The study is focused on accounting and financial reporting of central and - where applicalbe - of state or provincial government. More or less as a by-product, some information has been gathered on budgeting procedures, on auditing practises, and on management accounting. Accounting and financial reporting of local authorities had to be excluded - mainly for the reason of limited financial resources to conduct this investigation.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 701-715). ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Spec. Coll. Haynes copy is part of a collection (Collection 1604). To page this item, use the collection record; to find the collection record, search the title: Collection of books from the John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation Library. Item is in box 240. Dark blue cloth over boards, stamped in gilt on spine.
Introduction.--Comparative government.--The government of Germany.--Austria-Hungary.--Austria-Hungary: government of today.--The government of Belgium.--The government of Brazil.--Bibliography (p. 87-89) ; Mode of access: Internet.
Comparative Politics: A Policy Approach is a unique text in that it integrates a comprehensive study of eight nations with critical policy issues facing those nations. The individual chapters on the United States, the United Kingdom, the Russian Federation, Japan, China, Mexico, South Africa and Iraq provide a wide-ranging examination of nations that are representative of the diversity in decision-making frameworks and political development in the international community. Comparative Politics: A Policy Approach is designed to guide the reader through a series of discussions on key political milestones in the nation's history, the structure of government, the relationship of citizen to state, the role played by political parties, groups and elections, the shape and influence of the political elite, the current status of the political economy and the future direction of the nation in a global environment. The author accents the importance of comparative links among the various countries and uses supplementary data to deepen understanding of the governing climate, political conditions, and most importantly the policy challenges facing each of the eight nations. Comparative Politics: A Policy Approach is an up to date, thorough, and readable examination of eight nations that are in the forefront of government and politics in the world today. ; https://vc.bridgew.edu/fac_books/1064/thumbnail.jpg
This chapter hypothesises that there is a trend of centralisation in government communication – a move upwards in the political executive towards central coordination and control. We test this argument empirically through an inventory of elite interview evidence and a four-country comparison including two case studies – Finland and Sweden – as well as two case illustrations – Lithuania and Poland. Based on, altogether, over 80 interviews with political journalists and political/media advisors or press secretaries in the four countries, the chapter analyses how government communication is structured. The cases of Finland and Sweden offer support for the centralisation hypothesis while those of Lithuania and Poland point out its limitations. We thus conclude that the extent to which government communication is centralised varies across contexts and that the variation is patterned.
This chapter hypothesises that there is a trend of centralisation in government communication – a move upwards in the political executive towards central coordination and control. We test this argument empirically through an inventory of elite interview evidence and a four-country comparison including two case studies – Finland and Sweden – as well as two case illustrations – Lithuania and Poland. Based on, altogether, over 80 interviews with political journalists and political/media advisors or press secretaries in the four countries, the chapter analyses how government communication is structured. The cases of Finland and Sweden offer support for the centralisation hypothesis while those of Lithuania and Poland point out its limitations. We thus conclude that the extent to which government communication is centralised varies across contexts and that the variation is patterned. ; Go to the full book to find a version of this chapter tagged for accessibility.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 289-306) and index. ; Research design and the accumulation of knowledge -- Big questions, little answers : how the questions you choose affect the answers you get -- How the cases you choose affect the answers you get : selection bias and related issues -- How the evidence you use affects the answers you get : rigorous use of the evidence contained in case studies -- How the approach you choose affects the answers you get : the uses and limitations of rational choice comparative politics. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Bu yüksek lisans tezi, Afganistan'ın yerel yönetim sistemi hakkındadır ve Afganistan'ın idari yapısına odaklanmaktadır. Afganistan'ın yerel yönetim yapısı, 2001 sonrası yerel yönetim sisteminin yavaş gelişmesinin nedenlerini daha iyi değerlendirilebilmek amacıyla Türkiye'nin yerel yönetim sistemi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Afganistan'ın yerel yönetim sistemini güçlendirmek adına uluslararası düzeyde milyonlarca dolar harcanmasına rağmen sistem hala zorluklarla karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Ademi merkezileşme aynı zamanda hizmetlerin yerel topluma nasıl sağlandığını ve ülkenin demokratik sisteme sahip olup olmadığını da işaret etmektedir. Çalışmanın Birinci Bölümünde, addemi merkezileşmenin tanımı üzerinde durularak İngiltere ve ABD örnekleri açıklanacaktır. İkinci bölümde, Türkiye'deki yerel yönetimler, yerel yönetimlerin tabi olduğu mevzuat ve yerel yönetimlerin yetki ve sorumlulukları incelenecektir. Üçüncü bölümde ise Afganistan'ın yerel yönetim sistemi, yerel yönetimlerin yetki ve sorumlulukları ve yerel yönetim politikaları ele alınacaktır. Son bölümde ise Türkiye ve Afganistan'ın yerel yönetim sistemleri karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde incelenecektir ve tez, vurgulanan noktalar, metodoloji ve bulgular ile sonuçlandırılacaktır. --- This thesis is about the local government system of Afghanistan, specifically concentrating on the administrative structures. It is compared with the local government system of Turkey in order to have a better assessment of the reasons behind the slow and insufficient improvements of the local government system after 2001. Although the local government system of Afghanistan has the primary attention and been the main target of the international community's spending in the millions of dollars to strengthen the local government system and to foster good governance, it still faces challenges. Decentralization concentrates on how the services are provided to the locals and whether the country has a democratic system. In this thesis, the first chapter is about decentralization and the concept of government with two examples of England and US. The second chapter deals with the local government system of Turkey from administrative aspects, organs, legislations, and roles and responsibilities. The third one analyzes the local government system in Afghanistan, its type, responsibilities, authority, legislations and policies on local government. Moreover, the last chapter is concluded with findings from the comparison analysis study of both local government system, with highlighted points.
Defence date: 19 May 2017 ; Examining Board: Prof. Stefano Bartolini, EUI (Supervisor); Prof. Hanspeter Kriesi, EUI; Prof. Ferdinand Müller-Rommel, University of Lüneburg; Prof. Gianfranco Pasquino, University of Bologna ; The author was awarded the Linz/Rokkan Prize for the best doctoral thesis in the field of political sociology (June 2019) ; In the last thirty years, alternation in government has become a common practice in Western Europe. Unfortunately, democratic theories and theorists have hitherto mostly neglected or taken for granted this crucial phenomenon in many political systems. This thesis aims to fill this gap between theory and practice. In the first part, the dissertation puts forward a new and original conceptual toolkit for the analysis of government alternation across countries and through time. Three dimensions, or faces, of the concept of alternation (i.e. actuality, possibility and probability) are singled out, defined and thoroughly operationalised. This process of concept reconstruction makes it possible to paint a large historical fresco of the development of government alternation in Western Europe throughout the whole post-war period. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the empirical analysis of the suggested determinants of alternation in government. All the factors that may have an impact on the occurrence of alternation in its manifold manifestations are scrutinised and correlated to the diverse ways in which West European party systems change their cabinets across space and time. Furthermore, the analysis carried out in this part of the thesis directly challenges much of the conventional wisdom that has accompanied the study of alternation since its uncertain inception. More precisely, the results of the bivariate analyses show that the occurrence of alternation is not strictly correlated with the fragmentation of the party systems or the proportionality of the electoral systems. Other factors, such as the existence (and the strength) of anti-system parties, the role of pivotal actors, voters' availability to change their electoral behaviour or the cabinet size, contribute to the explanation of the emergence and the persistence of a pattern of alternation in government. In the last part of the thesis, I carried out a comparative time-series cross-section analysis of the determinants of government alternation in seventeen West European countries. Partially, this set of multivariate analyses confirms some of the evidence collected in the previous section. However, and in addition to that, the large-N statistical analysis demonstrates that different explanatory factors account for the variation in the three dimensions of alternation suggested above. Moreover, the same argument holds true for the explanation of the development of government alternation, in particular its accelerated rise since the 1980s. Finally, in the concluding chapter I analyse, firstly, the foreseeable evolution of government alternation in Western Europe, especially in relation to the impact of the current economic crisis on the functioning of West European democracies. Secondly, the chapter closes with the suggestion of a new typology of party systems based on the existence of a bipolar pattern of inter-party competition and the possibility of a wholesale replacement of the governing parties.
The approach of governments to public information has changed from a rather traditional press release policy - based on interpersonal exchanges between politicians and journalists - to a professionalized and specialized process of strategic communication controlling the flow of news. In the light of this general development, news management is one practical solution for governments to strategically communicate their messages and use the media to further their political and policy goals. The paper explores news management of governments in modern mass democracies from a variety of angles. What is news management? Does news management matter and if so, how is it related to the political process? How is news management organized and how does it vary across different countries? Our assumption is, that the variation in news management, its styles and outcomes across different political systems depend on a series of contextual factors, originating in the political system, the media system and the media culture. The main objective of the paper is to analyze news management and compare the context in which it occurs in three Western democracies: the United States, Great Britain, and Germany. The central argument we propose is that media centered news management is most likely to occur in the United States due to the context of a presidential system, a highly commercialized media system, and the predominance of adversarial journalism . On the other hand, political news management is expected to be the dominant type of strategic communication in Great Britain and Germany. Both European countries not only have parliamentary political systems and strong party governments in common, but also kept a political press and a rather strong public sector television. They also tend to feature a less adversarial working relationship between the government and the media. ; Der Beitrag exploriert den Begriff des News Managementes als strategische Option der politischen Öffentlichkeitsarbeit von Regierungen in modernen Massendemokratien. Was ist News Management? Welchen Stellenwert hat News Management im politischen Prozeß? Wie ist News Management institutionell verankert und wie variieren die Stile des News Management in unterschiedlichen Ländern? Die Annahme des Papiers ist, daß die Stile des News Managementes von einer Reihe von Kontexfaktoren abhängen, die im politischen System, dem Mediensystem und der Medienkultur verankert sind. Der Beitrag analysiert die Ausprägungen des News Management von Regierungen auf der Basis einer Typologie von Mazzoleni für die USA, Großbritannien und Deutschland. Durch den Vergleich läßt sich zeigen, daß die Typen und das Handlungsrepertoire der Informationspolitik nach strukturellen und normativen Kontexten des Regierungssystems und des Mediensystems variieren. In den USA herrscht ein medienorientierter Stil von News Management vor, der durch die Kontextfaktoren eines präsidentiellen Regierungssystems, einer fast vollständig kommerzialisierten Medienlandschaft sowie der Philosphie des "adversarial journalism" zu begründen ist. Demgegenüber dominieren in Großbritannien und Deutschland politische Stile des News Management, die mit den Kontextfaktoren eines parlamentarischen Regierungssystems und einer starken Rolle politischer Parteien sowie durch die Existenz einer politischen Presse und eines öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks in Zusammenhang gebracht werden können.
This research investigates the Comparative Analysis of Performance of Government sponsored Banks in Pakistan. Data were collected from Five year data sample of both banks (National Bank of Pakistan and Sindh Bank Limited) will be used in ratios and for evaluating the difference of bank of performance variables from 2011 to 2016. Secondary data will be used primarily in this study. Single factor ANOVA test will be applied in comparative analysis of bank variables (Return on Asset, Return on equity and Asset Turnover). Then p-values will show the significance of relationship.Pertinent information on variables collected using various secondary data sources including Bank's websites. It was revealed that the p-value=0.013612 ie ‹0.05 indicates rejecting null hypothesis. So, it can be inferred that significant difference in performance based on the asset turnover of Sindh Bank Limited and National Bank of Pakistan. Further, average asset turnover of National Bank of Pakistan AT=0.0.72 is lower than average asset turnover of Sindh bank AT= 0.092 as shown in ANOVA single factor test.
