Suchergebnisse

In this paper, we explore three scenarios for the future of the European Union, using history and reasoned imagination as guides. Our three scenarios are rooted in European contemporary challenges but draw on three ages that have shaped what Europe has become. Scenario 1 harks back to Antiquity ("the Empty Empire"), scenario 2 to the Middle Age ("Return of the City-states") and scenario 3 to the Renaissance ("Renascent Europe").

International audience ; Ever-evolving and increasingly powerful Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have fundamentally changed the nature of global relationships, sources of competitive advantage and opportunities for economic and social development. ICTs have greatly increased the impact on every area of human life. Technologies such as the Internet, personal computers and wireless have turned the globe into a network of individuals, businesses, governments, and ever-growing schools who communicate and interact with one another. Without doubt ICTs plays a strategic role in managing organizations. This paper presents a part of the current state of ICTs for enterprises by establishing comparative bases for further studies in this field. It also helps academic institutions to evaluate and identify factors, as well as the specific role and weight of these factors have in the process of developing ICTs towards a developed economy and society in the context of digital Albania. It is presented as a scientific analyse, accomplished, detailed and expressed in percentage and graphical analysis of a number of very important data sets of enterprises in their full form, to unlock developments in the field of ICTs in our country, including specific ones based on concrete data. This study tends to study the extent to which these but have involved ICTs and what impact these technologies have in the daily work of these organizations in part of Albania (Korca Region)and brings its contribution as a perspective of literature, experience and international studies, the level of development of our country regarding the assessment of electronic readiness of business organizations.

International audience ; Several international organisations compare the military spending of the major powers, but their results are often heterogeneous. They are particularly disputed for the Warsaw Pace countries and in most dictatorships, because of military secrecy, the difficulty of defining what belongs to the domain of national defence, but also the methods of accounting. The UN is undertaking studies both to define military expenditure by constructing a very broad matrix of states' military or paramilitary commitments and by constructing sophisticated systems of comparative indices that would replace the exchange rates generally used, despite their instability. Analysis in terms of purchasing power parities seems to be something that should be tested in the long term. ; Plusieurs organismes internationaux comparent les dépenses militaires des grandes puissances, mais leurs résultats sont souvent hétérogènes . Ils sont particulièrement contestés pour les pays du Pace de Varsovie et dans la plupart des dictatures, du fait du secret militaire, de la difficulté à définir ce qui appartient au domaine de la défense nationale, mais aussi des méthodes de comptabilisation. L'ONU engage des études à la fois pour définir les dépenses militaires en construisant une matrice très large des engagements militaires ou paramilitaires des Etats et en construisant des systèmes sophistiqués d'indices de comparaison qui se substitueraient aux taux de change généralement utilisés, malgré leur instabilité. L'analyse en termes de parités de pouvoir d'achat semble devoir être expérimentée à terme.

International audience ; Several international organisations compare the military spending of the major powers, but their results are often heterogeneous. They are particularly disputed for the Warsaw Pace countries and in most dictatorships, because of military secrecy, the difficulty of defining what belongs to the domain of national defence, but also the methods of accounting. The UN is undertaking studies both to define military expenditure by constructing a very broad matrix of states' military or paramilitary commitments and by constructing sophisticated systems of comparative indices that would replace the exchange rates generally used, despite their instability. Analysis in terms of purchasing power parities seems to be something that should be tested in the long term. ; Plusieurs organismes internationaux comparent les dépenses militaires des grandes puissances, mais leurs résultats sont souvent hétérogènes . Ils sont particulièrement contestés pour les pays du Pace de Varsovie et dans la plupart des dictatures, du fait du secret militaire, de la difficulté à définir ce qui appartient au domaine de la défense nationale, mais aussi des méthodes de comptabilisation. L'ONU engage des études à la fois pour définir les dépenses militaires en construisant une matrice très large des engagements militaires ou paramilitaires des Etats et en construisant des systèmes sophistiqués d'indices de comparaison qui se substitueraient aux taux de change généralement utilisés, malgré leur instabilité. L'analyse en termes de parités de pouvoir d'achat semble devoir être expérimentée à terme.

International audience ; Several international organisations compare the military spending of the major powers, but their results are often heterogeneous. They are particularly disputed for the Warsaw Pace countries and in most dictatorships, because of military secrecy, the difficulty of defining what belongs to the domain of national defence, but also the methods of accounting. The UN is undertaking studies both to define military expenditure by constructing a very broad matrix of states' military or paramilitary commitments and by constructing sophisticated systems of comparative indices that would replace the exchange rates generally used, despite their instability. Analysis in terms of purchasing power parities seems to be something that should be tested in the long term. ; Plusieurs organismes internationaux comparent les dépenses militaires des grandes puissances, mais leurs résultats sont souvent hétérogènes . Ils sont particulièrement contestés pour les pays du Pace de Varsovie et dans la plupart des dictatures, du fait du secret militaire, de la difficulté à définir ce qui appartient au domaine de la défense nationale, mais aussi des méthodes de comptabilisation. L'ONU engage des études à la fois pour définir les dépenses militaires en construisant une matrice très large des engagements militaires ou paramilitaires des Etats et en construisant des systèmes sophistiqués d'indices de comparaison qui se substitueraient aux taux de change généralement utilisés, malgré leur instabilité. L'analyse en termes de parités de pouvoir d'achat semble devoir être expérimentée à terme.

The Linear Economy is structured on: extraction, production, product use and landfill. This model prevails although it is a threat to the preservation of natural resources. Whereas, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) constitute "Urban Mines" that are rich in valuable metals. Public policies from the 70s, based on regulatory constraints, have proved to be inefficient in instigating innovative and collective processes.In this thesis, we study an alternative approach based on the responsabilization of producers through co-regulated action between public and private actors. While responsibility is often linked to individualism, this work scrutinizes the substance of collective responsibility. Furthermore, in consideration of responsabilization as a mode of political governance, we examine the processes and the instruments which could be engaged to bestow collective responsibility on private actors.Through an exploratory, qualitative and longitudinal approach in the context of the WEEE sector, we propose new co-regulation principles. The research is based on the literature of the commons in which the conditions of a collective governance are discussed. The theoretical propositions are considered in the perspective of a comparative analysis at the European level. ; Le modèle de production et de consommation linéaire, qui se résume à: extraire, produire, utiliser puis jeter, menace la préservation de nos ressources naturelles, alors même que les Déchets d'Équipements Électriques et Électroniques (DEEE) constituent des « mines urbaines » riches en métaux de valeur. Les politiques publiques classiques des années 70, fondées sur une approche régalienne, se sont révélées inefficaces pour stimuler des démarches innovantes et collectives.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions une approche alternative fondée sur un principe de responsabilisation des producteurs, encadrés par une forme de co-régulation entre acteurs publics et privés. Alors que la responsabilité est souvent associée à une logique individuelle, qu'est-ce ...

В статье выявлена специфика производства и потребления креативного продукта на основании экономического подхода и исследований культуры. Выделены основные характерные черты креативного продукта как товара в процессе производства и потребления. Специфика креативного продукта как товара состоит в его смысловой нагруженности, где приоритет отдаётся преимущественно коммуникации и системе означивания, нежели функциональности. Проведён сравнительный анализ процесса производства креативных продуктов с позиции экономической теории К. Маркса и современных подходов культурных, креативных индустрий. Характерные черты производства и потребления товаров, согласно подходу классической политической экономии, соотнесены с процессом производства и потребления товаров культурных, креативных индустрий. В качестве основного принципа системы производства креативного товара автор выделяет дуальность, которая обусловлена современным пониманием сущностного значения товара культурных индустрий. ; In article specifics of production and consumption of a creative product on the basis of economic approach and researches of culture are revealed. The main characteristic features of a creative product as a commodity in the course of production and consumption are marked out. The specifics of the creative product as the product is in its sense of loading, where priority is given mainly communications and system of signification, rather than functionality. The comparative analysis of process of production of creative products from a position of the economic theory of K. Marx and modern approaches of the cultural, creative industries is carried out. The characteristic features of the production and consumption of goods according to the approach of classical political economy are related to the process of production and consumption of goods cultural and creative industries. As a basic principle of creative goods production system the author singles out the duality, which is due to the current understanding of the essential values of the goods of cultural industries.

This paper provides a tool to build climate change scenarios to forecast Gross Domestic Product (GDP), modelling both GDP damage due to climate change and the GDP impact of mitigating measures. It adopts a supply-side, long-term view, with 2060 and 2100 horizons. It is a global projection tool (30 countries / regions), with assumptions and results both at the world and the country / regional level. Five different types of energy inputs are taken into account according to their CO2 emission factors. Full calibration is possible at each stage, with estimated or literature-based default parameters. In particular, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is a major source of uncertainty on future growth and hence on CO2 emissions, is endogenously determined, with a rich modeling encompassing energy prices, investment prices, education, structural reforms and decreasing return to the employment rate. We present four scenarios: Business As Usual (BAU), with stable energy prices relative to GDP price; Decrease of Renewable Energy relative Price (DREP), with the relative price of non CO2 emitting electricity decreasing by 2% a year; Low Carbon Tax (LCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 1% per year; High Carbon Tax (HCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 3% per year. At the 2100 horizon, global GDP incurs a loss of 12% in the BAU, 10% in the DREP, 8% in the Low Carbon Tax scenario and 7% in the High Carbon Tax scenario. This scenario exercise illustrates both the "tragedy of the horizon", as gains from avoided climate change damage net of damage from mitigating policies are negative in the medium-term and positive in the long-term, and the "tragedy of the commons", as climate change damage is widely dispersed and particularly severe in developing economies, while mitigating policies should be implemented in all countries, especially in advanced countries modestly affected by climate change but with large CO2 emission contributions.

This paper provides a tool to build climate change scenarios to forecast Gross Domestic Product (GDP), modelling both GDP damage due to climate change and the GDP impact of mitigating measures. It adopts a supply-side, long-term view, with 2060 and 2100 horizons. It is a global projection tool (30 countries / regions), with assumptions and results both at the world and the country / regional level. Five different types of energy inputs are taken into account according to their CO2 emission factors. Full calibration is possible at each stage, with estimated or literature-based default parameters. In particular, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is a major source of uncertainty on future growth and hence on CO2 emissions, is endogenously determined, with a rich modeling encompassing energy prices, investment prices, education, structural reforms and decreasing return to the employment rate. We present four scenarios: Business As Usual (BAU), with stable energy prices relative to GDP price; Decrease of Renewable Energy relative Price (DREP), with the relative price of non CO2 emitting electricity decreasing by 2% a year; Low Carbon Tax (LCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 1% per year; High Carbon Tax (HCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 3% per year. At the 2100 horizon, global GDP incurs a loss of 12% in the BAU, 10% in the DREP, 8% in the Low Carbon Tax scenario and 7% in the High Carbon Tax scenario. This scenario exercise illustrates both the "tragedy of the horizon", as gains from avoided climate change damage net of damage from mitigating policies are negative in the medium-term and positive in the long-term, and the "tragedy of the commons", as climate change damage is widely dispersed and particularly severe in developing economies, while mitigating policies should be implemented in all countries, especially in advanced countries modestly affected by climate change but with large CO2 emission contributions.

What economic and policy framework would foster a transition in the European transport sector from fossil fuels to hydrogen in the long term (2030-50)? This research combines empirical and theoretical approaches and aims to answers the following questions:1.How to design appropriate policy instruments to solve inefficiencies in hydrogen mobility deployment?2.How to define abatement cost and an optimal launching date in the presence of learning-by-doing (LBD)?3.How to define an optimal deployment trajectory in presence of LBD and convexity in investment costs?The paper 'Transition Towards a Hydrogen-Based Passenger Car Transport: Comparative Policy Analysis' draws a cross-country comparison between policy instruments that support the deployment of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). The existing policy framework in favour of FCEV and hydrogen infrastructure deployment is analysed. A set of complementary ex-post policy efficiency indicators is developed and calculated to rank the most active countries, supporters of FCEV. Denmark and Japan emerge as the best providers of favourable conditions for the hydrogen mobility deployment: local authorities put in place price-based incentives (such as subsidies and tax exemptions) making FCEV more financially attractive than its gasoline substitute, and coordinate ramping-up of their hydrogen infrastructure nationally.The paper 'Defining the Abatement Cost in Presence of Learning-by-doing: Application to the Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle' models the transition of the transport sector from a pollutant state to a clean one. A partial equilibrium model is developed for a car sector of a constant size. In this model the objective of the social planner is to minimize the cost of phasing out a stock of polluting cars from the market over time. The cost includes the private cost of green cars production, which are subject to LBD, and the social cost of carbon, which has an exogenous upward trend. During the transition, the equalization of marginal costs takes into account the fact ...

The first comprehensive history of the Turkish economyThe population and economy of the area within the present-day borders of Turkey has consistently been among the largest in the developing world, yet there has been no authoritative economic history of Turkey until now. In Uneven Centuries, Şevket Pamuk examines the economic growth and human development of Turkey over the past two hundred years.Taking a comparative global perspective, Pamuk investigates Turkey's economic history through four periods: the open economy during the nineteenth-century Ottoman era, the transition from empire to nation-state that spanned the two world wars and the Great Depression, the continued protectionism and import-substituting industrialization after World War II, and the neoliberal policies and the opening of the economy after 1980. Making use of indices of GDP per capita, trade, wages, health, and education, Pamuk argues that Turkey's long-term economic trends cannot be explained only by immediate causes such as economic policies, rates of investment, productivity growth, and structural change.Uneven Centuries offers a deeper analysis of the essential forces underlying Turkey's development-its institutions and their evolution-to make better sense of the country's unique history and to provide important insights into the patterns of growth in developing countries during the past two centuries.

"Often the high level of unemployment in Germany is explained by a lack of flexibility, over-regulation in the labour market and disincentives of the social security system. However, these institutional effects are difficult to test by means of data from only one country. Cross-country comparisons are hindered by the availability of comparable datasets, especially at the establishment level. The comparative analysis of labour markets with different degrees of flexibility, regulation, and social security systems will show the importance of these institutions for the mobility of individuals. In this paper we will estimate regressions - almost identically specified - using establishment datasets from Germany and the Netherlands. We do not only analyse the process of hiring and firing, but also the extent to which they occur simultaneously. Churning can be regarded as the part of hiring which occurs above the level of replacement of separations. Our results show that German establishments have significantly lower churning rates than their Dutch counterparts. To some extent this can be explained by a different economic situation and a different age-structure of the working population. Important labour market institutions exerting some influence on churning appear to be: the share of fixed term contracts in total employment (higher in the Netherlands), the German apprenticeship system, and the German works councils." (author's abstract)

This study on Latin America is based on a sample of eight countries, comprising the big four economies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico; Colombia and Ecuador, two of the poorest South American tropical countries; the Dominican Republic, the largest Caribbean economy; and Nicaragua, the poorest country in Central America. Together, in 2000-04, these countries accounted for 78 percent of the region's population, 80 percent of the region's agricultural value added, and 84 percent of the total gross domestic product (GDP) of Latin America. The key characteristics of these economies-which account for only 4.5 percent of worldwide Gross Domestic Product (GDP), but 7.7 percent of agricultural value added and more than 10 percent of agricultural and food exports. The table reveals the considerable diversity within the region in terms of stages of development, relative resource endowments, comparative advantages and, hence, trade specialization, and the incidence of poverty and income inequality. This means that these countries represent a rich sample for comparative study. Nicaragua's per capita income is only one-seventh the global average, while the incomes of Colombia and Ecuador are one-third of this average. By contrast, the per capita incomes of Argentina and Chile average just one-eighth below and that of Mexico is one eighth above the global average. Only Argentina, Brazil, and Nicaragua are well above the global average in endowments of agricultural land per capita; the Dominican Republic and Ecuador are well below this average; and Chile, Colombia, and Mexico are a little less than one-third above the average.

Education in Ukraine has played a significant role in economic and social development even before gaining independence in 1991. As a member of the Soviet Union, Ukraine's education system was promoted strongly at all levels, and it was provided with exceptionally high funding and support for pedagogical innovation to meet the needs of a centrally planned economy. Outcomes included high literacy rates and basic knowledge, particularly in the sciences, and impressive scientific and technological achievements. Since independence, Ukraine has been able to sustain some of its comparative advantages in educational excellence, contributing to high levels of educational attainment and human capital development. Ukrainians want a modern education system for their futures and the future of their children. They want a system that facilitates Ukraine's integration into Europe and the wider world. Low public trust in the system, years of national dialogue, and the Euromaidan Revolution all contributed to a consensus for change. With general secondary education, change was warranted to address: (a) outdated curricula emphasizing content knowledge over critical thinking and problem-solving; (b) low student motivation to learn with overly theoretical textbooks and outdated teaching methods; (c) low social status and low salaries for teachers, contributing to a demoralized teacher workforce and unappealing profession; and (d) unequal access to the quality education that has been guaranteed by the Government. In higher education, these reasons included corruption, non-recognition of diplomas of Ukrainian higher education institutions (HEIs) in the European Union and the world, divergence of higher education from the demands of the labor market, quality of learning environments and instructional methods, inefficient use of funds, and international isolation. The Euromaidan Revolution in 2014 generated excitement and optimism about the future, which brought forth some of the boldest and most ambitious efforts to reform the education system in Ukraine since independence. These reforms aimed to decentralize and democratize education, transitioning the system away from its Soviet past and towards a vision for the future. However, the context for reform and performance of Ukraine's education system suggests that the vision needs to be better articulated across the sector. Reforms have proceeded at different paces, and there is the inertia of history that threatens progress. Without addressing persistent imbalances in the sector, positive results may not be achieved.

Postojeće procjene utjecaja programa SAPARD i IPARD u Hrvatskoj ne daju informaciju o njihovom učinku na financijske pokazatelje poslovanja korisnika potpora, kako na razini pojedinog korisnika tako i na agregatnoj razini. Postojeće ex post evaluacije se bave procjenom uspješnosti provedbe programa korištenjem indikatora ostvarenja kao što su broj korisnika i isplaćeni iznos potpore po mjerama i ukupno za program. Ovim indikatorima možemo odrediti uspješnost administracije (ministarstava i agencije za plaćanja), no ne i utjecaj na poslovni uspjeh korisnika te ne možemo odrediti širu javnu, odnosno društvenu korist. U ovom radu je istražena povezanost potpora SAPARD-a i IPARD-a s financijskim pokazateljima uspješnosti poduzeća korisnika primjenom usporedne analize pokazatelja prije dobivanja potpore i pokazatelja u razdoblju do pet godina nakon dobivanja potpore. Gledano za sve korisnike zajedno, utvrđeno je da financijski pokazatelji nakon dobivanja potpore nisu značajno različiti od istih pokazatelja prije dobivanja potpore. Provjerom po skupinama korisnika s obzirom na područje djelatnosti i veličinu poduzeća, značajne razlike za pojedine pokazatelje ustanovljene su kod određenih skupina po veličini. Rezultati pokazuju da su u razredu mikro poduzeća prihod i profitabilnost značajno veći u prve dvije do tri godine nakon primanja potpore. Zanimljivo je da su značajne razlike kod velikih poduzeća ustanovljene u petoj godini od dobivanja potpore, pri čemu su prihodi od prodaje značajno veći nego prije dobivanja potpore, dok su profitabilnost, zaposlenost i financijska stabilnost manji. Općenito gledano, rezultati ukazuju na slabu vezu između potpora i promatranih pokazatelja. No, s obzirom na to da je u istraživanju primijenjen naive pristup koji ne omogućuje kauzalno zaključivanje, to je za preciznu ocjenu doprinosa potpora uočenim razlikama potrebno obaviti dodatna istraživanja primjenom protučinjeničnog ili sličnog pristupa. ; The existing evaluations of SAPARD and IPARD in Croatia do not provide information on their impact on financial performance of beneficiaries, both at individual company and at aggregate level. Existing ex-post evaluations are concerned with assessing the implementation success of the programs using performance indicators such as the number of beneficiaries and the amount of support granted per measure and in total. These indicators can be used to determine the success of public administration (ministries and paying agency??) but not to determine the influence on business success of beneficiaries or to determine the broader public or social benefit. This paper explores the relation of SAPARD and IPARD grants with the financial performance indicators of the beneficiary companies, using a comparative analysis of pre-grant indicators and indicators up to 5 years after the grant. Taken all the beneficiaries together, the financial indicators after receiving grants were not significantly different from the same indicators prior to receiving grants. Through comparison by groups of beneficiaries with regard to the business sector and size of the company, significant differences in individual indicators were found for certain groups by size. The results show that in the micro-enterprise class, sales revenues and profitability are significantly higher in the first 2-3 years after receiving support. Interestingly, significant differences are found in large enterprises in the 5th year after receipt of the aid, with sales revenues significantly higher than before receiving the aid, while profitability, employment and financial stability are lower. In general, the results indicate a weak link between grants and observed indicators. However, since a naive approach was applied, which does not allow causal inference, additional investigations are required to assess the contribution of the grants to the differences observed.