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High-growth firms (HGFs) are critical for net job creation and economic growth. We analyze HGFs using the theory of competence blocs, linking firm growth to property rights and the interaction of complementary expertise. Specifically, we discuss how the institutional framework affects the prevalence and performance of HGFs. Firm growth is viewed as resulting from the perpetual discovery and use of productive knowledge. A key element in this process is the competence bloc, a nexus of economic actors with complementary competencies that are vital in order to generate and commercialize novel ideas. The institutional framework determines the incentives for these individuals to acquire and utilize knowledge. We identify a number of institutions that foster the emergence of competence blocs and the creation of HGFs. In particular, our analysis points to the pivotal roles played by tax structures, labor market regulation, and the contestability of currently closed service markets. Finally, we characterize institutions beneficial for sclerotic or dynamic capitalism, respectively, depending on whether they provide a favorable environment for the emergence of competence blocs and the creation of HGFs.

This paper seeks to develop a comprehensive analytical framework for studying the politics of economic growth by engaging with three literatures in comparative political economy: the literature on producer-group coalitions, the literature on electoral politics and constrained partisanship and, finally, the literature on the role of ideas. Drawing on Gramsci, we argue that "social blocs" should be conceived as enduring constellations of sectoral and class interests that are organized in hierarchical manner, with certain components of the social bloc being privileged relative to others. We argue further that mainstream political parties compete with each other based, in part, on claims to competence as managers of the social bloc and that economic voting explains the political influence of economic sectors that are critical to the particular growth models that different countries have adopted. Finally, we emphasize that social blocs have an important ideological dimension. We illustrate these claims through stylized case studies of the politics of economic growth in Germany and Sweden since the early 1990s.

Public policy affects the prevalence and performance of both productive and high-impact entrepreneurship. High-impact entrepreneurship prospers when knowledge is successfully generated and exploited in the economy. This process depends on complementary key ac-tors who use their competencies in what we denote a competence bloc. Although variations in economic contexts make prescribing a general panacea impossible, a number of relevant policy areas that affect key actors can be identified. In this paper this is done in the areas of tax policy and labor market policy. It is shown that high and/or distortive taxes and heavy labor market regulations impinge on the creation and functioning of competence blocs, thereby reducing high-impact entrepreneurship.

The growth of the Swedish Computing and Communicationsindustry is studied in this thesis. Growth is seen as a dynamicprocess moved by the entry, expansion, contraction and exit offirms. The analysis is founded on the theory of the ExperimentallyOrganised Economy, which views the economy as an experimentalprocess. The entire thesis is organised around the problem ofresource allocation and the issue of growth through theintroduction of new combinations into the economic system,using the terminology of Schumpeter (1911). Competence blocsdetermine the efficiency of the economic process, i.e., theextent to which it leads to sustained economic growth ratherthan stagnation. Change is a fundamental feature of theeconomic process, firms have to be flexible to survive and theeconomic system must promote flexibility to grow. Many trials,or experiments, are required to discover and select "winning"firms and technologies. Hence, the turnover (i.e., entry andexit) of firms is supposed to have positive effects on growth.Theory, furthermore, predicts that new and small firms are moreentrepreneurial and innovative and that they, therefore, willgrow faster than old and large firms. The empirical results show that firm growth decreases withfirm age, decreases with firm size, increases with firmindependence, decreases with government ownership and thatindustry growth increases with firm turnover. Moreover, thesmallest firms have been the major job contributors during the1993-1998 period investigated empirically. It is also shownthat employment growth is facilitated by a sustained high entryof firms. Lastly, many policies, several of which were introduced inthe late 1960s and early 1970s, have selectively supportedlarge firms in mature industries. Hence, they have exercised arelatively negative influence on exactly the types of firmsthat have been shown to contribute to growth. These policieshave also made the Swedish economy less flexible. It is arguedthat this partly explains the slow economic growth in Swedencompared to other OECD countries since the 1970s. Aninteresting question is where Sweden would have been today witha different policy orientation. Keywords:The Experimentally Organised Economy;Competence Blocs; Industrial dynamics; Industrialtransformation; Firm age, Small-firm growth; Turnover of firms;Computing and Communications industry; IT industry;Institutions.

The growth of the Swedish Computing and Communicationsindustry is studied in this thesis. Growth is seen as a dynamicprocess moved by the entry, expansion, contraction and exit offirms. The analysis is founded on the theory of the ExperimentallyOrganised Economy, which views the economy as an experimentalprocess. The entire thesis is organised around the problem ofresource allocation and the issue of growth through theintroduction of new combinations into the economic system,using the terminology of Schumpeter (1911). Competence blocsdetermine the efficiency of the economic process, i.e., theextent to which it leads to sustained economic growth ratherthan stagnation. Change is a fundamental feature of theeconomic process, firms have to be flexible to survive and theeconomic system must promote flexibility to grow. Many trials,or experiments, are required to discover and select "winning"firms and technologies. Hence, the turnover (i.e., entry andexit) of firms is supposed to have positive effects on growth.Theory, furthermore, predicts that new and small firms are moreentrepreneurial and innovative and that they, therefore, willgrow faster than old and large firms. The empirical results show that firm growth decreases withfirm age, decreases with firm size, increases with firmindependence, decreases with government ownership and thatindustry growth increases with firm turnover. Moreover, thesmallest firms have been the major job contributors during the1993-1998 period investigated empirically. It is also shownthat employment growth is facilitated by a sustained high entryof firms. Lastly, many policies, several of which were introduced inthe late 1960s and early 1970s, have selectively supportedlarge firms in mature industries. Hence, they have exercised arelatively negative influence on exactly the types of firmsthat have been shown to contribute to growth. These policieshave also made the Swedish economy less flexible. It is arguedthat this partly explains the slow economic growth in Swedencompared to other ...

`Biotechnology' - the integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology, and chemical engineering for the technological application of the capabilities of microbes and cultured tissue cells - is quickly becoming pervasive and challenging, rapidly developing both new techniques and industries. The Economic and Social Dynamics of Biotechnology - a joint project between Statistics Canada, the Program of Research on Innovation, Management and Economy (PRIME) at the University of Ottawa, and CIRANO at the University of Quebec in Montreal - brings together economic, social, and statistical views on the dynamics of this set of emerging technologies. It examines the costs as well as the benefits - the challenges as well as the choices - of the rapidly expanding science-based world of biodiversity, biopharmaceuticals, and bioinformatics, and it provides suggestions for future work and research. This project fits into an ongoing research program at Statistics Canada to develop meaningful indicators for science, technology, and innovation in a technology-intensive economy. This book tells the story of the inner workings of innovation systems, technological systems, and competence blocs in the production, use, and diffusion of knowledge

Cada vez es más palpable la preocupación de gobiernos, instituciones sociales y centros formativos acerca de cómo enfocar la relación de la oferta educativa y el mercado laboral. En este sentido, la calidad de la enseñanza debe tener en cuenta cómo cubrir las necesidades del mercado laboral, sin olvidar las sociales. El crecimiento económico y el progreso de los ciudadanos depende de la formación, por ello ésta no puede olvidarse de las necesidades laborales. Existe el consenso básico de que la educación del siglo XXI se debe transformar asumiendo nuevos roles y comprometiéndose con el desarrollo económico y social. Para ello se necesita disponer de un modelo social y productivo dinámico basado en el conocimiento que permita forjar la innovación necesaria para mejorar la competitividad y el crecimiento. En este contexto la educación basada en competencias ha adquirido un gran valor desde hace tiempo. Es por ello que son numerosos los estudios que se centran en analizar las competencias que deberían haber adquirido los estudiantes al finalizar sus estudios. Muchos de estos análisis muestran que el tipo y nivel de competencias adquiridas por los graduados tienden a situarse por debajo de los requeridos en el trabajo. En este artículo se exploran las competencias a partir de las prácticas que los estudiantes de último curso de grado han llevado a cabo en las empresas, lo que supone en muchos casos su primer contacto con el mundo laboral. Su objeto es analizar hasta qué punto éstas encajan con los requerimientos laborales. Para ello, la población estudiada ha sido los tutores de empresa que supervisaron a los estudiantes que recibieron una beca Santander para realizar las prácticas empresariales en el curso 2015-2016 en las distintas facultades de la Universitat de Barcelona. A tal efecto se elaboró un cuestionario con 35 preguntas, 10 de las cuales hacían referencia a la valoración explícita de cada una de las 38 competencias analizadas desde dos puntos de vista (requerido y observado), agrupadas en los tres bloques estándar: instrumental, interpersonal y profesional. Se aplica el análisis multivariante de componentes principales para analizar las competencias que favorecen el éxito en la entrada al mercado laboral. El análisis multivariante permite reducir la dimensionalidad de las variables estudiadas, contribuyendo así a identificar los aspectos que resumen y agrupan las 38 competencias estudiadas desde el punto de vista requerido a nivel empresarial en 4 factores: conocimiento, operativo, comprensión del entorno e interactuación. El análisis desde el punto de vista observado, sin embargo, las agrupa en sólo tres factores: conocimiento, interactuación y directivo. Los resultados muestran la necesidad de profesionales que sean capaces de comunicar sus ideas, trabajar tanto autónomamente como en equipo, aplicar el conocimiento a la práctica, buscar y gestionar información, tener capacidad de aprendizaje continuo y analizar y resolver problemas. Todo ello requiere procesos formativos con una orientación práctica en aras a satisfacer las necesidades futuras de la sociedad, centradas en la versatilidad, la flexibilidad y la adaptabilidad. El acercamiento a esas necesidades favorecerá la empleabilidad de los graduados. ; How to approach the relationship between educational supply and labour market is becoming a severe problem faced by governments, social organizations and education institutions. In this sense, the efforts devoted to the quality of training and education must take into account how to meet the labour market needs, as well as the social needs. Economic growth and citizens' progress are at the basis of the future development through education and training, that is the reason why the quality of training and education cannot forget the labour market needs. There is a basic consensus that the 21st century education must be transformed by assuming new roles and committing to economic and social development. To do so, a dynamic social and productive model based on knowledge is needed to forge the innovation necessary to boost competitiveness and economic growth. In this context, competency-based education has experienced a growing interest in the last decades. Since then, numerous studies have focused on the analysis of the skills graduate students should have acquired. Several of them show that the type and level of skills acquired by graduates tend to be lower than the required for the job. This paper explores the idea of competences through the internships last-year undergrad students carry out in firms as their first contact to labour market. It aims at analysing to which extent they fit into the firms' requirements. To do so we use data from a survey conducted amongst the firms' supervisors of 192 students granted the Santander fellowship during the 2015-16 academic year. The database covers all University of Barcelona Schools. The survey consisted of 35 questions, 10 of them referring to the explicit assessment of each of the 38 competences analysed from two points of view (required and observed) and grouped into the three standard blocks: instrumental, interpersonal and professional. The principal components multivariate analysis is applied to analyse the competencies favouring success in entering the labour market. The multivariate analysis allows us to reduce the dimensionality of the variables under study, contributing to identify the aspects that summarize and group the 38 competencies studied from the required firms' perspective into 4 factors: knowledge, operational, understanding the environment and interaction. On the contrary, the analysis from the observed perspective groups them into three factors: knowledge, interaction and management. The results shows the need for professionals who are able to communicate their ideas, work both autonomously and as a team, apply knowledge to practice, search and manage information, have continuous learning capacity, and analyse and solve problems. This requires practically oriented training processes in order to meet the society future needs, focused on versatility, flexibility and adaptability. The rapprochement to these needs will certainly favour graduates' employability. ; Cada vegada és més palpable la preocupació de governs, institucions socials i centres formatius sobre com enfocar la relació de l'oferta educativa i el mercat laboral. En aquest sentit, la qualitat de l'ensenyament ha de tenir en compte com cobrir les necessitats del mercat laboral, sense oblidar les socials. El creixement econòmic i el progrés dels ciutadans depèn de la formació, per això aquesta no pot oblidar-se de les necessitats laborals. Hi ha el consens bàsic que l'educació del segle XXI s'ha de transformar assumint nous rols i comprometent-se amb el desenvolupament econòmic i social. Per a això es necessita disposar d'un model social i productiu dinàmic basat en el coneixement que permeti forjar la innovació necessària per millorar la competitivitat i el creixement. En aquest context l'educació basada en competències ha adquirit un gran valor des de fa temps. És per això que són nombrosos els estudis que se centren en analitzar les competències que haurien d'haver adquirit els estudiants en finalitzar els seus estudis. Moltes d'aquestes anàlisis mostren que el tipus i nivell de competències adquirides pels graduats tendeixen a situar-se per sota dels requerits en el treball. En aquest article s'exploren les competències a partir de les pràctiques que els estudiants d'últim curs de grau han portat a terme en les empreses, el que suposa en molts casos el seu primer contacte amb el món laboral. El seu objectiu és analitzar fins a quin punt aquestes encaixen amb els requeriments laborals. Per a això, la població estudiada ha estat els tutors d'empresa que van supervisar els estudiants que van rebre una beca Santander per realitzar les pràctiques empresarials en el curs 2015-2016 en les diferents facultats de la Universitat de Barcelona. A tal efecte es va elaborar un qüestionari amb 35 preguntes, 10 de les quals feien referència a la valoració explícita de cadascuna de les 38 competències analitzades des de dos punts de vista (requerit i observat), agrupades en els tres blocs estàndard: instrumental, interpersonal i professional. S'aplica l'anàlisi multivariant de components principals per analitzar les competències que afavoreixen l'èxit en l'entrada al mercat laboral. L'anàlisi multivariant permet reduir la dimensionalitat de les variables estudiades, contribuint així a identificar els aspectes que resumeixen i agrupen les 38 competències estudiades des del punt de vista requerit a nivell empresarial en 4 factors: coneixement, operatiu, comprensió de l'entorn i interactuació. L'anàlisi des del punt de vista observat, però, les agrupa en només tres factors: coneixement, interactuació i directiu. Els resultats mostren la necessitat de professionals que siguin capaços de comunicar les seves idees, treballar tant autònomament com en equip, aplicar el coneixement a la pràctica, buscar i gestionar informació, tenir capacitat d'aprenentatge continu i analitzar i resoldre problemes. Tot això requereix processos formatius amb una orientació pràctica per tal de satisfer les necessitats futures de la societat, centrades en la versatilitat, la flexibilitat i l'adaptabilitat. L'acostament a aquestes necessitats afavorirà certament l'ocupabilitat dels graduats.

The aim of this thesis is to help in the management of the operating theatre in order to improve its functionality. Our research focuses on the daily scheduling of the surgical acts in an operating theatre. According to the researchers who focus their study on dealing with operating theatre problems, the operating theatre is also known to be one of the most expensive items among all sectors of a hospital. Considering the importance of improving the efficiency of the operating theatre, increasingly more researchers have tried to optimize its functioning. In general, operating planning and scheduling methodology is fairly helpful to hospital managers, enabling them to use operating theatre as efficiently as possible by minimizing operating cost, satisfying the needs of patients and the preferences of surgeons while taking into account some constraints on human and material resources. While some constraints on resources are linked to the limited number or the capacity of the resources (opening hours of the operating rooms, the availability of surgeons, nurses and anaesthetists but also of surgical equipment, free beds in the recovery room), some others depend on the competences of the resources like the versatility of the operating rooms, and the staff's qualifications. Just like operating rooms can be destined to certain types of surgery, the staff can be specialized. This is the reason why the operating theatre's manager goal is to harmonize resources and to make its manpower versatile in order to optimize the operating theatre. After visiting several hospitals, we noted that few of their actual constraints were considered in planning and scheduling models. In real life, it is important to take into account human constraints such as availability of surgeons, nurses and anaesthetists; preferences of surgeons (for example the preference for a specific operating room), priorities of some patients (for example some patients such as children and diabetics must be operated at the beginning of the day) and material constraints like versatility of operating rooms, availability of rooms and medical material etc. Moreover a good cooperation between the surgical team members is important for the safety of the patient. For that purpose, we took also into account the existing affinities between the members of the surgical staff. As we see, the daily operating rooms scheduling problem is highly constrained. It is also hard to find an optimal solution or at least high quality solutions. The originality of this research is double. Firstly we take the advantage of the "expressive power" of the constraint programming paradigm to include a lot of real-life constraints in our model, such as the availability, the preferences and the affinities of the staff. Secondly we optimize the use of the operating theatre by not only minimizing the makespan but also by minimizing the overtime hours and maximize the affinities between members of the surgical team. We have compared two models, using mixed-integer and constraint programming respectively. Their performances were compared to determine which coped better with the constraints. Those models are instantiated on a real-life problem to present some results in this thesis. ; Du fait des changements de populations, de comportements et de restrictions politiques au fil des ans, les établissements hospitaliers doivent faire face à une rationalisation de leurs dépenses. Des réformes sur plusieurs plans sont donc impératives et concernent de nombreux domaines d'action dont l'optimisation de l'efficacité opérationnelle. C'est sur ce point spécifique que porte notre contribution et nous avons ciblé plus particulièrement le bloc opératoire puisqu'il représente un des postes les plus coûteux de l'établissement hospitalier. La gestion d'un bloc opératoire est une tâche complexe. En effet, il s'agit non seulement de planifier et d'ordonnancer les interventions en minimisant les coûts d'utilisation des salles d'opération, mais aussi de satisfaire les besoins et exigences des chirurgiens, des anesthésistes, des infirmières, des patients. De plus, les ressources humaines et matérielles sont des ressources limitées voire rares et sont soumises à des réglementations légales devant être respectées. Cette thèse a pour but d'apporter une aide au gestionnaire du bloc opératoire afin d'en améliorer son fonctionnement. Nous avons développé un outil d'aide multi-objectif à la décision qui peut, suivant différentes modularités, prendre en compte un maximum de contraintes. Celles-ci expriment les contraintes habituelles mais aussi des contraintes peu voire jamais intégrées dans la résolution de ce type de problème : les préférences et disponibilités des chirurgiens, les disponibilités des infirmières, les disponibilités des anesthésistes, les affinités entre les membres d'une équipe chirurgicale, les plages horaires octroyées aux spécialités, les priorités des patients (par exemple une priorité élevée indiquera que le patient doit impérativement être placé au début du programme opératoire) ou encore les contraintes relatives au matériel en nombre d'exemplaires restreint (salles d'opération, lits de réveil, matériel chirurgical). À cette modélisation, ont été adjoints quatre objectifs différents pour aider le gestionnaire du bloc à engendrer le meilleur ordonnancement. La plus grande difficulté lors de la résolution des problèmes d'ordonnancement est l'explosion combinatoire. Le problème principal, pour trouver les optima, parmi cette explosion combinatoire de possibilités, est le temps de recherche d'une méthode exacte, exprimé en heures ou en jours de calcul, trop long pour ce type de problème d'ordonnancement journalier du bloc opératoire. Nous avons utilisé la programmation par contraintes qui semble, par définition, être tout à fait adaptée à la classe des problèmes hautement contraints. Afin de pouvoir juger des performances de cette modélisation, nous l'avons comparée à une modélisation plus classique : la programmation linéaire en nombres mixtes. Grâce à de multiples visites dans différents hôpitaux, nous avons récolté des jeux de données que nous avons intégrés, après vérification de la cohérence de celles-ci, au sein d'une base de données. Celle-ci a été conçue pour intégrer les aspects et caractéristiques de différents hôpitaux. Nous avons aussi développé des outils pour extraire des informations de cette base de données. L'application développée comporte un interface utilisateur, un interface administrateur, des outils graphiques, des outils de vérification des données et des outils effectuant des statistiques élémentaires. Nous avons comparé les résultats des deux modèles sur plusieurs journées opératoires avec différents jeux de données. ; (Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- FUCaM, 2010

The aim of this thesis is to help in the management of the operating theatre in order to improve its functionality. Our research focuses on the daily scheduling of the surgical acts in an operating theatre. According to the researchers who focus their study on dealing with operating theatre problems, the operating theatre is also known to be one of the most expensive items among all sectors of a hospital. Considering the importance of improving the efficiency of the operating theatre, increasingly more researchers have tried to optimize its functioning. In general, operating planning and scheduling methodology is fairly helpful to hospital managers, enabling them to use operating theatre as efficiently as possible by minimizing operating cost, satisfying the needs of patients and the preferences of surgeons while taking into account some constraints on human and material resources. While some constraints on resources are linked to the limited number or the capacity of the resources (opening hours of the operating rooms, the availability of surgeons, nurses and anaesthetists but also of surgical equipment, free beds in the recovery room), some others depend on the competences of the resources like the versatility of the operating rooms, and the staff's qualifications. Just like operating rooms can be destined to certain types of surgery, the staff can be specialized. This is the reason why the operating theatre's manager goal is to harmonize resources and to make its manpower versatile in order to optimize the operating theatre. After visiting several hospitals, we noted that few of their actual constraints were considered in planning and scheduling models. In real life, it is important to take into account human constraints such as availability of surgeons, nurses and anaesthetists; preferences of surgeons (for example the preference for a specific operating room), priorities of some patients (for example some patients such as children and diabetics must be operated at the beginning of the day) and material constraints like versatility of operating rooms, availability of rooms and medical material etc. Moreover a good cooperation between the surgical team members is important for the safety of the patient. For that purpose, we took also into account the existing affinities between the members of the surgical staff. As we see, the daily operating rooms scheduling problem is highly constrained. It is also hard to find an optimal solution or at least high quality solutions. The originality of this research is double. Firstly we take the advantage of the "expressive power" of the constraint programming paradigm to include a lot of real-life constraints in our model, such as the availability, the preferences and the affinities of the staff. Secondly we optimize the use of the operating theatre by not only minimizing the makespan but also by minimizing the overtime hours and maximize the affinities between members of the surgical team. We have compared two models, using mixed-integer and constraint programming respectively. Their performances were compared to determine which coped better with the constraints. Those models are instantiated on a real-life problem to present some results in this thesis. ; Du fait des changements de populations, de comportements et de restrictions politiques au fil des ans, les établissements hospitaliers doivent faire face à une rationalisation de leurs dépenses. Des réformes sur plusieurs plans sont donc impératives et concernent de nombreux domaines d'action dont l'optimisation de l'efficacité opérationnelle. C'est sur ce point spécifique que porte notre contribution et nous avons ciblé plus particulièrement le bloc opératoire puisqu'il représente un des postes les plus coûteux de l'établissement hospitalier. La gestion d'un bloc opératoire est une tâche complexe. En effet, il s'agit non seulement de planifier et d'ordonnancer les interventions en minimisant les coûts d'utilisation des salles d'opération, mais aussi de satisfaire les besoins et exigences des chirurgiens, des anesthésistes, des infirmières, des patients. De plus, les ressources humaines et matérielles sont des ressources limitées voire rares et sont soumises à des réglementations légales devant être respectées. Cette thèse a pour but d'apporter une aide au gestionnaire du bloc opératoire afin d'en améliorer son fonctionnement. Nous avons développé un outil d'aide multi-objectif à la décision qui peut, suivant différentes modularités, prendre en compte un maximum de contraintes. Celles-ci expriment les contraintes habituelles mais aussi des contraintes peu voire jamais intégrées dans la résolution de ce type de problème : les préférences et disponibilités des chirurgiens, les disponibilités des infirmières, les disponibilités des anesthésistes, les affinités entre les membres d'une équipe chirurgicale, les plages horaires octroyées aux spécialités, les priorités des patients (par exemple une priorité élevée indiquera que le patient doit impérativement être placé au début du programme opératoire) ou encore les contraintes relatives au matériel en nombre d'exemplaires restreint (salles d'opération, lits de réveil, matériel chirurgical). À cette modélisation, ont été adjoints quatre objectifs différents pour aider le gestionnaire du bloc à engendrer le meilleur ordonnancement. La plus grande difficulté lors de la résolution des problèmes d'ordonnancement est l'explosion combinatoire. Le problème principal, pour trouver les optima, parmi cette explosion combinatoire de possibilités, est le temps de recherche d'une méthode exacte, exprimé en heures ou en jours de calcul, trop long pour ce type de problème d'ordonnancement journalier du bloc opératoire. Nous avons utilisé la programmation par contraintes qui semble, par définition, être tout à fait adaptée à la classe des problèmes hautement contraints. Afin de pouvoir juger des performances de cette modélisation, nous l'avons comparée à une modélisation plus classique : la programmation linéaire en nombres mixtes. Grâce à de multiples visites dans différents hôpitaux, nous avons récolté des jeux de données que nous avons intégrés, après vérification de la cohérence de celles-ci, au sein d'une base de données. Celle-ci a été conçue pour intégrer les aspects et caractéristiques de différents hôpitaux. Nous avons aussi développé des outils pour extraire des informations de cette base de données. L'application développée comporte un interface utilisateur, un interface administrateur, des outils graphiques, des outils de vérification des données et des outils effectuant des statistiques élémentaires. Nous avons comparé les résultats des deux modèles sur plusieurs journées opératoires avec différents jeux de données. ; (Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- FUCaM, 2010

Cada vegada és més palpable la preocupació de governs, institucions socials i centres formatius sobre com enfocar la relació de l'oferta educativa i el mercat laboral. En aquest sentit, la qualitat de l'ensenyament ha de tenir en compte com cobrir les necessitats del mercat laboral, sense oblidar les socials. El creixement econòmic i el progrés dels ciutadans depèn de la formació, per això aquesta no pot oblidar-se de les necessitats laborals. Hi ha el consens bàsic que l'educació del segle XXI s'ha de transformar assumint nous rols i comprometent-se amb el desenvolupament econòmic i social. Per a això es necessita disposar d'un model social i productiu dinàmic basat en el coneixement que permeti forjar la innovació necessària per millorar la competitivitat i el creixement.En aquest context l'educació basada en competències ha adquirit un gran valor des de fa temps. És per això que són nombrosos els estudis que se centren en analitzar les competències que haurien d'haver adquirit els estudiants en finalitzar els seus estudis. Moltes d'aquestes anàlisis mostren que el tipus i nivell de competències adquirides pels graduats tendeixen a situar-se per sota dels requerits en el treball. En aquest article s'exploren les competències a partir de les pràctiques que els estudiants d'últim curs de grau han portat a terme en les empreses, el que suposa en molts casos el seu primer contacte amb el món laboral. El seu objectiu és analitzar fins a quin punt aquestes encaixen amb els requeriments laborals. Per a això, la població estudiada ha estat els tutors d'empresa que van supervisar els estudiants que van rebre una beca Santander per realitzar les pràctiques empresarials en el curs 2015-2016 en les diferents facultats de la Universitat de Barcelona. A tal efecte es va elaborar un qüestionari amb 35 preguntes, 10 de les quals feien referència a la valoració explícita de cadascuna de les 38 competències analitzades des de dos punts de vista (requerit i observat), agrupades en els tres blocs estàndard: instrumental, interpersonal i professional.S'aplica l'anàlisi multivariant de components principals per analitzar les competències que afavoreixen l'èxit en l'entrada al mercat laboral. L'anàlisi multivariant permet reduir la dimensionalitat de les variables estudiades, contribuint així a identificar els aspectes que resumeixen i agrupen les 38 competències estudiades des del punt de vista requerit a nivell empresarial en 4 factors: coneixement, operatiu, comprensió de l'entorn i interactuació. L'anàlisi des del punt de vista observat, però, les agrupa en només tres factors: coneixement, interactuació i directiu.Els resultats mostren la necessitat de professionals que siguin capaços de comunicar les seves idees, treballar tant autònomament com en equip, aplicar el coneixement a la pràctica, buscar i gestionar informació, tenir capacitat d'aprenentatge continu i analitzar i resoldre problemes. Tot això requereix processos formatius amb una orientació pràctica per tal de satisfer les necessitats futures de la societat, centrades en la versatilitat, la flexibilitat i l'adaptabilitat. L'acostament a aquestes necessitats afavorirà certament l'ocupabilitat dels graduats. ; How to approach the relationship between educational supply and labour market is becoming a severe problem faced by governments, social organizations and education institutions. In this sense, the efforts devoted to the quality of training and education must take into account how to meet the labour market needs, as well as the social needs. Economic growth and citizens' progress are at the basis of the future development through education and training, that is the reason why the quality of training and education cannot forget the labour market needs. There is a basic consensus that the 21st century education must be transformed by assuming new roles and committing to economic and social development. To do so, a dynamic social and productive model based on knowledge is needed to forge the innovation necessary to boost competitiveness and economic growth.In this context, competency-based education has experienced a growing interest in the last decades. Since then, numerous studies have focused on the analysis of the skills graduate students should have acquired. Several of them show that the type and level of skills acquired by graduates tend to be lower than the required for the job. This paper explores the idea of competences through the internships last-year undergrad students carry out in firms as their first contact to labour market. It aims at analysing to which extent they fit into the firms' requirements. To do so we use data from a survey conducted amongst the firms' supervisors of 192 students granted the Santander fellowship during the 2015-16 academic year. The database covers all University of Barcelona Schools. The survey consisted of 35 questions, 10 of them referring to the explicit assessment of each of the 38 competences analysed from two points of view (required and observed) and grouped into the three standard blocks: instrumental, interpersonal and professional.The principal components multivariate analysis is applied to analyse the competencies favouring success in entering the labour market. The multivariate analysis allows us to reduce the dimensionality of the variables under study, contributing to identify the aspects that summarize and group the 38 competencies studied from the required firms' perspective into 4 factors: knowledge, operational, understanding the environment and interaction. On the contrary, the analysis from the observed perspective groups them into three factors: knowledge, interaction and management.The results shows the need for professionals who are able to communicate their ideas, work both autonomously and as a team, apply knowledge to practice, search and manage information, have continuous learning capacity, and analyse and solve problems. This requires practically oriented training processes in order to meet the society future needs, focused on versatility, flexibility and adaptability. The rapprochement to these needs will certainly favour graduates' employability. ; Cada vez es más palpable la preocupación de gobiernos, instituciones sociales y centros formativos acerca de cómo enfocar la relación de la oferta educativa y el mercado laboral. En este sentido, la calidad de la enseñanza debe tener en cuenta cómo cubrir las necesidades del mercado laboral, sin olvidar las sociales. El crecimiento económico y el progreso de los ciudadanos depende de la formación, por ello ésta no puede olvidarse de las necesidades laborales. Existe el consenso básico de que la educación del siglo XXI se debe transformar asumiendo nuevos roles y comprometiéndose con el desarrollo económico y social. Para ello se necesita disponer de un modelo social y productivo dinámico basado en el conocimiento que permita forjar la innovación necesaria para mejorar la competitividad y el crecimiento.En este contexto la educación basada en competencias ha adquirido un gran valor desde hace tiempo. Es por ello que son numerosos los estudios que se centran en analizar las competencias que deberían haber adquirido los estudiantes al finalizar sus estudios. Muchos de estos análisis muestran que el tipo y nivel de competencias adquiridas por los graduados tienden a situarse por debajo de los requeridos en el trabajo. En este artículo se exploran las competencias a partir de las prácticas que los estudiantes de último curso de grado han llevado a cabo en las empresas, lo que supone en muchos casos su primer contacto con el mundo laboral. Su objeto es analizar hasta qué punto éstas encajan con los requerimientos laborales. Para ello, la población estudiada ha sido los tutores de empresa que supervisaron a los estudiantes que recibieron una beca Santander para realizar las prácticas empresariales en el curso 2015-2016 en las distintas facultades de la Universitat de Barcelona. A tal efecto se elaboró un cuestionario con 35 preguntas, 10 de las cuales hacían referencia a la valoración explícita de cada una de las 38 competencias analizadas desde dos puntos de vista (requerido y observado), agrupadas en los tres bloques estándar: instrumental, interpersonal y profesional.Se aplica el análisis multivariante de componentes principales para analizar las competencias que favorecen el éxito en la entrada al mercado laboral. El análisis multivariante permite reducir la dimensionalidad de las variables estudiadas, contribuyendo así a identificar los aspectos que resumen y agrupan las 38 competencias estudiadas desde el punto de vista requerido a nivel empresarial en 4 factores: conocimiento, operativo, comprensión del entorno e interactuación. El análisis desde el punto de vista observado, sin embargo, las agrupa en sólo tres factores: conocimiento, interactuación y directivo.Los resultados muestran la necesidad de profesionales que sean capaces de comunicar sus ideas, trabajar tanto autónomamente como en equipo, aplicar el conocimiento a la práctica, buscar y gestionar información, tener capacidad de aprendizaje continuo y analizar y resolver problemas. Todo ello requiere procesos formativos con una orientación práctica en aras a satisfacer las necesidades futuras de la sociedad, centradas en la versatilidad, la flexibilidad y la adaptabilidad. El acercamiento a esas necesidades favorecerá la empleabilidad de los graduados.

The participation of political parties in the formation of local government in Ukraine started at the beginning of the 20 th century, at the time of the upsurge of revolutionary activity in the Russian Empire. Under the Soviet Union only the representatives and branches of the Communist Party were able to take part in the elections. The elaboration of the election laws in independent Ukraine resulted in more accurate formulation of the competence of local party and blocs branches during the elections. ; Участие политических партий в формировании местных органов власти в Украине начинается в на­чале XX в., во время революционной активности в Российской империи. В советский период в выборах мог­ли участвовать только структуры и представители Коммунистической партии. Развитие избирательно­го законодательства в независимой Украине привело к более четкому очерчиванию компетенции местных подразделений политических партий и их блоков на выборах. ; Участь політичних партій в фор­муванні місцевих органів влади в Україні розпочинається на почат­ку XX ст., під час революційної ак­тивності у Російській імперії. В ра­дянській період у виборах мали змогу брати участь лише структури й представники Комуністичної партії. Розвиток виборчого законодавства в незалежній Україні призвів до більш чіткого окреслення компетенції міс­цевих підрозділів політичних партій та їх блоків на виборах.

This paper examines the impact of the exchange rate on export performance using plant- and product-level data for the Indonesian manufacturing sector over the period 2008–2012. It addresses both the impacts of the level and volatility of the exchange rate on the value, scope, and composition of exported products. The study finds that the exchange rate affected the export values for the period of analysis, confirming the importance of the exchange rate level and volatility. The findings show that high exchange rate volatility tends to reduce the exporters' product scope, minimising uncertainty. Meanwhile, the impact on product concentration within firms encourages exporters to specialise, concentrating on exporting only on a few products that, presumably, are the exporters' core-competence products. This particular finding underlines the importance of product competition in the export market as another factor affecting the scope and concentration of exporter products. That is, tougher competition in the destination market reduces the mark-up across products and induces an exporter to skew its sales toward its best-performing/core-competence products. The study underlines the importance of policy for hedging the volatility of the exchange rate, which means developing the financial markets to provide sufficient resources or mechanisms for this.

The current set-up of the international system is transforming as a result of fluctuations in the geopolitical power-distribution and the intervening variable of globalization which brought about contradicting forces connecting the world through improved technology and at the same time dragging it apart by the weakening of state structures on the one hand and the creation of civilizational identities on the other. The result is an increased level of individual, national and international insecurity leading to the unconscious need of the global society to transform the current set-up of the system, which seems to be inadequate in the face of the new threats mankind has to face, as to create a more efficient and stable system structure. These requirements can be met by three archetypical systemic macro-models identified as the establishment of a federal world government, the upgrading of the competences of international regimes in a state-based unipolar mature anarchy system, and the creation of a balance of power system divided between civilizational blocs. The study revealed that the mechanisms of global integration required for the establishment of a world government are insufficient as to transform the system structure in accordance with that model. The verified experienced need for international joint actions on a number of selected issues, however, pointed in the direction of the forces of globalization which have created physical and mental interdependencies in the system. In light of the acknowledged interdependent relation between men, the state and the international system identified by Kenneth Waltz, this observation has led to the assumption that globalization might provide the link between the state and the international system which has been absent so far and which would act through the men-dimension. By doing so, globalization might, consequently, either act as a unifying force through the creation of a set of universal values and induce global normative-based cooperation in international regimes, ...

As decarbonization and climate policy are gaining relevance in the European Union (EU) energy policy, the present paper seeks to present both priorities and challenges for of the EU energy transition. As priorities, we outline the key targets and initiatives proposed and set by the European institutions in relation to the energy matters. The EU identifies renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and reduction of the greenhouse gas (GHG) as the three pillars to achieve its carbon neutrality. The final goal for to the EU energy and climate targets is to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Nevertheless, since given energy policy is being a "shared competence" between the EU institutions and Member States, each Member State plays a critical role for the achievement of the EU energy transition. Different socioeconomic structures and the energy mix across Europe have caused the implementation process of each EU target to develop at a different pace among European countries. We illustrate this drawing on four countries: Italy, the UK, Germany and Poland. We assess their political commitment to the energy transition and their actions regarding energy transformation. These four countries are only an example of the different pace in the implementation of the EU energy and climate targets. The last part of the paper is devoted to the ambitious plan, called Green New Deal, launched by the present Commission President, Ursula von der Leyen. It sets key priorities, reaffirming European commitments to the energy and climate transition. However, the plan faces significant obstacles. For example, division among Member States (North-South and West-East) might be a factor that could undermine the achievement of the European energy transition, due to multiple and divergent interests (also on the future role of the energy transition in the aftermath of COVID-19 and the resulting economic crisis). Another challenge is constituted by popular opposition, especially from those people that see the energy transition — and consequent economic and industrial transformation — as a potential threat to their well-being and jobs, as the French gilets jaunes show. Lastly, we explain that the European energy transition will impact also its external relations, for example with Russia, proposing how the two blocs can preserve their energy relationship in light of the energy transition, notably through the conversion of natural gas to hydrogen and storing/using the resulting CO2.