the English laborer is thus increased, then, as Prof. Maxey, of the University of W. Va., points out, one of two results will follow—an increase of wages or a lower standard of living. As wages are determined by the demand for labor/and as no greater demand would necessarily be created, there is no reason to suppose that wages would be raised. A lower standard of living would injure the manufacturer in two ways— it would decrease the efficiency of his workmen and lessen the demand for manufactured goods. Now, the English manufac-turer is not prepared to sustain either of these injuries, especi-ally not the first. An impairment of the efficiency of the laborer would mean increased cost of production, and England is already meeting with such keen competition that this might suffice to shut her out of the market altogether. But further than this, the colonial markets would not offer the advantages to English goods that are hoped for. The pro-tectionist sentiment is growing in the great colonies, like Can- 236 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. ada and Australia. They are anxious for the" development of their agricultural interests, but they are not willing to have their manufactures ruined. They would be perfectly willing to-grant a differential in favor of England provided that the mini-mum tariff still be high enough to protect their own industries. But of what advantage would such a differential tariff be to England ? How would it benefit her, if, while the products of other countries are shut out of the colonial market, her own are shut out, though by a somewhat lower tariff? That this would be the case has already been proven by the working of a differ-ential in Canada for a number of years. This gave an advan-tage of thirty-three and one-third per cent to English products,, and yet during the time it was in operation, British exports, be-ing mostly manufactured articles, increased less than thirty per cent, while American and French exports in the same markets increased one hundred per cent. It must be granted, however, that if the smaller colonies,, which now have free trade, would change their policy and tax all imports except those coming from England, and if the smaller protectionist colonies would allow the articles now on the free list to come in free only when coming from England, English goods would acquire considerable advantages in these markets. But these are rather unimportant when compared with the great markets where no advantages would be gained. This slight advantage, however, would be more than off-set by a loss in another direction. Only a small fraction of England's exports now go, and for many years will go, to the colonies. The great bulk goes to foreign countries, where, as a free trade nation, she enjoys minimum tariff rates. When once she adopts a protective tariff this favored treatment can no longer be given her and a large part of her manufactures will be threatened with ruin. All in all, then, this tariff scheme would not only not benefit, but more likely would greatly injure, English manufactures. As to the third result aimed at, the consolidation of the Em-pire, many think that the scheme would work the contrary effect. To carry it out would be a tremendous problem. To THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 237 arrange a system of tariff duties that would be satisfactory to the United Kingdom and all the colonies would be too much for the intellect of any statesman of this generation. Exports to the various colonies differ both in quantity and kind; like-wise the imports from the colonies. Then, too, both imports and exports vary in these respects from year to year. For these reasons it would be impossible to hit upon a scheme satisfactory to all. There would be a constant fear and distrust lest one colony should be accorded more favorable treatment than another. Instead of harmony, discord would result; instead of consolidation, a tendency to disintegration. THE PI.AN OF SALVATION. O how unlike the complex works of man, Heaven's eazy, artless, unencumbered plan ! No meretricious graces to beguile, No clustering ornaments to clog the pile ; From ostentation, as from weakness, free, It stands like the cerulean arch we see, Majestic in its own simplicity. Inscribed above the portal, from afar Conspicuous as the brightness of a star, Legible only by the light they give Stand the soul-quickening words—Believe, and live. Too many, shock'd at what should charm them most, Despise the plain direction and are lost. WlLUAM COWPER. 2j8 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. TALES OF A BACHELORS' CLUB—NO. i. JAMES GARFIBI.D DIIAER, '04. THE great metropolis was struggling in the grasp of a mid-winter storm. Up and down the broad avenues and narrower thoroughfares the icy winds howled and blustered, the intermittent gusts catching up the harsh, granular snow and depositing it again in miniature drifts in the area-ways ot the larger buildings ; or, by its great velocity, creating a vacuum between the tall structures which sucked up the snow in swirl-ing cloud-masses and enveloped the chimneys in mantles of glistening white. The storm king was abroad in state, attended by a numberless array of his spotlessly livened retinue. A clock, in the tower of a building on one of the most fashionable thoroughfares of the city, was just announcing the hour of midnight, the strokes of the bell sounding alternately clear and distinct, and again muffled and far away, varying with the fluctuations of the storm. The street was almost deserted —only an occasional, belated pedestrian hurrying homeward, or some habitual night prowler stealing to an appointment at an uncertain rendezvous. As the night wore on, the storm abated and the subsiding wind left the air clear of snow. The electric lamps along the avenue shone forth again with an enhanced brilliancy, illumina-ting the dark corners with their ghostly glare, and revealing fan-tastic shapes of snow where the wind, cavorting with a too pretentious drift, had left evidence of his passage in the most erratic grotesquerie. Athwart the silence which succeeded the tumult of the ele-ments, the neighboring clock-tower chimed the hour of two and the last reverberation had scarcely died away when a little gust of wind, which seemed to have lost its way in the wake of the storm, hurried round the corner of an intersecting street and seemed to carry with it, in the midst of a flurry of snow, the muffled figure of a man. It was evidently no uncommon thing for this lone pedestrian THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 239 to be abroad at this hour, for he seemed to pursue his way-somewhat leisurely, as if well acquainted with the locality. He floundered along through the snow which now covered the side-walks to the depth of some inches, and seemed to main-tain his equilibrium fairly well, albeit he collided with a post or tree now and then, and once, when his silk hat blew off and wheeled its way to the middle of the street, he recovered it with an unsteady grasp which betrayed an evening spent in convivial enjoyment. When about halfway down the square he began to look up-ward as he passed along, scanning the handsome buildings for some distinctive architectural feature by which to recognize the one which was evidently his destination. Suddenly he paused, walked to the curb, and hesitated a moment, standing in the patch of rose-colored light which a large electric chandelier of stained glass and Venetian iron-work, hanging in the vestibule of the building, threw upon the side-walk. As he stands there undecided in his inebriated condition, whether or not he has found the right place, let us survey with him the exterior of the structure. It was the most impos-ing edifice on the whole avenue and was constructed almost entirely ot elaborately carved brownstone. The windows were of the triple style—a broad, square pane of heavy plate, with a narrower one on either side, surrounded by irregular, yet artistic, patches of vari-colored and heavily leaded glass, with miniature pilasters of carved brownstone intervening, the whole surmounted by a capping of heads of satyrs among twining vines in the form of those long, flat curves which in modern architecture give such a graceful and substantial effect. In the spaces between the windows, niches were let into the walls to accommodate statues—graceful figures, whose well defined out-lines and elegant curves caused one to forget that they were produced by the magic chisel, from the same hard, cold material as the rest of the building. At either end of the cornice a Cerberus head scowled, as if just emerging from its lofty lair, while just below a frieze of dancing nymphs completed the ex-terior of the modern palace, at which both the artist and the 240 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. craftsman might well gaze with self-satisfied pleasure, and each shake the other's hand in mutual congratulation. However, lest a too lengthy description of the building should become tedious to the reader, we will leave the interior of the structure to the imagination of those who can appreciate what prodigal extremes may be attained in the desire for modern convenience and luxurious ease. Such was the home of the Bachelors' Club, and the center of action for the stirring adventures which shall be recounted in this series of storiettes—of'which the following is the first, in their chronological order. Mr. Robert Carson, Esq., prominent in the legal profession and member of the Bachelors' Club, was—his bibulous tenden-cies notwithstanding—a most methodical man. In matters of dress and general decorum he was usually beyond reproach, while he never forgot an engagement, and was always courteous and friendly. With this estimate of his character in mind, one can well appreciate the astonishment of Rudolph, the colored attendant, who admitted him to the club in the small hours of the night. Rudolph was a sort of despot among the large corps of servants, asserting his position by right of long service in the employ of the club, and acquaintance with a majority of its membership. He had just dispatched a few of his subordinates and was making his nightly round of the building when a sharp summons of the bell brought him hurrying down the main hall-way to the front door. Having admitted Mr. Carson, the obsequious attendant pro-ceeded to relieve him of his hat and coat. Then, his practised eye noting that this late comer was inclined to stagger, Rudolph took the lawyer gently by the arm and escorted him into the spacious lounging-room, saw that he was comfortably ensconced in an easy chair, placed the latest newspaper on the table at his elbow and noiselessly withdrew. Not a word had passed be-tween them—the usually amiable and gentlemanly Carson and the faithful menial who was always eager to please and quick to detect any sign of gruff indifference. "He's surely got THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 241 somethin' on his mind," soliloquised Rudolph, as he re-ascended the broad staircase. Left to himself, the half-stupefied Carson fumbled in his breast pocket and produced a crumbled piece of note paper. Smoothing it on his knee he read aloud : "Meet me at the club tonight, after the Bench and Bar Banquet. Have some friends from the South visiting me. Will bring them around and we will make a night of it to-gether. "Sincerely, "NELSON BRENT." He refolded the paper without comment, replaced it in his pocket, and sat for some minutes lost in a reminiscent train of thought. Presently he began a mumbling, half coherent soliloquy: "Make a night of it, eh ?•—well; not the first time. Queer fellow, that Brent. Used to be one of my best friends at col-lege, until—oh ! Deuce take it. If the girl preferred me it wasn't my fault. And then, after all, her father forced her to break off the engage—, pshaw! Can I never forget it ? Strange, though, the way he seemed to forgive all when he voted me into the club,—looked a little suspicious for him to—there, there! I am getting nonsensical. Feel so dull and drowsy. That digestive tablet the young lawyer from Savannah passed me across the table musn't have worked right. Banquet was quite an enjoyable affair, though, made several new acquaint— friends—no; not yet—acquaintances." His talk became a mere jumble of words, spoken in a sort of petulant monotone. Slowly his head nodded back and forth. Then his chin rested upon his breast, his hands relaxed their grip on the arms of the chair, his eyelids dropped and he sank into a deep unnatural slumber. Half an hour passed, and again the musical whirr of the electric bell brought Rudolph to the door, this time to admit two men who entered quickly and with a certain wariness of manner, as if something of importance was about to be done surreptitiously. 242 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. "I say, Brent," blustered he who had entered first, "you cer-tainly get some beastly weather up here in the north states." And he rubbed his hands briskly. The other lifted a cautious finger and turned to Rudolph. "Has Carson come yet ?" "Yessir. He's in there now fast asleep," and Rudolph ges-tured toward the door of the smoking-room. Brent gave his companion a glance of mingled surprise and gratification, and the Southerner replied with a shy wink and a sinister smile. "You may go, Rudolph," said Brent, lifting his hand with a wave of dismissal, and the two passed into the apartment where Carson's regular breathing could be heard from the depths of a big easy chair. "There he is," whispered Brent, as he paused suddenly and laid a hand upon the Southerner's arm. That gentleman there-upon leaned over to get a better view of Carson's face, and nodded to the other. "The same fellow," he said. "One would not think, to look at him, that it would have been so easy to 'dope' him with a morphine tablet under the pretense that it was for his stomach's sake." "You did work it cleverly, though," observed Brent, with a ■complimentary accent. "How long do you think it will last?" "Oh !" was the careless rejoinder, he's good for a couple of hours anyway. And now, Brent, since I just got into the city this evening and went right to the hotel, so that we had no chance to talk, would you mind telling me what your idea was in getting me to assist you in what looks to me like the begin-ning of a dirty piece of work ?" "Steady, now, old man," said Brent, reassuringly. "I'll explain the whole affair if you give me time, and you'll agree that I am only exacting a just vengeance for a wrong which this man Carson did me years ago, and but for which I should now be a wealthy man, instead of being compelled to follow a meagre law practice, and scarcely able to keep up my membership in this club." THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 245 "Yes, I understand," interrupted his auditor, impatiently, "But what are you going to do with him now ?" "I'm coming to it," Brent replied hastily. "In order to understand the why and wherefore of what is going to happen tonight you must first know something of this man Carson's past, and, incidentally, a little of my own." He glanced at the sleeping figure in the easy chair, assured himself once more that the victim of his contemplated treachery was yet in the land of dreams, nonchalantly lighted a cigar, and settled himself to begin the narration of his tale. The little Southerner seated himself also, but with a reluc-tance which indicated that he was beginning to regret having taken a hand in this business, and was anxious to have it over with. "We were good friends at college," Brent began, "until—well,, it was the same old story. Two men and one woman. Her father was one of the wealthiest cotton planters of the South. By judicious manceuvering I succeeded in creating such a favor-able impression on the old man that he once told me himself that he thought I would make a good son-in-law. "But here steps in this fellow, Carson, and wins the affections of the heiress so completely that, from the time of his advent upon the field, I was gradually compelled to recede into the back-ground. In order to circumvent him I was obliged to concoct several false reports, which, by cleverly concealed methods, I managed to convey to the old gentleman's knowledge. The result was that her father forbade Carson the house. But the daughter, after several passionate scenes, declared her inten-tion to marry him, if she had to elope to do it. Finally, her father put her under the rigid surveillance of a strict spinster governess, and so the matter seemed to rest. Carson accepted his dismissal with an apparent good grace, and I gave the case up as hopeless. Thus the affair ended, neither of us gaining anything by it, and our former close friendship was replaced by a bitter enmity, which years seemed only to accentuate." "But how," ventured the other, "do you come to be members of the same club ?" 244 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. "I was coming to that," hurriedly asserted Brent, "and when I have told it you must give me credit, or rather discredit, for a piece of the most diabolical cunning. After we had gradu-ated from college I did not hear of Carson for some years. Meanwhile, I came here, built up a small law practice, and joined the Bachelors' Club. What was my surprise, one even-ing at our meeting, on learning that a certain Robert Carson was a candidate for membership. When I discovered that this prospective member and my old enemy were one and the same person, I hesitated. But it occurred to me that here was a splendid opportunity for revenge. I would vote him into the club, pretend to forgive and forget all that had formerly passed between us, and await my chance to strike the blow." "Yes, yes," said the Southerner impatiently, "that brings us up to the present time. I understand the circumstances now completely. But what do you intend to do with him ?" For answer a long, low whistle sounded from the street and Brent started in his chair and sat bolt upright. After some seconds the signal was repeated and he rose and went to one of the large windows. The Southerner heard the clicks of a latch, felt a draught of cold, outside air, and then the window was lowered and he turned to see a figure, muffled in a large storm coat and wearing fur driving gloves. The newcomer was talk-ing to Brent in an undertone and the listener could just catch the words: "Come near fergittin', Guv'nor, was just goin' ter ring th' bell when I minded as how you was t' let me in by th' winder, so as not t' rouse th' nigger." "Yes, yes," Brent whispered hurriedly. "But we must be quick, now. It's getting on toward morning and the thing must be done in time for me to catch the early train." He motioned his confederate toward the sleeping figure in the easy chair and, to the Southerner's astonishment, the burly fellow picked up the unconscious Carson as if he had been a child and carried him to the window. The perfidious Brent again raised the sash, revealing a cab in waiting at the curb-stone. The cabby lowered his burden to the sidewalk, slid THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 245 through the window and dropped below then again lifted the helpless form, carried it over and deposited it in a dark corner of the conveyance. Brent and his companion resumed their hats and coats and made their exit by the window, closing it after them. Crossing the sidewalk, with stealthy glances up and down the street, they entered the cab, the driver mounted his box and gave a sharp "cluck" to the horses. Only the faint crunching of the wheels in the snow was heard, as the vehicle rolled away into the darkness. Five minutes later the front door of the Bachelors' Club opened, a figure in dark blue livery stepped forth and a dusky face peered out into the gloom with an anxious and excited look. Rudolph had come into the smoking room, found Mr. Carson missing, his hat and coat left behind, the window-catch unfastened and many foot prints in the snow on the sidewalk just beneath. Hastening down to the curb, he observed, with a gleam of satisfaction, the tracks of wheels in the snow. In another moment he was hurrying back into the house, and up stairs to the servants' quarters, a grim determination written on his swarthy features. In a small, upper room of a low tenement house, on an obscure street of the slum district, an old man was sitting at a rough table, reading a week-old German newspaper by the light of a tallow dip. He was the common type of naturalized im-migrant of the lower classes. Teutonic features, snub-nose, double chin and ample girth were all present as the recognized signs of his nationality. He was clad in coarse, threadbare garments of antiquated pattern, the waistcoat unbuttoned for greater ease, and his feet slipped into loose goloshes with which he shuffled across the floor when, at frequent intervals, he arose and went to the window to peer with expectant gaze up the dark, narrow street. The room was scantily and poorly furnished, and gave evi-dence of those straitened circumstances which oftentimes force 246 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. honest and well-meaning folk to participate in deeds of rascality for the sake of the bare means of subsistence. And such was the case here. The old German had hesitat-ed, upon being approached by a refined-looking stranger with the offer of a handsome remuneration, if he should do just as the person dictated, for the space of a few days; but, when the al-luring proposition was reinforced by the guarantee of absolute safety from detection or punishment on the part of the German, the old man had consulted with his wife and, after sundry ar-guments pro and con, had accepted the offer. And now he was awaiting the arrival of the man to whom he had pledged himself to act as a tool. For the twentieth time, it seemed, he had gone to the window to watch for any sign of life up the de-serted thoroughfare. The fussy little clock in the corner pointed to five minutes of four, and the old man, weary of his vigil, re-sumed his chair and began to go over in his mind the plans which he and his unknown employer were about to carry into execution. It was three days, he mused, since he had been accosted on the street by a well-dressed gentleman, who, after some preliminary talk, conducted him to an obscure restaurant and, in the seclusion of a curtained booth, had made him the proposal which he had so reluctantly accepted. A wealthy young lawyer was to be kidnapped, smuggled into his humble quarters in the tenement, kept there against his will and forced to sign certain papers which the German's employer would turn into money and make good his escape before the victim of the plot could be located and rescued. It was all very neatly arranged, the old man thought, but was he not a fool to let the other fellow get away while he would have to remain and per-haps feel the strong arm of the law? He was just beginning to-regret his bargain and to wonder whether the pay justified the risk, when his attention was attracted by a noise in the street outside. Starting up, he snatched the candle from the table and rushed to the door. In the strong, upward draught from the steep stairway the feeble taper winked and spluttered and finally went out, leaving him in utter darkness. He groped his way down the dingy flight, in a tension of nervous" dread, THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 247 I . tore open the door and stepped out upon the front stoop. A cab was standing in the middle of the street, a short distance away. The horses were stamping the snow impatiently, the driver's box was vacant, the fur robe dangling from the seat and trailing upon the ground, and the door of the vehicle stood wide open. In the gloom about him the old gentleman heard the sounds of a scuffle, and could just make out the figures of half a dozen men who seemed to be engaged in a free-for-all fight. A familiar voice shouted dreadful oaths above the bab-ble of the melee, and a lithe, active little figure mingled in the struggle with furious vigor, hissing fierce invectives with a Southern accent. The battle royal lasted for some moments. Now and then one of the combatants would lose his footing and flounder about in the drifted snow, then regain his feet and plunge again into the conflict with redoubled fury. Finally, just as the terrorized witness was about to turn back and flee terror-stricken up the stairs, one of the factions in the contest seemed to gain the mastery. Three of the struggling forms broke away. Two of them sprang into the carriage and banged the door after them. The other clambered to his perch on the box, snatched up the reins, belabored the horses with vicious lashes of his whip, and, smarting with baffled rage, turned his head and hurled back a parting shot that was a veritable bomb-shell of besmirching epithets, as the cab rolled away. Some of those who remained on the sidewalk attempted to overtake the retreating vehicle, but, giving up the pursuit as fruitless, return-ed to join the little group which was now holding a hurried consultation. After a moment or two they picked up a limp figure and started away down the street, bearing the uncon-scious form as the trophy of their victory. ****** At a special meeting of the Bachelors' Club the next even-ing, a full account of the affair was given by one of the mem-bers, who gathered his information from those who had been most directly concerned in the disgraceful episode. From his disclosures it appeared that Rudolph, after noting the suspic-ious circumstances of Mr. Carson's disappearance and fearing 248 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. foul play, had aroused a half dozen of the servants and begun a search. The rescuing party tracked the cab to the street in the slum district by following the wheel marks in the snow. After overcoming the resistence of Mr. Carson's would-be ab-ductors, they had brought that gentleman back to the club-house, sent for a physician to resuscitate him from the effects of the drug and the rough handling he had received, and reported the affair to the police. When Brent's shameless duplicity became generally known, the assembly room of the Bachelors' Club was in a turmoil of indignation. A bitter, crushing letter of dismissal was drawn up and despatched to his law office, in case he should have the audacity to return and attempt to explain by some elaborate falsehood, as many of the members believed he would do. But the letter remained unopened upon the desk of Brent's deserted office and the shrewdest detectives of the city failed to obtain a single clew as to his whereabouts. Nelson Brent and his ac-complice, the little Southerner, had completely disappeared. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 249 THE NEED OF RENEWED INTEREST IN THE LITERARY SOCIETIES OF OUR COLLEGE. THE subject of the advantages of membership in a literary society andof general literary discipline is an aggravatingly old one, and one which has been preached from the college ros-trum ever since the literary society found place as an appendage to an institution of learning. Notwithstanding, it is, with all its ponderous burden of repetition, a most vital and important phase of collegiate training, and its importance needs all the more to be emphasized in lieu of the widespread lack of ap-prehension among students in general of the highly beneficent results which it confers. At'Gettysburg the existing state of affairs needs considera-tion. The reason as to why our literary societies are so lethar-' gic demands investigation. As to the why and wherefore of this depression in the field of literary effort let us briefly in-quire, and try to recognize the necessity for improvement. It is quite in harmony with a reasonable supposition to in-fer that the chief cause of this apathy is to be discovered in a failure to realize just what the literary society means to the student. To start with, it offers a chance for development in composition. Writing, in an intelligent way and with the use of good diction, is an accomplishment every college man should own. To be able to write what one thinks and offer it to be read by others is as much a demand on the college man as to be able to carry on an intelligent conversation. If a man has a reasoning intellect, descriptive ability, poetic sentiment, or thought-power and observant faculties along any particular line—which we all have in greater or less degree—he should surely appreciate his endowment to an extent great enough to insure its permanency and highest efficiency by a proper amount of use. This state of affairs would be conclusively guaranteed by an occasional essay, poem, or story, which a keen interest in his society and college monthly should unhesitatingly lead him to construct with a gratifying result to both writer and reader or listener. 250 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. The aptitude to compose one's thoughts, which ability is also a thought-training process, is an accomplishment which no stu-dent of Gettysburg College will ever disdain.' Secondly, and somewhat interwoven with what we have just said, is to be recognized the happy knack of being able to stand before an audience and do clear thinking. This is a something that is of incalculable importance. Not one man in one hun-dred can do it. Every college graduate, to be worthy of the name, ought to be that one man. To face with self-poise a congregated mass of people and address them with a calm dig-nity and a smooth-working brain is a modern requirement of the college man, and justly so. The world insists upon and demands this qualification. He who possesses this proficiency will always cherish it, and he who lacks it will ever be sensible of a lost opportunity. With this showing, as manifested in two main ways, of what the student of our college, in many cases, is foregoing in his educational career, let us give heed to one or two phases of our literary society work which are sore in need of a rectifying remedy forthwith, and the existence of which implies another cause for general unprogressiveness. The literary contests between the Phrenakosmian and Philo-mathean societies should be the means by which a great and lasting enthusiasm would be aroused in and a powerful impetus given to general literary work in the college. The approach of these competitive performances should instigate a rival zest between the members of the respective societies which would be satisfied only after having placed him, whom it has ani-mated, on the program, or upon the accession thereto of some more competent person, whose position was gained only by dili-gent and effective work. Such conditions would conduce to a mighty good. They would establish a propensity for literary practice certain to be wholesome for both societies. But how different? This year there is scarcely a little bit of interest manifest. Neither society seems to consider the issue worth more than a meagre amount of preparation. As the time for the contests draws nigh a sort of stringent necessity does impel a preparation which has the appearance of a greater or less THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 251 amount of haphazardness. The training for these programs, instead of having been systematic, steady and critical, has par-taken too much of an abrupt, spasmodic and thoroughless course, which is bound to assert itself, we are afraid, in their rendition. Before this paper has appeared the literary contests shall have taken place. By them let our society members judge their tactics henceforth. To be sure, these programs are going to support some kind of success, but how much better might they not have been had they been subject to a more ap-propriate preparation by harder individual work, more enthusi-astic collective energizing? Who dares set the limit? Within the precincts of each society the indifference of in-. dividuul members to the success of a program of the usual routine order is most exasperating. Every society member is entitled to a performance at certain intervals. Each society member anticipates that privilege when he joins his society. Deny it him and he resists. Henceforth it becomes his duty as well. But at present the inclination to slight this duty and privilege is quite ad extremiun. If a member be posted for an appearance on any particular program, the liability of the actual reality of his presence for the purpose of doing his duty and enjoying his privilege is, in so many cases, quite remote. Nowadays the president of Philo, the president of Phrena never knows, with any degree of certainty, what his program is going to be until rt is over. Indeed sometimes doesn't know if it is going to be at all or not. A member if unable to be present, whether on account of unavoidable circumstances, or on account of an acute indisposition to move aggravated by an attack of voluntary brain inactivity, instead of procuring a substitute, which is certainly the only proper course, simply lets the affair drift until it produces its ruinous effect on some program, whose purpose to please gives way to a decided reactionary effect. When will you realize your duty to yourself and your society, my inactive friend? How will you retrieve your loss? And now, fellow-student, having been made conversant with the facts, will you avail yourself of this offer; this lasting and essential advantage extended to you ? You who are going to 252 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. become ministers and lawyers—will it pay you to wait until you are in the pulpit or before the bar to learn how to handle your faculties, to control your thoughts and temper your actions ? And you, doctor and man of science, can you afford to descry the work because it is beyond your immediate province ? The truth is that whatsoever we be—professional men, business men, or scientific men—we are going to be called upon to per-form certain functions in life because of the significant fact that we are college men. The college man stands in such vast pro-portion to his fellow-men that, with his superior ability, he will be compelled to assume certain obligations within the field of .his active life. Suppose, for instance, you should be asked to make an address, you who are so negligent in society work, at a certain place, after your college days have passed and you are in the great fight of the world whose finish is victory or defeat, or that you are prevailed upon to preside at some meeting, in both of which cases you could positively not escape, unless on the plea of inability, would it not be your sincere desire that your success, in either instance, should be somewhat commen-surate with what would be expected of you, and would it not be of vast humiliation, and even perhaps a check on your ma-terial advancement, to confess inability, or to fail in the under-taking? Such cases as this are not improbable ; on the other hand they are both very probable and almost certain. Prepare now, fellow-student, and escape the penalty of the future. With such conditions at Gettysburg we should try and im-prove. At the same time we may find relief, over against this depicted "depression, in the fact that ours is not the only insti-tution wherein there is a lack of concern for literary discipline. In looking over the magazines of many of our contemporary schools we find, apparently, just as deplorable a situation. In brief, the American college might conveniently stand a "renais-sance." But the fact that an analagous disinterest is prevalent in other colleges should lead us to recognize more fully the greater necessity for a revival. The necessity is becoming a stern one and our duty it is to set in operation causes that will be productive of more satisfying results. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 253 Lastly, the welfare of Gettysburg demands that we get to work. Gettysburg College, we have reason to believe, is on the eve of a new departure. Nothing can long remain inactive. It must either advance or retrograde. For some time our col-lege has been in a state of comparative inactivity, but the spell is bound to be broken, and, judging from recent movements, we may judiciously conclude that the election of a president will soon be assured, and that such a step will be attended with success for Alma Mater. Anticipating such progressiveness, in no place can the student body initiate its expanding interest more appropriately than in literary society work. If we can make our two societies flourish, the influence will be far-reach-ing and the end worth the beginning. A few days ago the writer casually chanced upon the follow-ing : "Without good literary societies a college is certainly not worthy of patronage." This passage clearly defines the merit of the literary society. It is a necessary adjunct to the equip-ment of any institution of learning. Some of our neighboring colleges have valued this importance so highly as to make a certain amount of literary society membership compulsory. Our own school even has provision in its regulations for such membership with an alternative of certain extra work to be provided by the faculty. This rule, however, has not of recent years been subject to a rigorous enforcement, nor do we advo-cate its active operation after years of dormancy. Literary work should be voluntary. The student should find pleasure in it. The reward it offers should be its stimulus. No stu-dent is going to gain much from that into which he is forced. Now, if this work is so superlatively requisite, it certainly is worthy of support. It deserves a proportionate share of our labor. Recognizing the significence of our literary societies, let us upbuild them again, improve them by active work and by performing when called upon to do so. L. A. G. 254 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. CONVERSATION AS AN ART. HARRIET A. MCGILI;, '06. AGROUP of girls were talking about the expected visit of some college students to their town. The first and chief topic of their conversation was that pertinent to dress, and on all sides might be heard the statement, "I must have a new gown made for the occasion." The second, and by no means unim-portant consideration, was, "How shall we feed them; what shall we give them to eat?" This phase of the anticipated event was discussed in many ways, and with a due considera-tion of the fact that the appetite of the average college student is not easily satiated, but craves an abundant variety. After more or less of time had been indulged in this manner, it was suddenly discovered that by far the most attractive and intelli-gent girl in the company had been strangely quiet. She also happened to be of wealthy parentage and it was well known that she could easily afford many new gowns and tender many elaborate parties. " What are you thinking about?" asked her friends, almost in concert. "Why girls," was the reply, "to tell you the truth, I was just pondering as to how to formulate some scheme to put an intellectual edge on my ideas, in order to be able to entertain the boys when they are here with something interesting to talk about." Now, all girls like fine and beautiful dresses, and the elim-ination of hunger from the nature of the guest friend is, by no kind of argument, a meagre consideration, yet, despite these two pending necessities, the quiet girl, who had been thinking of interesting topics for conversation, had, without doubt, the proper conception about entertaining guests. We do not care about addressing statues, no matter how beautiful they may be; we gaze upon them for a while with admiring interest, and then pass on into contact with our liv-ing, breathing fellow-beings, less beautiful, it may be, but cer-tainty more attractive to us. The analogy finds its comple-ment in those persons who exist apparently for the sake of ap- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 255 pcarance; to see and be seen; to attract attention by every device and to pass on their face value. They have no in-dividuality. They may be admired, but never loved, or even scarcely liked by those with whom they come to be associated. Such is the person, for the most part, who is unable to employ the conversational art. The cultivation of conversational abil-ity has suffered by an undivided attention to the superficial. But let such individual recognize the relative importance of conversational power and seek to attain it, and his or her per-sonality will assert itself; vanity will subside. Education is a great factor in advancing conversation as an art. However, it is only a factor; it cannot do all. One must, first of all, be unselfish and amiable, must have a real desire to please, and not have feelings tending to provoke the state-ment: "Well, I have been put here to.talk with this person, and I presume I must make the best of it." Conversation to be worth the time and effort must be a pleasure. To be in-structive it must be conducted with mutual interest. The re-moval of the selfish element is always advantageous. Some people are naturally somewhat bashful or reserved. Such an one the considerate talker will address with careful thought- He will use tact in endeavoring to draw him out, and in having him speak of himself, to a certain extent, his work and aims, friends, and those things which seem to savor of interest for him. Under such circumstances time will pass rapidly for all ■coucerned, and the intellectual intercourse will be thoroughly enjoyed and appreciated. Among the educated conversation certainly flows with great-er ease than among those who have had fewer advantages. It is a fact that, no matter where one lives, who has been well ed-ucated, the world's interests are his interests and, as a result, he is acquainted with those interests. He is more at ease, broad-er- minded than his less fortunate brother, since he has studied about the great deeds of men and has seen " Footprints on the sands of time." All these superiorities assert his greater abil-ity in conversational art. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter Vol. XII GETTYSBURG, PA., FEBRUARY, 1904 No. 8 Editor-in-ch ief LYMAN A. GUSS, '04 Exchange Editor M. ROY HAMSHER, '04 Business Manager F. GARMAN MASTERS, '04 Asst. Business Manager A. L. DlELENBECK, '05 Associate Editors JOHN B. BOYER, '04 BRUCE P. COBAUGH, '05 C. EDWIN BUTLER, '05 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, LITT. D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D.D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Busi-ness Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. SOME PARTING Upon the appearance of this issue of the WORDS. MERCURY the duties of the present editorial staff and management cease. We have performed the tasks incident to the publication of one volume of this paper and herewith surrender all obligation, together with the good will of the journal, to our successors. During our supervision we have tried to labor with a due sense of the responsibility rest-ing upon us, not only for the continuance of the heretofore es-tablished literary plane of the MERCURY, but for the constant exaltation of its general tone. We have felt strongly the neces-sity of unremitting, vigorous effort in the interest of the charge entrusted to us, and we have made it our particular concern to employ appropriate methods in our work. In short, our aim THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 257 INDIFFERENCE. has been not mediocrity but perfection. To be sure, we have fallen short of this aim, and our ideal has been but imperfectly-realized, yet we feel we have done all possible in our desire to evolve improvement in our college monthly. That our exer-tions have been productive of good results at times we modestly admit, but that they have likewise borne barren fruit is beyond doubt. This lack of what might have been gain under different cir-cumstances is happily explainable, and a brief indulgence in the facts pertaining thereto may avail to remove the exigency henceforth. The first great drawback during the past year has been a manifestation of indifference, or lack of co-operation. This is one reason why the MERCURY has not been as creditable to the college as we conceive it should have been. There has been a general disinterestedness in its pages. Some one may say that there hasn't been such a great deal contained within its covers tending to inspire inter-est. This, we grant, is, in part, true. But, criticising friend, if you would remedy the situation you must set to work on the cause, not the effect. As every subscriber knows, this paper is published by the literary societies of the institution, and in them as publishers it expects to find hearty supporters and loyal contributors. In-stead it has found apparently hearty non-supporters and dis-loyal contributors. True it is that the articles appearing on the MERCURY'S pages from time to time have been mostly written by society men, yet there has been no united effort or obvious interest displayed by either society on behalf of this paper's general improvement. If it succeeds, good; if not, good again. Concern in and for it is dormant, dead. The very fact that it is the organ of the societies should cause every man interested in his society to subscribe for it; should make it the duty of each and every member so to do, but, to the contrary notwithstanding, a great many members of both Philo and Phrena do not take it. They are unaware, one would think, that financial support is absolutely a requisite to the ex- 258 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. istence of a college journal, even if they are deaf to the fact that a large subscription list gives editorial encouragement, and will later stand for merit. But if society men themselves, by general disregard, show no disposition to aid the paper, how can we expect a new initiate to voluntarily sink a dollar in something, which from a fellow" member's action is, according to indications, a losing game; so much of money wasted ? We are not given entirely to pessimism, but inflated optimism cannot long be floated on a stream of adverse conditions. These may seem to be strong statements. So we intend them, and we believe the means justifies the end, and if we hope to continue a monthly strictly creditable to Gettysburg something will have to happen. Therefore, let us take things as they are, and try to adminis-ter an antidote. Show more interest in this paper, member of Philo, member 'of Phrena, then we will seek other means of heightening its influence. It will pay an effort so expended, both in good to the college and individual development. DEARTH OF A second salient cause for non-progressiveness MATERIAL. lies in a deficiency of material, both in quan-tity and in variety. At the present time we are generously thankful to get almost any kind of a contribution. "Anything prints just now" is a sorry statement for the editor of a college magazine. By no means do we propose to disparage the pro-ductions of those who have aided us during the past year with their compositions. To them is due our grateful thanks. The point we wish to make is simply that the staff of such a paper as this purports to be, instead of being compelled to go a-beg-ging, should have some right to choice; instead of being forced to take what it can get, it should have the privilege, to a cer-tain extent at least, of selecting what it wants. When will you give us a chance, fellow student ? And further, we should not only have more than just enough to print in each issue, but some variety. Point out the student and general reader who doesn't tire of the forced essay—that which is produced as so much task work. "Dry as punk," he THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 259' says and flings away the paper containing it, and thereby all that is good therein goes unnoticed and unread. Indeed, some such essays are good and commendable, but they so often lack in spirit and enthusiasm, both of which are necessary traits of a good essay. No student can write anything worth reading on a subject in which he feels no concern. He may draw out a few facts and truths for argument's sake, but that is not the substance of a good literary production. What we need is good, solid, substantial essays to start with, full of life and con-viction, enthused with the personality of the writer. Again, give us something of fiction. This is, indeed, a form of variation of which we feel the sorest need. The short story is a powerful factor in adding to the charm ot a college maga-zine's pages. The creation of a healthy bit of romance is in-vigorating to the reader and beneficial to the author. It relieves the stern ruggedness of a journal otherwise filled, perchance,, with bleak prosaic composition. Fact and fancy will mix to advantage on the pages of the college paper if intermingled in the proper proportion. And, yet more, let us have an occasional poem. Poetry lightens the soul and stirs the reader to better things. We do not reckon upon an outpouring of full-toned poetry akin to that of the masters, but we do find justification in asking for poetic sentiment in verse such as many students are, without doubt, capable of contributing. Our exchanges contain it. Are we so much farther down the scale as to preclude all possibility of anything similar? Surely not. We can have poetry, fiction, and good essays, if you will, fellow-student. FOOD FOR Our monthly can be made better and must be THOUGHT. made better. Remember that to our Alumni and to other colleges this paper is the chief measure by which they judge our literary standard. That standard must always be kept high. A college displaying but meagre literary ability in its representative magazine is certain to feel the disadvan-tageous effects. And, last of all, remember that a paper can always be improved externally as well as internally by making it more attractive and elaborate, and that a full treasury, through 26o THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY the agency of a large subscription list, is the only way to gain this end. The foregoing has been written—a large proportion of its substance not for the first time—we believe, under the impulse of the right motive. Although, as said previously, we are about to relinquish active relations with the MERCURY, we are, under no circumstances, going to cast aside all interest in it. In fact, the contrary shall be the case. Its advancement will be our pleasure, and its prosperity our lasting desire. If you will but co-operate with us, student-friend, and if we let our good inten-tions take the form of material aid, all will be well. The pres-ent stringency will slacken. The MERCURY will improve and we shall indulge a just pride in our college monthly. ^^-^-^ EXCHANGES. THE Touchstone came out in January, clothed in a pretty gray and silver cover. We noticed at the foot of the cover-page—it may have been because of its attractive appear-ance— this sentence: "Published in the interest of Literary Lafayette." A sermon would be forthcoming on a theme which that sentence suggests, were it not for certain suggestions we have previously made concerning "much speaking." We would make that theme—"The Literary College." However, all honor to Lafayette if she is as thoroughly imbued with the literary spirit as she seems to be. There is one note to which most of our exchanges seem to be keyed : the warning of literary en-thusiasm. One comes out with an editorial declaring that at that particular institution literary spirit is dead. Another is continually appealing to the student body for poems and stories and essays. Were the productions of such a magazine as The Georgetown College Jo7irnal less worthy of praise, we might notice that the same group of men are the contributors month after month, and might draw our own conclusions. But we will not preach. Let us pray the oracle to send a great revival of literary spirit (f\ THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 26l upon our colleges, to make them centers of American literature. May the dead come io life again ! From the unassorted heap on our desk, we pick up the Mani-ton Messenger. We are made glad, as we read an announce-ment for the February number. It does not bewail a lack of material, but it announces such interesting subject material for the coming month that one becomes anxious to see next month's issue. We are not quite so pessimistic now. The article in the January number which warrants us in our expectations is a study of the leading character in "The Mer-chant of Venice." The author's interpretation of Shylock, as actuated by love for his persecuted race, places him in a some-what new light. "Side by side with the epithets, the Avarici-ous, and the Avenger, let us place the epithet, the Martyr." In a well-written article on "Panama," a rather partisan view is taken. The story of Herbert Spencer's life, with a statement of his theory, is very clearly shown. There is, however, a lack of the short story, and the poet does not venture to show him-self. Some of the ex-men have been quoting specimens of the college man's poetry. With apologies to the ex-man of the University of Va. Magazine, we quote: "The twilight palls The shadow falls And round me like a massive shawl The night descends." Author unknown. It may be better to lack poetry than to give the poet's Pegassus a chance to roam in such a way. But the magazine which carries something of this nature has at least the credit of having variety. We wish to acknowledge a new exchange, the Brown and White. It is a sprightly paper from Brown Preparatory School, Philadelphia. We wonder what the Dickinsonian might mean in her ex^ change notes, referring to the seven articles in the December number of The Gettysburgian, which is characterized as " a mediocre college weekly." No doubt the printer is at fault. 262 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Last night I held a little hand, So dainty and so neat, Methought my heart would burst with joy So wildly did it beat. No other hand into my heart Could greater solace bring, Than that I held last night, which was Four aces and a king. —Tlie Courant. The author of the following effort is nameless. Perhaps sometime he may come to college, and we can only hope that that time will be soon (for his own good). " The mouth is the front door to the face. It is patriotism's fountain and a tool-chest for pie. Without the mouth the pol-itician would go down to an unhonored grave. It is the gro-cer's friend and the dentist's hope. It has put some men on the rostrum and some in jail. It is temptation's lunch counter when attached to a maiden; tobacco's friend when attached to a man." The Review, edited by the students of Washington College,, has just arrived at our desk for the first time. " Why Brer Rabbit Has No Tail" seems to be an elaborate attempt at dia-lect. There is a tendency with some of the exchanges to arrive at least a month late. The St. Johns Collegian for January is at hand for the first time in several months. The issue, how-ever, is worthy of perusal, and the short story, although not particularly interesting as offered in this issue, unites with the essay to form a well-balanced college paper. The article on " The St. John's Spirit" should stir one's blood for his alma mater. "Spirit of Old-Fashioned Roses," Breathing the air of the spring, Spirit of far-away roses, Sweet as a song you sing. Now in the dusk of the twilight, As evening softly falls, Kiss the farewell of forever, Ere the thought of forever appalls ; Touch his lips gently and sweetly As leaves touch a castle's walls. —The Haverfordian. ma® PATRONIZE Ol'R ADVERTISERS. EAGLE HOTEL Rates $2.00, $2.50 and $3.00 per day. HAS A CAPACITY OF 400 GUESTS —=. FRANK EBERHART, PROP'R. Dealer in F Picture Frames of All Sorts. Repair work done promptly. Wl will also buy or exchange any second-hand furniture 40hanibersburgSt., - GETTYSBURG, PA. Buy Your^^^^s SUMMER SUIT -_A_T-IT FITS. IS STYLISH, LOOKS WELL, WEARS WELL. CLOTHING We mean Hand~TailoPed Ready-to-uuear Nobby Dress Hats, Swell Neckwear, Fancy Shirts, Men's Underwear. YORK, PENN'A. LWatch for his Representative when he visits the College j PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Geo. E. Spacer, PIANOS, ORGANS, MUSIC/LL MERCHANDISE Music Rooms, - York St. Telephone 181 GETTYSBURG TEACHERS! TEACHERS! Teachers wishing to prepare for Examination should write im-mediately for our Teachers' Interstate Examination Course, as taught by mail. This course is endorsed by many leading educators, and every progressive teacher who wishes to advance in their profession should begin work immediately. Address nearest office, with stamp, for reply. AMERICAN TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION, 174 Randolph Building, 1423 Arch Street, Memphis, Tenn. Philadelphia. k M. ALLrEMAN, Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of Hardware, Oils, Faints and Qieqiwar Gettysburg, Pa. THE ONLY JOBBING HOUSE IN ADAMS COUNTY W. F. Odori, -DEALER IN^ Beef, fork. Lamb, Veal, and Sausage, SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS. York Street, Gettysburg:, Pa. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. ECKENEOBE & BEGKER CHAMBERSBUBG ST., Dealers in Beef, Veal, Lamb, Pork, Sausage, Pudding, Bologna, Hams, Sides, Shoulders, Lard, Prime Corned Beef. The Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia! DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE Offers exceptional facilities to graduates of Gettysburg College, especially to those who have taken a medical preparatory orbiological course. The instruction is thoroughly practical, particular attention being given to laboratory work and bed-side and ward-class teaching. Ward-classes are limited in size. A modified seminar method is a special feature of the Course. Free quizzing in all branches by the Professors and a special staff of Tutors. The College has also a Department of Dentistry and a Department of Pharmacy. All Gettysburg College students are cordially invited to inspect the College and Clinical Amphitheatre at any time. For announcements or information apply to SENECA EGBERT, Dean of the Department of Medicine, 17th & Cherry Streets, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Wright, %j \ Co. 140-144 Woodward Avenue, DETROIT, MICH. Manufacturers of high grade Fraternity Emblems Fraternity Jewelry Fraternity Novelties Fraternity Stationery Fraternity Invitations Fraternity Announcements Fraternity Programs Send for Catalogue aad Price List. Special Designs on Applicatisn THESE FIKMS ARE O. K. -PATRONIZE THEM. DO YOU KNOW WHERE The Choicest Candies, The Finest Soda Water, The Largest Oysters, The Best Ice Cream, Can be found in town? Yes, at Young's Confectionary On Chambersburg Street, near City Hotel, Gettysburg, Pa. IF YOU CALL OH C. A. Bloehef, Jeuuelet*, Centre Square, He can serve you in anything you may want in REPAIRING or JEWELRY. SEFTON & FLEMMINGS LIVERY Baltimore Street, First Square, Gettysburg, Pa. Competent Guides for all parts of the Battlefield. Arrangements by-telegram or letter. Lock Box 257. J. I. 41 Baltimore St., Gettysburg, Pa, The improvements to our Studio have proven a perfect success and we are now better prepared than ever to give you satisfactory work. TEACHERS WANTED. We need at once a few more Teachers, both experienced and in-experienced. More calls this year than ever before. Schools supplied with competent teachers free of cost. Address, with stamp, AMERICAN TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION, 174 Randolph Building 1423 Arch Street, Memphis, Tenn. Philadelphia. HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. t Tie IntereoIIeglafe Bnrean of Academic Costume. Chartered igo2. Cotrsll S^ Leonard* jPs.lba.rxv, 3NC. IT. ffiakefs of the Caps, Gouuns and Hoods To the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Cornell, Columbia, University of Chicago, University of Min-nesota, Leland Stanford, Tulape, University of the South, Wel-esley, Bryn Mawr, Wells, Mt. lolyoke and the others. Illustrated Bulletin, Samples, Etc., upon request. A. B. BLACK, Gettysburg College Representative. E. A. Wright's Engraving House, 1108 Chestnut St. PHILADELPHIA We have our own photograph gallery for half-tone and photo engraving. Fashionable Engraving and Stationery. Leading house for College, School and Wedding Invitations, Dance Programs, Menus. Fine engraving of all kinds. Before ordering elsewhere com-pare samples and prices. GET THE BEST The TEACHERS' AMD PUPILS' CYCLOPAEDIA. ANEW, RELIABLE and BEAUTIFUL WORK OF KhFEKENCE in three volumes, edited by B. P. Holtz, A.M., for the homes, schools and colleges of America. It has over 2,200 pages, quarto size, is absolutely new, and treats thousands of selected topics. Many prominent educators have already recommended it for gener-al use. Sample pages furnished on ap-plication. AGENTS WANTED. The Hoist Publishing Co., Boone, lo-wa,- PATRONIZE OUR ADVEKTIZERS. FURNITURE Mattresses, Bed Springs, Iron Beds, Picture Frames, Repair Work done promptly. Under-taking a specialty. # Telephone No. 97. IE3:_ IB. ZBen.d.ex 73 Baltimore St., Gettysburg, Pa. THE STEWART & STEEN CO. College JEngrcuners and (Printers 1024 Arch. St., Philadelphia, Pa. MAKERS AND PUBLISHERS OF Commencement, Class Day Invitations and Programs, " Class Pins and Buttons in Gold and Other Metals, Wedding Invitations and Announcements, At Home Cards, Reception Cards and Visiting Cards, Visiting Cards—Plate and 50 cards, 75 cents. Special Discount to Students. d. §. ipalding & (Bros., * * OFFICIAL J» * FOOT BALL SUPPLIES Are Made in Accordance With Official Stiles. Spalding's handsomely illustrated cata-logue of Fall and Winter Sports contain-ing all the new things in foot ball will be sent free to any address. Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide, containing the new rules. Per copy, 10 cents. How to Play Foot Ball. By Walter Camp. New edition. Per copy, 10cents. A. G. Spalding & Bros. New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco Host011 Luttalo Kansas City St. Louis Minneapolis Denver London, England. Baltimore MontrealjCan. I
Locating Denmark in postcolonial Europe -- Danish "tropical" colonial history: national historiography globalised -- Political narratives of the emerging postcolonial North Atlantic -- The delusionary art of devolution -- Greenlandic modernisation and the evolution of development aid -- Tourism, restoration and the restaging of colonialism -- Brawny nation: contemporary Danish war films -- Contemporary Denmark: a retrospective
Introduction.Lapita and Western Pacific Settlement: Progress, prospects and persistent problems /Stuart Bedford and Christophe Sand --Lapita Origins.The Origins of Early Lapita Culture: The testimony of historical linguistics /Andrew Pawley --Small islands in the big picture: the formative period of Lapita in the Bismarck Archipelago /Jim Specht --Lapita Dispersal and Archaeological Signatures.Lapita all over: Land-use on the Willaumez Peninsula, Papua New Guinea /Jim Specht and Robin Torrence --Lapita Writ Small? Revisiting the Austronesian Colonisation of the Papuan South Coast /Glenn Summerhayes and Jim Allen --Leap-frogging or Limping? Recent evidence from the Lapita Littoral Fringe, New Georgia, Solomon Islands /Matthew Felgate --Sample Size and the Reef/Santa Cruz Lapita Sequence /Peter Sheppard and Roger C. Green --Makué (Aore Island, Santo, Vanuatu): A new Lapita site in the ambit of New Britain obsidian distribution /Jean-Christophe Galipaud and Mary Clare Swete Kelly --Echoes from a distance: Research into the Lapita occupation of the Rove Peninsula, Southwest Viti Levu, Fiji /Patrick Nunn --Paleoenvironment of Lapita sites on Fanga 'Uta Lagoon, Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga /William R. Dickinson --In Search of Lapita and Polynesian Plainware Settlements in Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga /David V. Burley --Can We Dig It? Archaeology of Ancestral Polynesian Society in Tonga: A first look from Falevai /Sean P. Connaughton --Lapita Ceramics.The implements of Lapita ceramic stamped ornamentation /Wallace Ambrose --The excavation, conservation and reconstruction of Lapita burial pots from the Teouma site, Efate, Central Vanuatu /Stuart Bedford [and others] --Detailed analysis of Lapita Face Motifs: Case studies from the Reef/Santa Cruz sites and New Caledonia Lapita Site 13A /Scarlett Chiu --Looking at the big motifs: A typology of the central band decorations of the Lapita ceramic tradition of New Caledonia (Southern Melanesia) and preliminary regional comparisons /Christophe Sand --Specialisation, standardisation and Lapita ceramics /Geoffrey Clark.
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A New Guinea Annexations, 1828–1885 -- 1 The Van Delden Proclamation of 1828 -- 2 Description of Tidore's territories in New Guinea, 1865 -- 3 Description of Tidore's territories in New Guinea, 1875 -- 4 The Erskine Proclamation of 1884 -- 5 The amended Erskine Proclamation -- 6 The Schutzbrief of 1885 -- B The Queensland Boundary, 1879–1919 -- 1 The Queensland Coast Islands Act of 1879 -- 2 John Douglas to the Colonial Secretary, 1885 -- 3 Sir Samuel Griffith to Sir Henry Norman, 1893 -- 4 Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman, 1893 -- 5 Sir William MacGregor to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1895 -- 6 Order in Council directing that certain islands attached to the colony of Queensland shall become part of the possession of British New Guinea, 1896 -- 7 Sir William MacGregor to Lord Lamington, 1896 -- 8 Hugh M. Nelson to Lord Lamington, 1898 -- 9 Order in Council directing that certain islands and reefs to the northward of Queensland shall become part of the possession of British New Guinea, 1898 -- 10 A. H. Jiear to the Government Secretary, Port Moresby, 1903 -- 11 Memorandum of Acting Administrator C. S. Robinson to the Governor-General, 1903 -- 12 Governor-General's Office to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 1904 -- 13 Governor-General's Office to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 1906 -- 14 Alfred Deakin to William Kidston, 1906 -- 15 William Kidston to Alfred Deakin, 1906 -- 16 A. P. Lyons to the Government Secretary, Port Moresby, 1919 -- C The Anglo-German Boundary, 1885–1909 -- 1 Arrangement between Great Britain and Germany relative to their respective spheres of action in portions of New Guinea, 1885 -- 2 Declaration between the governments of Great Britain and the German Empire relating to the demarcation of the British and German spheres of influence in the Western Pacific, 1886 -- 3 Sir William MacGregor to Lord Lamington. Despatch recommending that the Gira River be made the boundary between German and British New Guinea, 1897 -- 4 Convention and declaration between Great Britain and Germany for the settlement of the Samoan and other questions, 1899 -- 5 Proclamation by the High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, declaring a British protectorate over Choiseul, etc., 1900 -- 6 Exchange of Notes between Great Britain and Germany relating to the re-delimitation of the British and German spheres of influence in the Western Pacific, 1904 -- 7 British New Guinea: Negotiations for making Gira River free for navigation, 1906, 1908 -- 8 George Le Hunte to Atlee Hunt, 1908 -- 9 Gustavus Sabine to the Australian Minister for External Affairs, 1909 -- 10 Staniforth Smith to Lieutenant-Governor of Papua, 1909 -- 11 An Act to approve the placing of the Territory of New Guinea under the International Trusteeship System, 1949 -- D The Anglo-Dutch Boundary, 1892–1901 -- 1 Dr G. van Tienhoven to Sir Horace Rumbold, 1892 -- 2 Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman. Despatch respecting expedition undertaken to repel Tugeri invasion, 1892 -- 3 Dr G. van Tienhoven to Sir Horace Rumbold, 1893 -- 4 The Koloniaal Verslag of 1893 (extract), 1893 -- 5 Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman. Despatch reporting the proceedings in connection with the delimitation of the boundary between British and Dutch New Guinea, 1893 -- 6 Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands defining the boundaries between the British and Netherland possessions in the island of New Guinea, 1895 -- 7 Presentation of the Convention of 1895 in the Second and First Chambers of the States General, 1895 -- 8 Order in Council applying the laws of Her Majesty's possessions in New Guinea to the territories acquired under the Convention with the Netherlands of May 16, 1895, 1896 -- 9 Sir Henry Howard to W. H. de Beaufort, 1900 -- 10 W. H. de Beaufort to Sir Henry Howard, 1900 -- 11 Sir Henry Howard to the Marquess of Lansdowne, 1900 -- 12 W. Rooseboom to G. R. Le Hunte 1901 -- E The German-Netherlands Boundary, 1902–1911 -- 1 Memorandum of the German Foreign Office to the Netherlands Legation, 1902 -- 2 H. L. von Tschirschky to W. J. M. van Eysinga, 1906 -- 3 W. A. F. Baron Gevers to H. L. von Tschirschky, 1906 -- 4 W. A. F. Baron Gevers to W. von Schön, 1908 -- 5 W. von Schön to W. A. F. Baron Gevers, 1909 -- 6 The recommendations of the Netherlands Commission of the German-Netherlands Boundary Commission (extract), 1911 -- F The Boundary between the Australian and Netherlands Possessions, 1928–1962 -- 1 Memorandum of J. I. Merrylees to the Government Secretary, Rabaul, concerning the border between the Mandated Territory and Netherlands New Guinea, 1928 -- 2 R. de Marees van Swinderen to S. M. Bruce, 1933 -- 3 R. de Marees van Swinderen to S. M. Bruce, 1934 -- 4 Exchange of Notes between His Majesty's government in the Commonwealth of Australia and the Netherlands government, 1936 -- 5 J. P. Count van Limburg Stirum to S. M. Bruce, 1939 -- 6 Border Conference. Ingembit Village, 1954 -- 7 Discussions between Sydney Elliott Smith and Sj. van der Goot concerning the Waris border area, 1956 -- 8 Brief report of the visit of the District Commissioner of Daru to Merauke from 2 to 6 June 1956, 1956 -- 9 Australian-Dutch Conference on Survey and Mapping, 1960 -- 10 Report and Recommendations of the Australian-Dutch Technical Commission, 1961 -- 11 Questions in the Netherlands Parliament about the Waris and Jaffi Enclaves, 1962 -- 12 Roggeveen-Dent Declaration (Angamarut), 1962 -- 13 Roggeveen-Dent Declaration (Domongi), 1962 -- 14 Roggeveen Declaration (Bensbach River), 1962 -- G Material concerning the Australian-Indonesian Border -- 1 West Irian/Papua and New Guinea border, 1964 -- 2 Parliamentary Question and Reply concerning the Irian boundary, 1965 -- 3 Parliamentary Questions and Replies concerning the free navigation on the Fly River, 1965.
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