Suchergebnisse

Modern business groups have a powerful impact on the economic development of both developed and developing countries making it relevant to study the economic foundations of the success of these institutional structures. The article provides a systematization of international and national experience in the functioning of internal capital markets of business groups that can become one of most important strategic advantages of business groups by providing member companies with "exclusive" opportunities for efficient redistribution of intragroup funds. The methodological base of the study incorporates methods of systematization as well as statistical and comparative analysis. The study shows that business groups make a significant contribution to industrial production and, representing a large part of corporate sector (in terms of number of participants, industry coverage, size of assets, profits and market capitalization), play a significant role in the economic development of various countries. Internal capital markets of business groups are used to mitigate financing constraints and rescue weak member-companies, thus, help maintain and further strengthen the positions of integrated structures. Drawing on a wide range of empirical studies, the article highlights key effects of the redistribution of group financial resources in the context of three fundamental motives of controlling owners. The study demonstrates that under the current economic conditions Russian companies affiliated with business groups are imposed with more prerequisites to use internal capital markets to overcome external financing deficit. Estimated amounts of funds involved in financial transactions with related parties confirm the thesis on the growing role of Russian business groups' internal capital markets in corporate financing activities. Results and conclusions of this paper can be applied in practice by consultants and financial managers seeking to improve the funding of companies affiliated with both Russian and foreign business groups.

The subject of research is the institute of regulatory impact assessment, implemented in the sphere of state regulation of economy in post-Soviet countries. The research aims to analyze the main approaches to the implementation of the regulatory impact assessment in the post-Soviet countries — russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, uzbekistan, as well as to determine the prospects of development of this institute in the countries included in the analyzed set. using the methodology of comparative research, the study collates the concept content of "regulatory impact assessment" in some of the post-soviet countries, the structure of the objects of assessment and government levels, at which it is performed. The research analyzes the methodological framework of the regulatory impact assessment and models of the organization of monitoring and quality control of regulatory impact assessment in the countries from the analyzed set. The paper characterizes the role of the regulatory impact assessment in the system of state regulation of economy in the countries of post-Soviet space, identifies the general and specific features in the functioning of the mechanisms of regulatory impact assessment in the analyzed countries, describes the problems of assessment in the activities of state authorities and local self-government, and substantiates the development prospects of the institute of the regulatory impact assessment. The research provides findings on the need for improving the quality of the existing methodological support of the regulatory impact assessment, the lack of methodical approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of this institution, the risks of formalizing procedures of the regulatory impact assessment, and the feasibility of the regulatory impact assessment "integration" in the national strategy to encourage business and economic growth. Moreover, the paper notes that at the present stage of the development of the regulatory impact assessment institute little attention is paid to finding alternative solutions which require government interference in the economy. © 2018 INFORMS Inst.for Operations Res.and the Management Sciences. All rights reserved.

Introduction. The purpose of this study is to determine the position of the Russian Federation in international rankings through a comparative analysis of its performance, on the one hand, and the performance of the world's leading nations, on the other hand. This will facilitate the subsequent development of governance decisions in areas requiring close attention from the state. Methods. We used the following research tools: methods of statistical data grouping and comparative analysis, as well as formal logical methods. Results and Discussion. Since 2014, various factors (foreign policy, economics, the geopolitical situation, volatile prices in the oil market and the instability of the national currency) have been fuelling the crisis in the national economy, which has led to a decrease in Russia's position in international rankings. After some adaptation to external factors and a partial economic recovery in 2018—2020, Russia's position has levelled off somewhat, but the pre-crisis results are yet to be achieved. The results of the study have revealed a positive overall trend, with the most significant progress in those rankings that characterise the competitiveness of the national economy. Conclusion. The research results are of practical importance and can be used for adjusting the policy of Russia's advancement in science and technology. ; For citation: Lapochkina VV., Emelyanova EE., Shkilyov IN. Russia's Progress in Science and Technology, in the Context of Global Comparisons. Science Governance and Scientometrics. 2021;16(4):466-496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33873/2686-6706.2021.16-4.466-496

The historical experience of India in search of its own concept of punishment is unique. It was greatly influenced by the country's colonial past and the Anglo-Saxon legal culture as well as the philosophical, religious, ethno-linguistic, caste, tribal and other factors. The Indian Penal Code of 1860 uses an original penological construct and a system of punishments. It was influenced by the historical and theoretical factors described in this article, by criminal policy in British India and by its post-colonial development. The country's penological discourse, influenced by the criminal law doctrine of the metropolitan state, has two distinct features. Firstly, it is the diversity of types of punishment and judge's discretion in choosing them to individualize liability. Secondly, the humanitarian orientation of the institute of punishment and the reduction in the number of crimes punishable by death penalty. English lawyer Th.B. Macaulay, the creator of the Indian Penal Code of 1860, considered general prevention, or deterrence, to be the main goal of punishment, while specific prevention through the physical isolation of the criminal and his correction was viewed as a complimentary goal. It was important for the colonial criminal policy to obtain tangible results from the penological theory and the practices of punishment in order to suppress the local ritual crimes (cult «thuggism») and traditional ritual sacrifices (sati ritual). After a large-scale sepoy rebellion and the spread of dacoity crimes, the repressive functions of punishment began to prevail over other penological theories. The so-called «white terror» was commonly used against political opponents fighting for religious freedoms and independence of colonial India. Modern India is a good example of the controversial experience of the search for the effective criminalpenological theories that is a considerable addition to the classic (westernized) criminology. The special historical concepts and practices of punishment in the countries of the «global south», including India, are now studied by the new field of «Southern Criminology ». The Indian government is promoting a complex criminal-penological approach to counteracting domestic crimes and transnational threats. © 2018, Baikal National University of Economics and Law. All rights reserved.

Article is devoted studying of features of Russian transport advertizing in. Astoolkit was applied the content-analysis of transport advertizing samples collected in
Great Novgorod, Vladimir, Vologda, Kaluga, Kostroma, Nizhni Novgorod, Ryazan,
Saratov, Tver, Tula and Yaroslavl during the period with 2007 for 2009. Within the
limits of research the structurally functional and comparative analysis, and also a generalization method were used also. Characteristic tendencies in distribution of the
Russian transport advertizing have been as a result allocated, its merits and demerits
are revealed, the recommendations, allowing to raise its social importance for inhabitants of the Russian cities are offered. It is represented that the received results have not only theoretical, but also practical value, first of all for the experts working in the advertizing field.

The article is focused on comprehensive monitoring of the dynamics of development of the regional innovation system of the Sverdlovsk region in comparison with the other regions of Russia. The study is based on the methodology of the Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge of the Higher School of Economics National Research University. Using static and dynamic analysis, index and graphical methods, an individual profile of the innovation development of the Sverdlovsk region over the period from 2008 to 2017 is compiled and compared with the leading region and the other regions of the Ural Federal District. Comparative analysis has shown that all subindexes, except for the "Innovation Activities" subindex, show relative balance and positive trends in development. Over a decade, the Sverdlovsk region has demonstrated resistance to negative changes in the economy and politics, while remaining in the first group of regions with a lag of less than 20% from the leader for most indicators. ; Статья посвящена комплексному мониторингу динамики развития регио­нальной инновационной системы Свердловской области в сравнении с регионами России. Исследование опирается на методику Института статистических исследований и экономики знаний Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики». С использованием статического и динамического анализа, индексного и графического методов составлен индивидуальный профиль инновационного развития Свердловской области в динамике за период с 2008 по 2017 годы в сравнении с регионом-лидером и областями Уральского федерального округа. Сопоставительный анализ показал относительную сбалансированность субиндексов, которые имеют положительную траекторию развития, за исключением субиндекса «Инновационная деятельность». Свердловская область за десятилетие показывает устойчивость к негативным изменениям в экономике и политике, при этом оставаясь в I группе регионов с отставанием от лидера менее 20 % по большинству показателей.

Today dropshipping wins the Internet promptly and transformed to one of the basic tools of marketing in e-commerce. Marketing features, mechanisms and value dropshipping in the conditions of network economy of the XXI century reveal in article. The author carries out the comparative analysis of institutional development dropshipping in the USA, China and Russia.

The Editorial Board of Comparative Politics Russia publishes the second part of the situational analysis which was held in the form of a roundtable to share the results of the analysis of the dynamics and current state of the development of Russian-Chinese relations and the development of the situation in the Asia-Pacific Region. The researchers of the Center for Comprehensive Chinese Studies and Regional Projects of Moscow State Institute of International Relations, the Institute for Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies, the Institute of Political and Military Analysis, the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Primakov Institute of World Economy and International Relations, National Research University Higher School of Economics, National BRICS Committee. Leading Russian experts discussed the current state and prospects of Russian-Chinese relations and the evolution of the situation in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as the formation of a new functional Indo-Pacific region (Indo-Pacific), problems and prospects for new regional projects in Eurasia. ; Редакция журнала «Сравнительная политика» публикует вторую часть материалов ситуационного анализа в форме сценируемого круглого стола, посвященного результатам анализа динамики и современного состояния развития российско-китайских отношений и развития ситуации в АТР. На мероприятии выступили и приняли участие в дискуссии исследователи Центра комплексного китаеведения и региональных проектов МГИМО МИД России, Института Дальнего Востока РАН, Института Востоковедения РАН, Российского института стратегических исследований (РИСИ), Института политического и военного анализа, Института экономики РАН, ИМЭМО им. Е.М. Примакова РАН, НИУ ВШЭ, Национального комитета БРИКС. Ведущие российские эксперты обсудили современное состояние и перспективы российско-китайских отношений и эволюцию ситуации в АТР, а также формирование нового функционального Индо-Тихоокеанского региона (Индо-Пасифика), проблемы и перспективы новых региональных проектов в Евразии.

In a rather complicated manner, Max Weber's writings contain general theoretical reflections that are now incorporated in the canon of sociological theory, in the analyses of social change in the form of historical and comparative sociology, and in reflections on political events, all in the guise of the diagnosis and critique of his own historical age. This article attempts to draw conclusions from the tensions between these aspects in Weber's work by trying to discover how such a sophisticated combination of cognitive goals is possible today, and what limits it encounters. What the "light of great cultural problems" falls upon, what elements of the past determine the present, and what events are particularly important for understanding of a certain age are questions whose answers must regularly be sought anew. The author relies on the concept of "modernity", or rather, on the field of interpretation arising around this term. He assumes that the given field is wide enough to better understand our present condition by means of this term. In the meantime, the author believes that for this understanding to be successful, present-day modernity must be appropriately positioned in this field theoretically, historically, and as the diagnosis of our age. © National Research University Higher School of Economics.

The aim of this study is to identify problems and identify options to improve
current approaches to securing financial resources of innovation activities of enterprises.
The study used the methods of systematic and comparative analysis.
According to the results of the study proposed a scheme of funding sources and
forms of innovation in enterprises. The novelty of the scheme is presented in a comprehensive approach, which shows the sources of funding for innovation activities by
type of property ownership levels, relative to the property, as well as forms of financing innovative enterprises. In addition, on the basis of the study authors proposed an
algorithm of financing innovative enterprises, based on debt issuance. The developed
algorithm allows the use of innovative financing in the process of the most important
sources of funds from various fields and thus solve the problem of resource support
for innovation. The novelty of this algorithm is a sequential process involving the investment of various categories of potential investors for the financing of innovative
companies in the Russian Federation. The proposed financial instruments aimed at
stimulating innovation in enterprises.

The processes of the development of a market economy, entailing the commercialization in all spheres of social life, raise the question of the correlation between the role of human beings as economic subjects and our role as moral beings. In economics, this this issue is associated with the discussion about the way norms pervade economic theory, expressed in the dichotomy between holistic and individualistic methods. The scope of the influence of governmental bodies and large corporate structures on the socio-economic, cultural and natural environment highlights the philosophical problem of applying moral criteria to collective economic actors, which is reflected in the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The author, in this paper, opines that the question of introducing ethical principles into economic practice cannot be entirely resolved within the framework of economic theory and requires an appeal to moral philosophy. The problem of the correlation between the economic and the moral spheres is considered on the basis of V.S. Solovyov's work "The Justification of the Good". The principal economic ideas stated in this work are discussed in the context of assessments by past and present researchers, of economic history, and of philosophical and economic-managerial conceptions. The author presents a comparative analysis of V.S. Solovyov's ideas about the correlation between economics and morality and the principal ideas behind corporate social responsibility. The author reveals axiological and teleological differences between the two conceptions. Whereas V.S. Solovyov deals with moral and religious categories and notions of progress, the concept of corporate social responsibility is based on economic and legal priorities and is focused on sustainable development. At the same time, the similarities identified between the concepts (such as their complex nature, the acknowledgement of the role of moral principles of the economic participants, the importance of environmental issues and legal regulators) lead us to conclude about the possibility of their further convergence and the surmounting of the limitations of corporate social responsibility based on the teachings of V.S. Solovyov.

The article presents the results of research on such problems of Economics and Management as scientific and digital labor organizations. The paper describes the need to create artificial intelligence, the stages of the scientific component of labor organization, and the features of the joint use of natural and artificial intelligence in the work and management of human resources, both at the level of public administration and in organizations. The authors pay special attention to the issue of human capital development, as one of the three strategically important areas implemented by the Government of the Russian Federation within the framework of national projects, as well as give a comparative analysis of the indicators of the human capital development index in various countries of the world. ; Представлены результаты исследования таких проблем экономики и управления, как научная и цифровая организация труда. Описаны необходимость создания искусственного интеллекта, этапы научной составляющей организации труда и особенности совместного использования естественного и искусственного интеллекта в работе и управлении человеческими ресурсами как на уровне государственного управления, так и в организациях. Особое внимание уделено вопросу развития человеческого капитала как одному из трех стратегически важных направлений, реализуемых Правительством Российской Федерации в рамках национальных проектов, а также приведен сравнительный анализ показателей индекса развития человеческого капитала в различных странах мира.

Labor is one of the production factors in the Economics and in the International Trade Theory. According to the theoreticians Labor was condisdered immobile in the international trade, and therefore labor-rich countries had a comparative advantage in manufacturing and trading the labor-intensive products. After the Versailles Treaty in 1919, ILO has been established and developed the Principles of Rights at Work in 1998, which was the first step to protection of labor rights [3]. In the Declaration of Fundamental middle of the 20th Century, industrialized countries with the Labor deficiency started inviting the workers from less developed countries. This approach opened the migration of the workers from less developed and developing countries to industrialized countries. Although the Migration stem from the economic, political, social and cultural reasons from the archaic centuries, today's migration based on similar reasons creates positive impacts on the economic development and international trade. The immigrants earn higher wages with the new jobs at the host countries, even they develop further investment projects in the host countries and the original countries. With the help of Migration both countries' people reach up to a higher level of welfare, and the Balance of Payment deficits of both countries are being improved. The impact of migration is not only economic, but also world peace and friendship among the peoples are being improved, too.Key words: migration, immigrants, migrants, migrant remmittances, international trade, economic development, balance of payments, production factors.

The economics of the Russian Federation is characterized by imbalanced social-economic development of its regions. For assessing the local regional imbalances we used the methods of multidimensional classification along with the methods of convergence analysis: methods of factor analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis. The article offers to use exploratory factor analysis to cluster the Russian Federation's regions. This method allows performing the procedure of classification structures' identification when there is a large number of classification's objects described by dozens of variables each. We checked the hypothesis that at a definite moment or period of time each region is described by some set of interconnected variables. This interconnection occurs due to exploratory factors which make these valuables interconnect in the necessary way. The model of exploratory factor analysis describes this situation. The basis of our research was the official Rosstat's statistics for the period from 2014 to 2016. This specific period is characterized by changes in Russia's spatial organization as two federal subjects, the city of Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea, were included. As a result of calculations three exploratory factors have been defined: the first one encourages the usage of natural resources to form the gross regional product; the second one is interpreted as the factor that is not promoting the economic growth; the third one indicates the necessity to develop activity which is not connected with natural resources. We have distinguished eight economic clusters of subjects of three federal districts and have defined the character of the exploratory factors' influence. The results of this research can be taken into account by the federal authorities during the comparative analysis of the economic development of the Russian Federation's subjects, and formation of a developing strategy of the whole country in general and each subject in particular. © 2019 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ; Проведен факторный анализ структуры валового регионального продукта по отраслям экономики в разрезе отдельных региональных округов. Оценена выборочная корреляционная матрица, найдены ее собственные вектора и собственные значения. Представлены величины факторных нагрузок на разделы валового регионального продукта. ; The article was prepared with the support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research and Government of the Sevastopol, the research project No 18-410-920001.