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In this study of the meaning-change which results from combining pictures with captions, the author tested captions and pictures alone before combinations were tested. The judgments of pictures and captions alone permitted a test of the "point of resolution" in picture-caption combinations.

SummaryMethods for comparing, testing and estimating unknown probabilities.This expository paper deals with the 2 times 2‐table for comparing two probabilities. It gives the exact distribution under the hypothesis tested, the normal approximation and several methods for combining independent tests of this kind. Furthermore it deals with a test for the hypothesis H0: p = p0 and gives exact methods and approximations for determining a confidence interval for an unknown probability.

AbstractThis paper contains the text of a briefing on a method of estimating spare‐part "essentiality" or "shortage penalties." The estimates are made by collecting and combining the judgments of individual maintenance specialists. While the talk was primarily directed to a military audience, the subject appears to be of general interest, since the problem of estimating shortage penalties must be faced in applying any of the optimal inventory policies which have been developed in recent years. The quantitative solution of many other management problems also requires input data which can only be obtained on the basis of expert judgment.