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Our starting point is that there are gender differences in the use of language linked to masculine/feminine role identity, and not to alleged essentialist, intrinsic features. The research is a contribution to the understanding of links between linguistic behaviors and socio-psychological processes, as these relate to agency and ingroup/outgroup differentiation and to gender roles. We conducted our descriptive study on 441 parliamentary speeches delivered between 1976 and 2009 by four Italian politicians, differentiated by gender and political affiliation. We expected a higher degree of agency as well as higher ingroup/outgroup differentiation for male than for female politicians with a trend towards a lesser degree of gender differences in the later period (1994-2009) because of the feminine emancipatory processes in the Italian society and parliament. The indicators of high/low agency were: pronouns and verbs in the first person singular/plural, and conditional modal verbs. For the ingroup/outgroup differentiation, we used pronouns in the first and second person plural. We conducted a quantitative textual analysis and a qualitative contextual analysis. Our results confirm the hypothesis in part. We advanced some contextualist considerations to interpret the outcomes.

Examines antecedents and consequences of relationships between politicians and communications professionals working in electoral committees, political parties, government agencies, consultancies, polling agencies, and other related organizations; 11 articles. Also published as a monograph by The Haworth Press, Inc. (LC 2003002282) (ISBN soft. 0-7890-2159-5) ($24.95) (ISBN hard. 0-7890-2158-7) ($34.95). Contents: The merging of public relations and political marketing, by Bruce I. Newman and Dejan Vercic; The material culture of US elections: artisanship, entrepreneurship, ephemera and two centuries of trans-atlantic exchange, by Philip John Davies; News management and new managerialism: Quangos and their media relations, by David Deacon and Wendy Monk; New labour: a study of the creation, development and demise of a political brand, by Jon White and Leslie de Chernatony; Political marketing research in the 2000 U.S. election, by Elaine Sherman and Leon G. Schiffman; The 2000 American presidential election: lessons from the closest contest in American history, by Dennis W. Johnson; Who pays the piper? the funding of political campaigning in the UK, US and the consequences for political marketing and public affairs, by Phil Harris; Communicative diplomacy for the 3rd millennium: soft power of small countries like Slovenia? by Kristina Plavsak; Models of voter behavior: the 2000 Slovenia parliamentary elections, by Dejan Vercic and Iztok Verdnik; Structural models of voter behavior in the 2000 Polish presidential election, by Andrzej Falkowski and Wojciech Cwalina; Testing a predictive model of voter behavior on the 2000 presidential election, by Bruce I. Newman.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- EDITORIAL -- The Merging of Public Relations and Political Marketing -- ARTICLES -- The Material Culture of US Elections: Artisanship, Entrepreneur ship, Ephemera and Two Centuries of Trans-Atlantic Exchange -- News Management and New Managerialism: Quangos and Their Media Relations -- New Labour: A Study of the Creation, Development and Demise of a Political Brand -- Political Marketing Research in the 2000 U.S. Election -- The 2000 American Presidential Election: Lessons from the Closest Contest in American History

The public sphere and the Net : structure, space, and communication / Peter Dahlgren -- Promoting political engagement / William A. Gamson -- The Internet and the global public sphere / Colin Sparks -- Reporting and the push for market-oriented journalism : media organizations as businesses / Doug Underwood -- Political discourse and the politics of need : discourses on the good life in cyberspace / Don Slater -- Dividing practices : segmentation and targeting in the emerging public sphere / Oscar H. Gandy, Jr. -- Let us infotain you : politics in the new media environment / Michael X. Delli Carpini and Bruce A. Williams -- The future of the institutional media / Timothy E. Cook -- Reframing public opinion as we have known it / Robert M. Entman and Susan Herbst -- Political waves and democratic discourse : terrorism waves during the Oslo peace process / Gadi Wolfsfeld -- Monica Lewinsky and the mainsprings of American politics / John Zaller -- The big spin : strategic communication and the transformation of pluralist democracy / W. Lance Bennett and Jarol B. Manheim -- The impact of the new media / W. Russell Neuman -- Issue advocacy in a changing discourse environment / Kathleen Hall Jamieson -- Implications of rival visions of electoral campaigns / C. Edwin Baker -- Mediated electoral democracy : campaigns, incentives, and reform / Bruce I. Buchanan -- "Americanization" reconsidered : U.K.-U.S. campaign communication comparisons across time / Jay G. Blumler and Michael Gurevitch -- Citizen discourse and political participation : a survey / Roderick P. Hart -- Adapting political news to the needs of twenty-first century Americans / Doris A. Graber -- National identities and the future of democracy / Wendy M. Rahn and Thomas J. Rudolph -- Communication in the future of democracy : a conclusion / Robert M. Entman and W. Lance Bennett

Politics is above all a contest, and the news media are the central arena for viewing that competition. One of the central concerns of political communication has to do with the myriad ways in which politics has an impact on the news media and the equally diverse ways in which the media influences politics. Both of these aspects in turn weigh heavily on the effects such political communication has on mass citizens.In Making Sense of Media and Politics, Gadi Wolfsfeld introduces readers to the most important concepts that serve as a framework for examining the interrelationship of media and pol

Crisis communication is a widely treated field. There are lot of works and guides which provide helpful information in order to face crisis situations successfully (Alcat, 2005, Benoit, 1997) and articles about case studies (Nespereira, 2014, Blaney y Benoit 2001). Nonetheless, most of times, these guides are focused on business or corporations (Abeler, 2010) and there are not such information about crisis communications in politics (Gaspar e Ibeas, 2015). The field is smaller if we speak about forgiveness as restoration image tool in politics (Harris 2006). Despite all, we live in "forgiveness era" as Krauze said (1998) where people demand to politicians to apologize when they have mistakes (Harris et al. 2006:716). So, we will try to make an approach to forgiveness in politics as a image restoration tool and analyze its capabilities in order to face crisis management. ; La comunicación de crisis es un apartado que cuenta con bastante literatura al respecto. Existen numerosos manuales en los que se desgranan las principales indicaciones para afrontar con garantías crisis de comunicación (Alcat, 2005, Benoit, 1997) así como artículos sobre casos concretos (Nespereira, 2014, Blaney y Benoit 2001). Sin embargo, la mayor parte de las veces estas indicaciones se aplican al ámbito de la empresa (Abeler, 2010) y el número de publicaciones disminuye considerablemente a la hora de tratar la comunicación de crisis en política (Gaspar e Ibeas, 2015) y menos aún sobre casos en los que se ha empleado el perdón como herramienta para la restauración de la imagen en política (Harris 2006) y todo pese a los que tal y como consideran diversos autores (Krauze, 1998) podría considerarse que vivimos en la "era del perdón" con una proliferación de demandas de perdón por parte de los ciudadanos particularmente hacia los políticos (Harris et al. 2006:716). Así trataremos de hacer una aproximación a este campo y a sus posibilidades a la hora de afrontar este tipo de situaciones.