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"This book is based on an empirical research on the governance and reform of the contemporary township system in China. It provides an insightful and innovative understanding of China's township system. The book consists of four parts. The first part discusses the historical changes, present situation and practical operation of China's township system. The second part compares several practice models of reform, and analyses the motivational forces, path and trend of the reform process. The third part studies the reconstruction of modern township governance system and other relevant institutional innovations. The fourth part focuses on the investigation and case analysis of the actual operation of the township system at multi-dimensional levels."--Publisher's website.

China has long utilized community-based corrections for offenders. Before 2003, however, the practice lacked formalization and professionalization. Since 2003, prison overcrowding, a need for cost-effectiveness, and a move toward a more civilized method of reforming offenders have sped up China's use of community corrections. Based on a literature review of Chinese language publications and face-to-face interviews with local community corrections leaders and officers in Hubei, China, this is an exploratory study of community corrections in mainland China. We briefly examine the practice's developmental history and five types of sanctions—public surveillance, probation, parole, temporary execution of a sentence outside a confinement facility, and deprivation of political rights. China's community corrections' characteristics and implementation are investigated. Finally, the article discusses problems and challenges to China's community corrections system.

With the rapid urbanisation and population growth in the cities, the People's Republic of China has recognised the importance of community development based on an ever‐increasing demand for social services. In 1994, the Chinese government adopted community service as an alternative way of providing the supplemental safety net in urban areas. Along with this top‐down approach, resident‐initiated activities, participation and grassroots organisations at the community level are growing at an incredible pace. Using a case study, this study explores the context and aspects of community services, participation and community development in a Chinese urban community. Results indicate that China's reformed market economy and welfare system presses ordinary urban people to reconnect to the local community to ensure welfare security and quality of life. Community participation in China has rediscovered the path of community development and re‐interpreted the top‐down and bottom‐up approaches in the context of community services.

Fresh Perspectives on China's Rural Developments and Innovative InstitutionsSince the 1950s rural China has experienced several reforms with both varying degrees of success and failure. Rural Development in China: The Rise of Innovative Institutions and Markets (3-Volume Set) explores China's rural development path from two angles: institutional innovations and the market. Looking at China's pace of socio-economic development as a key factor in modernization, author Lu Yilong discusses the institutional drawbacks and demands to determine the specific issues of China's rural market. Using China's unique "3-rurals" concept as the basis, Rural Development in China: The Rise of Innovative Institutions and Markets (3-Volume Set) gives suggestions of how to stimulate rural socio-economic growth and lead China down a path to future economic success.Content HighlightsPatterns in New Rural Communities and Institutional DemandReforming the Dual-Sector Structure and Developing Rural CommunitiesTransfer of Land under the Household Responsibility SystemGovernment Imposed Institutional InnovationsInstitutional Innovations and Emerging Factor MarketsNon-Farm Business Activities and Social Network of Rural HouseholdsPeasants' Market PreferencesTraditional and Modern Rural MarketsInstitutional conditions for Nurturing Entrepreneurial Talents in the RuralRural Development in 1949-1979, and 1979-2009Market Transition and Rural StratificationDual Structure and Dual Institution in China's Rural SocietyNew Rural Communities and UrbanizationInstitutional Innovations in the Market and Recent Rural Developments.

Social justice is an important tenet of China's process of reform and openness. During its current rapid economic transition, urbanization is creating new opportunities and new challenges for maintaining social justice based on individual rights. Community-building has become an important priority during urbanization in China's transition. Both the theoretical literature and the activities of citizens illustrate the efforts made by both urban and rural citizens. In order to maintain social justice during the transition, China must break down the dual-citizenship system established by the hukou system of division between urban and rural citizens. Citizens in communities should participate in public policy-making processes without such classification. Current activities across China demonstrate that efforts toward such equality have been initiated.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Introduction -- CHAPTER 1. The Nature of Community -- CHAPTER 2. Community : Socioculturai Perspective -- CHAPTER 3. Community : Demographic and Ecological Perspectives -- CHAPTER 4. The Process of Community Development -- CHAPTER 5. Leadership and Community Development -- CHAPTER 6. Community Conflict -- CHAPTER 7. Professionals and Community Development -- CHAPTER 8. Research and Community Development -- Index of Names -- Subject Index -- Backmatter