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In this analysis of the retold experiences of 27 survivors of the war in northwestern Bosnia, the aim is to describe the informants' portrayal of "war violence", "sexual war violence", "victimhood", and "reconciliation" as a social phenomenon as well as analyzing the discursive patterns that contribute to constructing the category "victim" and "perpetrator". The violence practice during the war is portrayed as organized and ritualized and this creates a picture that the violence practice became a norm in the society, rather than the exception. When, after the war, different categories claim a "victim" status, it sparks a competition for victimhood. All informants are eager to present themselves as victims while at the same time the other categories' victim status are downplayed. The stories of reconciliation are connected to the past; the interactive consequences of war-time violence are intimately linked to the narrator's war experiences. The interviewees distance themselves from some individuals or described situations. It is common that the portrayal of possible reconciliation is transformed into a depicted implacable attitude, thus the interviewees negotiate their stances: they articulate between reconciliation and implacability statements. This study shows that after the war in Bosnia, the interpretations of biographical consequences of violence are intimately connected to previous war experiences. Narratives on the phenomenon "war violence" and "sexual war violence" depict a decay of pre-war social order. The use of violence during the war is described as organized and ritualized, which implies that the use of violence became a norm in society, rather than the exception. The narratives on the phenomenon "war violence" produce and reproduce the image of human suffering and slaughter. Those subjected to violence are portrayed in a de-humanized fashion and branded as suitable to be exposed to it. In these stories, morally correct actions are constructed as a contrast to the narratives on war violence. In these descriptions, the perpetrator is depicted as a dangerous, evil, and ideal enemy. He is portrayed as a real and powerful yet alien criminal who is said to pose a clear threat to the social order existing before the war. The narratives on wartime violence, war perpetrators, and those subjected to violence during war are enhanced with symbolicism of ritualized ethnic violence ("cockade," "chetnik," "Serb," "Muslim," "warlord"). On one hand, the narrators make an ethnic generalization based on the differences between the ethnic categorizations; on the other hand, they present their own physical existence and ethnic identity and that of those subjected to violence as being threatened by the violent situation. The disintegration of the existing, pre-war social order produces and reproduces a norm resolution that enables the ritualized war-time use of violence. This development allows the normalization of war violence in this time period even though the result, as this study shows, means human suffering and the slaughter of humans. This study presents this development in society ambivalently, as both allowed and normatively correct (during the war) and as prohibited and condemned (primarily in retrospect, in post-war narratives). It seems as if the category "war violence" and "sexual war violence" means different things depending on whether it happened during war or not, whether it is retold or observed, and who is telling the story. For some persons, violence targeting civilians during the war is an act of heroism. The Holocaust during World War Two was in many cases highly efficient and industrialized; the typical goal was to kill from a distance, impersonally. Researchers have noted that those who climbed the ranks to leadership positions or were in charge at concentration camps seemed to have engaged in very personal, sadistic acts in Germany during WWII. Is there an interaction of rank/power in wartime and level of motivation/energy input required for violence (ie, those in charge require less energy input because of the factors that put them in charge in the first place)? The stories and phrasing in this paper emphasize a distant, evil, and/or powerful leader who motivates the crowd (perhaps in part by symbolically reducing an ethnic target to something like a dog or rat) or gives orders, with the distinction from Holocaust violence that the leaders in these stories were neighbors, etc., of those they were harming and killing. In general contrast, the war violence in Bosnia was more broadly characterized by the individualized use of violence, in which the perpetrators often knew those subjected to violence. The stories reveal that firearms were seldom used; instead, the weapons were baseball bats or knives. These features can be compared to examples of violence in Rwanda, where the violence was more similar (and even more "savage") to that in my material than the typical examples of industrialized extermination violence of World War Two. The perpetrators in this study are often portrayed as people who enjoyed humiliating, battering, murdering, and inflicting pain in different ways. This characterization is a contrast to Collins (2008), who suggests that soldiers are not good in acting out close violence and that individuals are mostly inclined to consensus and solidarity. An explanation, in my study, of the soldiers' actions can be that soldiers in a war are pressured into being brave in close combat, the aim being to reign over the Others, the enemy. During war, enemies are targets of violence, to be subjected to it and neutralized. Soldiers and police in northwestern Bosnia were not close to any battlefield, and civilians thus were framed in the enemy role. By exposing civilians to violence, soldiers proved their supremacy over the enemy even when the enemy was an abstract type, unarmed and harmless. Another explanation might be found in the degree of mobilization and emotional charge that occurred before the war, through the demonization of the enemy. People were probably brutalized through this process. Those interpersonal interactions that caused the violence continue even after the violent situation is over. Recollections from perpetrators and those subjected to violence of the war do not exist only as verbal constructions in Bosnia of today. Stories about violent situations live their own lives after the war and continue being important to individuals and social life. Individuals who were expelled from northwestern Bosnia during the war in the 1990s are, in a legal sense, in a recognized violence-afflicted victim category. They suffered crimes against humanity, including most types of violent crimes. Several perpetrators were sentenced by the Hague Tribunal and the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on War Crime. The crimes committed in northwestern Bosnia are qualified as genocide according to indictments against former Serbian leaders Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić. All of the interviewees in this study experienced and survived the war in northwestern Bosnia. These individuals have a present, ongoing relation with these communities: Some live there permanently, and some spend their summers in northwestern Bosnia. An analysis of the processing of experienced or described violent situations in a society that exists as a product of a series of violent acts during the war must be conducted in parallel both at the institutional and individual levels. Institutions in the administrative entity Republika Srpska deny genocide, and this approach to war-time events becomes a central theme in future, post-war analysis of the phenomena "war violence," "sexual war violence", "victimhood," and "reconciliation". The existence of Republika Srpska is based on genocide committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the political elite's denial of the systematic acts of violence during the war that have been conveyed by the Hague Tribunal, the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on War Crime, and Bosnian media. The narratives in my empirical material seem to be influenced by (or coherent with) the rhetoric mediated in these fora. When informants emphasize extermination and the systematization of violence during the war, they produce and reproduce the image of a mutual struggle on a collective level. The aim of this struggle seems to be that the described acts of violence be recognized as genocide. Another interesting aspect of the phenomenon "war violence," "victimhood," and "reconciliation" to be examined in a future analysis, regards the stories of perpetrators describing violent situations. Conversations with these actors and an analysis of their stories might add a nuanced perspective of the phenomenon "war violence," "victimhood," and "reconciliation". Another question that emerged during my work on this article is, What importance is given to stories told by the perpetrator of violence and those subjected to violence in the development of a post-war society? I believe it is of great importance to study stories in both categories. By recounting their stories, those subjected to violence could obtain recognition and some degree of self-esteem and the perpetrators be given a chance to explain to themselves and others, display shame over their actions, and possibly restore their social status. Without this type of process, those who are subjected to violence risk a life without recognition, and the perpetrators risk being permanently bound by their war-time actions, a clearly unstable foundation for the future development of a post-war society.

Besides being confronted with fierce competition, today's corporations face macroeconomic driving forces that change the configuration of existing and future markets that are also called "global economic trends" (GET) or "megatrends". Currently, research does not provide a coherent view or theory for the assessment of these trends, which often leads to misinterpretation in business and academics. Literature such as publications provided by governmental institutions, multinational corporations, or consulting companies provide numerous examples where economic trends like globalization or the over-aging of western societies are depicted as global megatrends in the context of strategic management and economic research. The rather arbitrary use of the terms in literature leads to the idea that trend terms are vehicles to transport subjective assumptions about future developments that stem from foresight and innovation activities. Authors like Groddeck and Schwarz (2013) or Rust (2008) criticize the vague definition of these types of trends and question the information value and validity of "global economic trends" and "megatrends". A growing body of literature points out that web search data is an ideal foundation for econometrical analysis and forecasting, because behavioral data of online user activity allow researchers to make inferences about the current state of economic decision-making of users, which is also called nowcasting (cf. e.g. Askitas and Zimmermann, 2009; Choi and Varian, 2012; Vosen and Schmidt, 2011; Dimche and Davcev, 2014). So far, there has been little to no work on trends that implements the tool Google Trends, which is the breading ground for the empirical research of this thesis. To get an insight view into the utilization of trends, a pilot study revealed that (1) corporation use of the terms "global economic trend" and "megatrend" in annual reports from 2008 to 2012, and (2) web search data from Google Trends correlates with the geographical location of multinational enterprises and economic wealthy regions measured in GDP. In the empirical part of the thesis, a long-term study from 2004 to 2014 explores how German stock market listed corporations (DAX) adopt trends in their business strategy, and how these trends are represented in web searches. Based upon a mixed-methods research approach, the thesis examines in detail what trends are utilized in annual reports and investigates these trends based on qualitative methods from the field of foresight. Then the results are analyzed with the use of web search data quantitatively. The qualitative analysis of annual reports revealed that: • In total, 5,920 passages that contained the term "trends" were identified in the population (n=330) of annual reports from 2004 to 2014. Included in the empirical research were 2,012 trend passages, whereof 392 trends were categorized as direct trend passages (TP), and whereof 1,620 were classified as indirect TPs. • The use of terms like "global economic trends" and "megatrends" grows from 2004 (117) to 2014 (273). However, only a few corporations used this term directly, but describe the effects indirectly with the use of other terminology. In 2005, Siemens AG firstly introduced the term "megatrends". • The analysis revealed that directly mentioned TPs are more likely to be depicted as an opportunity, rather than a risk in annual reports with an odds ratio of 6.63. The 2,012 trend passages found in annual reports were categorized with an existing system that provides the attributes social, technological, economic, environment, political, and value (STEEPV). In addition, an individual categorization system (ICS) was developed as a tailor-fitted solution for the analysis of trends used in annual reports. The following outcomes were produced when both systems were applied to the data: • The STEEPV categorization system is capable of categorizing trend passages from an ex-post perspective. The final distribution of categories has a strong qualitative appeal and the application of a STEEPV category is ambiguous. The category "Economic" (74%) dominates in the overall population. • The implementation of the newly developed system reduced the overall use of the category "economic" was reduced to 45%. For quantitative analysis, (1) an indicator called Regional Index (RI) was created to analyze geographical information of web search data and (2) an indicator called confidence ranking index (CRI) was developed that measures the reported confidence of a corporation towards each trend mentioned in the annual report that is used for further examination. First, the regional index was used for correlation analysis between geographical information of web search data and GDP data, and for creating a visualization module developed with the statistical software R that provides geographical maps of web trend searches. It could be shown that: • Google Trends data is not provided globally. Scarce data from countries like China and Russia shows that the use of Google is restricted in these countries. • The regional index correlates well GDP with .591 (p < .001) on a global level, which indicates a linear relationship. A regression analysis reveals that the global RI index is able to explain 35% of the total variance. • The regional index has an even higher correlation for Germany with .841 (p < .001) on a local level. In the regression model, the local RI is able to explain 70% of the total variance. This undermines the results of the pilot study. Assuming that financial KPIs might have an influence on the CRI index, two regression models were developed that incorporate operational income and shareholders' equity as explanatory variables. One model interprets the overall population as cross-sectional data and uses regression analysis, and the other model uses a generalized estimated equations (GEE) approach. The results indicate that: • The cross-sectional model has an R2 of .103 and adjusted R2 of .097. Approximately only 10 % of the total variation is explainable by the model, which is considered as interim results in the exploratory research. • The GEE model only contains operating income as an independent variable. With an R2 of 0.174 and an adjusted R2 of .143, the model showed little improvement in comparison to the cross-sectional model. The rather weak influence indicates that financial KPIs have a rather low influence to the CRI index, which motivated further steps of inquiry. At this phase, web search data from Google Trends was implemented and tested for its explanatory capacity. An automated correlation analysis based on the qualitative assessment of annual reports was developed to identify those Google Trend time series with the best model fit. It could be demonstrated that, • Nine hundred forty-one trend terms were found in the annual reports that were the foundation for extracting Google Trends data from 2004 to 2014 with the regional setting global and local for Germany. Globally 315 trends were returned, of which 87 trend series had a high significance (p < .01) to the CRI index. One hundred twenty- two (39%) series correlated significantly with CRI (p <0.05), and 106 (34%) showed no correlation. Thirty-six trends were returned on the local level, whereof six were highly significant (17%), 19 were significant (53%), and 11 (31%) had no significance. • Each dataset was used as a foundation for regression analysis with the confidence ranking index (CRI) as the dependent variable. The individual qualities of the ordinary least square (OLS) models measured by the coefficient of determination (R2) range from .36 to .85 on a global level and from .37 to .75 on a local level. • To optimize the previously developed OLS model with CRI as the dependent variable, the annual mean of the obtained global and local web search data was added. Google Trend data could optimize the regression measured in R2 to .151 for global data based on search terms like "Innovation trends" or "Corporate responsibility, and to .149 for local data based on search terms like "Social media" or "RFID". • On the contrary to OLS, an optimization of the developed GEE model required the creation of an index per annual report that sums up the local and global Google web search results individually per for each trend used per annual report. A comparison of different working structures based on the Akaike's information criterion reveals that an one-period autoregressive correlation or AR(1) has the best model fit. The thesis contributes to the theoretical discussion about the information value of GETs and shows empirically that trend terms like "GETs" and "megatrends" are rather artificial and have a strong subjective character. This was also confirmed by the longitudinal trend analysis that was based on the methodologies of mixed-method research, which combined and extended qualitative and quantitative methods. In addition, the thesis takes a unique approach optimizing the quality of multivariate models. By implementing web search data into linear regression and generalized estimation equation models, the overall performance of the models could be improved. ; Administración y Dirección de Empresas

The Intergenerational Justice Review (IGJR) has been published by the Stuttgart-based think tank Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) since 2002. The 2012 edition was published in cooperation with the London-based Intergenerational Foundation (IF), and likewise the 2015 edition. For the latter as well as for the 2016 editions, the FRFG and IF have been joined by the University of Tübingen. The 2016 (2) edition will have the additional help of Professor Bruce Auerbach of Albright College, Reading PA, who will be serving as a guest editor.Founded in 1997, the FRFG has played a leading role in gathering and supporting research in intergenerational issues at the academic level – research that usually falls within the compass of university departments of law, politics and philosophy. The Intergenerational Justice Review reflects this academic focus. Articles, submitted by senior academics and researchers in the field, are peer-reviewed and published only on the recommendation of two reviewers.From 2016, there will be two editions of the IGJR annually. The topic of the second 2016 edition will be: "Constitutions and Intergenerational Justice" We welcome submissions for this issue of the Intergenerational Justice Review that address the tension between constitutions and intergenerational justice, and how that tension can be resolved. How can constitutions be written to protect the rights and/or interests of future generations without at the same time becoming a barrier to future generations exercising full political sovereignty in the future?We also welcome submissions that address creatively constitutions and intergenerational justice from other points of view, and from the perspective of other cultural and political traditions; and that test the feasibility of new ideas, such as a 'permanent constitutional convention', that reassess the current constitution every five years or so.In addition to the above, other related questions include the following:How could a permanent constitutional convention (see above) be organised? What powers should it possess, and what should be its limitations? On the one hand such limitations should prevent a constitutional convention from being too dominant, while on the other its powers should be sufficient to ensure that it is more than merely symbolic.How can the legitimacy problems of such a constitutional convention be resolved? For example, parliaments, which usually propose constitutional amendments, are legitimised through elections.Are there any examples of countries where constitutions are regularly reviewed and amended? If so, how has this practice worked?What role should constitutional courts play? Are they the guardians of earlier regulations and therefore opponents of constitutional change?Are eternity clauses (clauses which prohibit changes to certain or all provisions of a constitution) generationally fair? To what extent do such guarantees take away from future generations the possibility to determine their own future?Where and how are young people actively engaged in debates about the constitution in force in their country? What lessons can be learnt from their experience? Background: By their very nature, constitutions are intergenerational documents. With rare exceptions, they are meant to endure for many generations. They establish the basic institutions of government, enshrine the fundamental values of a people, and place certain questions beyond the reach of simple majorities. Constitutions, especially written ones, are often on purpose difficult to modify.The question of constitutions and future generations has at least two different aspects. On the one hand, constitutions provide the opportunity to guarantee consideration of the rights of future generations, and may serve to protect future generations against the actions of current electoral majorities. On the other hand, the provisions of a constitution may become outmoded, restricting the ability of majorities in the future to respond to the real problems in ways they see as necessary and proper. We want constitutions to provide firm guarantees of fundamental rights, including those of future generations. But we do not want those same guarantees to become fetters on future generations, preventing them from exercising the same rights of sovereignty we enjoy.Ideally, constitutions strike a balance between seeking to protect and perpetuate those values and rights the present generation understands to be fundamental, while ensuring the right of future generations to define for themselves the values and rights they see as essential, and to modify the institutions they have inherited in light of their own experience.This tension between durability and flexibility finds expression in Edmund Burke's concept of a constitution as an intergenerational covenant. It also informs the discussion among Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), James Madison (1751–1836) and Thomas Paine (1737–1809) in the course of founding the United States of America. Jefferson represented the position that every law and therefore every constitution should lose its validity after 19 years, so that every generation can organise itself, with a freedom comparable to the preceding one. Madison disagreed and referred to the uncertainty that would emerge from such an arrangement. Thomas Paine sided with Jefferson and formulated the following famous sentence: 'Every age and generation must be as free to act for itself in all cases as the ages and generations which preceded it.' This statement, written in 1795, defended the right to engage in revolution. This right was even enshrined in the French Constitution of 1793. Article 28 stated: 'Un peuple a toujours le droit de revoir, de réformer et de changer sa Constitution. Une génération ne peut pas assujettir à ses lois les générations futures.' ('A people always has the right to review, reform, and amend its constitution. One generation may not subject future generations to its laws.')The preservation of the same number of options and opportunities for action is also regarded as the one of most important elements of intergenerationally just behaviour in modern generational ethics. Edith Brown Weiss, for example, made such arguments, as have Gregory Kavka in 'The Futurity Problem', and Brian Barry in 'Circumstances of Justice and Future Generations'. Size limit of each submission: Up to 30,000 characters (including spaces, annotation etc.) For questions about style and presentation, please visit our website at www.igjr.org for our guidelines for authors.Deadline for submissions: 1 August 2016Proposed date of publication of IGJR 2016 (2): November 2016Articles may be submitted electronically to: editors@igjr.orgIntergenerational Justice Prize 2015/16: Note that this topic is also be the subject of the Intergenerational Justice Prize 2015/16, promoted by the Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) and the Intergenerational Foundation (IF). Young researchers may also wish to participate in this essay competition, and it is hoped that this edition of the IGJR will contain a selection of the best prize submissions in English. For more information, see www.if.org.uk/prizes. Recommended literatureAuerbach, Bruce / Reinhart, Michelle (2012): Antonin Scalia's constitutional textualism: The problem of justice to posterity. In: Intergenerational Justice Review, 17-22.Barry, Brian (1978): Circumstances of intergenerational justice. In: Sikora, Richard / Barry, Brian (eds.): Obligations to future generations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 204-248.Beckman, Ludvig (2013): Democracy and future generations. Should the unborn have a voice? In: Merle, Jean-Christophe (ed.): Spheres of global justice. Volume 2: Fair distribution – global economic, social and intergenerational justice. Dordrecht: Springer, 775-788.Brown-Weiss, Edith (2002): Intergenerational fairness and rights of future generations. In: Intergenerational Justice, vol. 2 (3/2002), 1-5.Brown-Weiss, Edith (1989): In fairness to future generations. Tokyo/New York: United Nations University/Transnational Publishers.Gosseries, Axel (2008): Constitutions and future generations. www.uclouvain.beGosseries, Axel / Meyer, Lukas H. (eds.) (2009): Intergenerational justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Kavka, Gregory (1978): The futurity problem. In: Sikora, Richard / Barry, Brian (eds.): Obligations to future generations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 286-203.Kley, Andreas (2003): Die Verantwortung gegenüber künftigen Generationen – ein staatsphilosophisches Postulat von Thomas Jefferson. In: Hänni, Peter (ed.): Mensch und Staat. Festgabe der rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg für Thomas Fleiner zum 65. Geburtstag. Fribourg: Universitätsverlag, 505-523. http://www.rwi.uzh.ch/lehreforschung/alphabetisch/kley/container/jefferson_pages_505_523.pdf.Tremmel, Jörg (2009): A theory of intergenerational justice. London: Earthscan.Tremmel, Jörg (2015): Parliaments and future generations: The four-power model. In: Birnbacher, Dieter / Thorseth, May (eds.): The Politics of sustainability: Philosophical perspectives. London: Routledge, 212-233.Tremmel, Jörg / Wilhelm, James (2015): Democracy or epistocracy? Age as a criterion of voter eligibility. In: Tremmel, Jörg / Mason, Antony / Dimitrijoski, Igor / Godli, Petter (eds.): Youth quotas and other efficient forms of youth participation in ageing societies. Dordrecht, NL: Springer, 125-148.Wolf, Clark (2008): Justice and intergenerational debt. In: Intergenerational Justice Review, 13-17.

In this analysis of the retold experiences of 27 survivors of the war in northwestern Bosnia, the aim is to describe the informants' portrayal of "war violence", "sexual war violence", "victimhood", and "reconciliation" as a social phenomenon as well as analyzing the discursive patterns that contribute to constructing the category "victim" and "perpetrator". The violence practice during the war is portrayed as organized and ritualized and this creates a picture that the violence practice became a norm in the society, rather than the exception. When, after the war, different categories claim a "victim" status, it sparks a competition for victimhood. All informants are eager to present themselves as victims while at the same time the other categories' victim status are downplayed. The stories of reconciliation are connected to the past; the interactive consequences of war-time violence are intimately linked to the narrator's war experiences. The interviewees distance themselves from some individuals or described situations. It is common that the portrayal of possible reconciliation is transformed into a depicted implacable attitude, thus the interviewees negotiate their stances: they articulate between reconciliation and implacability statements. This study shows that after the war in Bosnia, the interpretations of biographical consequences of violence are intimately connected to previous war experiences. Narratives on the phenomenon "war violence" and "sexual war violence" depict a decay of pre-war social order. The use of violence during the war is described as organized and ritualized, which implies that the use of violence became a norm in society, rather than the exception. The narratives on the phenomenon "war violence" produce and reproduce the image of human suffering and slaughter. Those subjected to violence are portrayed in a de-humanized fashion and branded as suitable to be exposed to it. In these stories, morally correct actions are constructed as a contrast to the narratives on war violence. In these descriptions, the perpetrator is depicted as a dangerous, evil, and ideal enemy. He is portrayed as a real and powerful yet alien criminal who is said to pose a clear threat to the social order existing before the war. The narratives on wartime violence, war perpetrators, and those subjected to violence during war are enhanced with symbolicism of ritualized ethnic violence ("cockade," "chetnik," "Serb," "Muslim," "warlord"). On one hand, the narrators make an ethnic generalization based on the differences between the ethnic categorizations; on the other hand, they present their own physical existence and ethnic identity and that of those subjected to violence as being threatened by the violent situation. The disintegration of the existing, pre-war social order produces and reproduces a norm resolution that enables the ritualized war-time use of violence. This development allows the normalization of war violence in this time period even though the result, as this study shows, means human suffering and the slaughter of humans. This study presents this development in society ambivalently, as both allowed and normatively correct (during the war) and as prohibited and condemned (primarily in retrospect, in post-war narratives). It seems as if the category "war violence" and "sexual war violence" means different things depending on whether it happened during war or not, whether it is retold or observed, and who is telling the story. For some persons, violence targeting civilians during the war is an act of heroism. The Holocaust during World War Two was in many cases highly efficient and industrialized; the typical goal was to kill from a distance, impersonally. Researchers have noted that those who climbed the ranks to leadership positions or were in charge at concentration camps seemed to have engaged in very personal, sadistic acts in Germany during WWII. Is there an interaction of rank/power in wartime and level of motivation/energy input required for violence (ie, those in charge require less energy input because of the factors that put them in charge in the first place)? The stories and phrasing in this paper emphasize a distant, evil, and/or powerful leader who motivates the crowd (perhaps in part by symbolically reducing an ethnic target to something like a dog or rat) or gives orders, with the distinction from Holocaust violence that the leaders in these stories were neighbors, etc., of those they were harming and killing. In general contrast, the war violence in Bosnia was more broadly characterized by the individualized use of violence, in which the perpetrators often knew those subjected to violence. The stories reveal that firearms were seldom used; instead, the weapons were baseball bats or knives. These features can be compared to examples of violence in Rwanda, where the violence was more similar (and even more "savage") to that in my material than the typical examples of industrialized extermination violence of World War Two. The perpetrators in this study are often portrayed as people who enjoyed humiliating, battering, murdering, and inflicting pain in different ways. This characterization is a contrast to Collins (2008), who suggests that soldiers are not good in acting out close violence and that individuals are mostly inclined to consensus and solidarity. An explanation, in my study, of the soldiers' actions can be that soldiers in a war are pressured into being brave in close combat, the aim being to reign over the Others, the enemy. During war, enemies are targets of violence, to be subjected to it and neutralized. Soldiers and police in northwestern Bosnia were not close to any battlefield, and civilians thus were framed in the enemy role. By exposing civilians to violence, soldiers proved their supremacy over the enemy even when the enemy was an abstract type, unarmed and harmless. Another explanation might be found in the degree of mobilization and emotional charge that occurred before the war, through the demonization of the enemy. People were probably brutalized through this process. Those interpersonal interactions that caused the violence continue even after the violent situation is over. Recollections from perpetrators and those subjected to violence of the war do not exist only as verbal constructions in Bosnia of today. Stories about violent situations live their own lives after the war and continue being important to individuals and social life. Individuals who were expelled from northwestern Bosnia during the war in the 1990s are, in a legal sense, in a recognized violence-afflicted victim category. They suffered crimes against humanity, including most types of violent crimes. Several perpetrators were sentenced by the Hague Tribunal and the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on War Crime. The crimes committed in northwestern Bosnia are qualified as genocide according to indictments against former Serbian leaders Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić. All of the interviewees in this study experienced and survived the war in northwestern Bosnia. These individuals have a present, ongoing relation with these communities: Some live there permanently, and some spend their summers in northwestern Bosnia. An analysis of the processing of experienced or described violent situations in a society that exists as a product of a series of violent acts during the war must be conducted in parallel both at the institutional and individual levels. Institutions in the administrative entity Republika Srpska deny genocide, and this approach to war-time events becomes a central theme in future, post-war analysis of the phenomena "war violence," "sexual war violence", "victimhood," and "reconciliation". The existence of Republika Srpska is based on genocide committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the political elite's denial of the systematic acts of violence during the war that have been conveyed by the Hague Tribunal, the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on War Crime, and Bosnian media. The narratives in my empirical material seem to be influenced by (or coherent with) the rhetoric mediated in these fora. When informants emphasize extermination and the systematization of violence during the war, they produce and reproduce the image of a mutual struggle on a collective level. The aim of this struggle seems to be that the described acts of violence be recognized as genocide. Another interesting aspect of the phenomenon "war violence," "victimhood," and "reconciliation" to be examined in a future analysis, regards the stories of perpetrators describing violent situations. Conversations with these actors and an analysis of their stories might add a nuanced perspective of the phenomenon "war violence," "victimhood," and "reconciliation". Another question that emerged during my work on this article is, What importance is given to stories told by the perpetrator of violence and those subjected to violence in the development of a post-war society? I believe it is of great importance to study stories in both categories. By recounting their stories, those subjected to violence could obtain recognition and some degree of self-esteem and the perpetrators be given a chance to explain to themselves and others, display shame over their actions, and possibly restore their social status. Without this type of process, those who are subjected to violence risk a life without recognition, and the perpetrators risk being permanently bound by their war-time actions, a clearly unstable foundation for the future development of a post-war society. ; Panel with Presenters

Eine global wachsende Bevölkerung, die steigende Nachfrage nach Nahrungsmitteln sowie die Veränderungen der Ernährungsgewohnheiten bei begrenzten Ressourcen stellt die Agrarproduktion vor wachsende Herausforderungen. Ungeachtet der steigenden Erträge durch technologische Fortschritte in der Europäischen Landwirtschaft (z.B. Gentechnologie) ist die Agrarproduktion und -produktivität direkt von den klimatischen Bedingungen und der Wettervariabilität abhängig. Klimatische Veränderungen beeinflussen die Anbau- und Produktionsbedingungen und somit die künftige Produktion von Nahrungsmitteln wobei der Einfluss von Klima- und Wetteränderungen auf die Agrarproduktion stark von der Vulnerabilität der Technologien abhängt. Um die Anfälligkeit von Agrartechnologien gegenüber Umweltveränderungen zu reduzieren, muss die Produktion an die Veränderungen angepasst werden. Hierfür werden Prognosen benötigt, die zeigen, wie sich die Bedingungen für die landwirtschaftliche Produktion bei unterschiedlichen klimatischen Bedingungen unter Berücksichtigung von technologischem Fortschritt und Anpassungsverhalten kurz- bis langfristig verändern. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine erste Einschätzung der potentiellen Auswirkungen von Wetter- und Klimaveränderungen auf die europäische Landwirtschaft zu geben. Grundlage bildet die Zusammensetzung eines neuen Paneldatensatzes von etwa 80.000 landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben in 27 EU-Mitgliedsstaaten mit monatlichen Niederschlags- und Temperaturdaten sowie qualitativen und quantitativen Bodendaten auf NUTS-Ebene. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden kurz- bis mittelfristige Auswirkungen künftiger Wetter- und Klimavariabilität durch retrospektive empirische Analysen der Produktion, finanziellen und operationellen Leistung landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe geschätzt, um so Betriebe in klimasensitiven Regionen zu identifizieren und effiziente Anpassungsstrategien aufzuzeigen. Um die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels unter Berücksichtigung langfristiger Anpassungsstrategien (z.B. Ausweitung der Agrarfläche) und Veränderungen am Weltmarkt zu simulieren, werden im zweiten Teil der Arbeit die Regressionsergebnisse in ein partielles Gleichgewichtsmodell integriert. Die Simulationen ermöglichen es, einen effektiveren politischen Rahmen zur Reduktion der Vulnerabilität zu bilden. Im 2. Kapitel werden regionale Produktionsfunktionen empirisch geschätzt, um kurzfristige Auswirkungen von Wettervariabilität auf etwa 50,000 bewässerte und nicht bewässerte Getreidebetriebe zu quantifizieren. Mit Hilfe von dynamischen Panelmethoden kann erstmals auch die Anpassung landwirtschaftlicher Produktionsfaktoren an Produktivitätsschocks berücksichtigt werden. Anschließend werden die abgeschätzten Produktionsfunktionen mit Klimaszenarien des regionalen Klimamodells REMO verknüpft, um die Sensitivität der Getreideerträge für künftige Temperatur- und Niederschlagsänderungen zu bestimmen. Die Analysen zeigen, dass insbesondere süd- und osteuropäische Regionen anfällig für Temperatur- und Niederschlagsänderungen sind und ohne entsprechende Anpassung der Produktionstechnologien die Getreideerträge in den Mediterranen Regionen bis 2100 um bis zu 55% zurückgehen könnten, während die nordeuropäischen Regionen im gleichen Zeitraum von den klimatischen Änderungen profitieren könnten. Netto könnten im A2-Szenario die Erträge in der EU bis 2100 um 19% zurückgehen. Ohne klimatische Anpassung der Produktionstechnologien könnte dies erhebliche Konsequenzen für die Getreideproduktion in Europa haben und langfristig zu einer Verlagerung der Produktion in den Norden und zu entsprechenden Landnutzungsänderungen in Südeuropa führen. Im 3. Kapitel wird ein neuer Ricardianischer Ansatz (long-differences) angewendet, der implizit Anpassungsstrategien berücksichtigt (z.B. Landnutzungsänderung) und so die mittelfristigen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels für 1000 NUTS-Regionen in 12 EU-Mitgliedsstaaten prognostizieren kann. Der long-differences Ansatz nutzt langfristige Temperatur- und Niederschlagstrends um Einflüsse wetterbedingter Schwankungen auf die Landpreise zu reduzieren und so Klimaeinflüsse besser von Wettereinflüssen unterscheiden zu können. Der Vergleich mit konventionellen räumlichen und nicht räumlichen Querschnittsanalysen zeigt, dass die Gewinne von Farmern, bei einem 0.76°C höherem Temperaturanstieg maximiert werden. Im A2-Klimaszenario könnte dies einen Rückgang der Landwerte bis 2100 um 17% mit dem long-differences Ansatz bzw. bis zu 64% mit Querschnittsmethoden zur Folge haben. Obwohl der long-differences Ansatz hier andeutet, dass Schäden, die durch klimatische Veränderungen verursacht werden, geringer sein könnten als bisher angenommen, beleuchtet er auch das Schadenspotential von Wettervariabilität. Dessen ungeachtet zeigen beide Ansätze, dass die Schäden vor allem in den südeuropäischen Regionen konzentriert sind (84% bis 92%ige Reduktion der Landwerte). Im 4. Kapitel werden mögliche indirekte Klimaeinflüsse auf die operationelle Leistung der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe untersucht sowie mittelfristige Möglichkeiten zur Reduktion der Anfälligkeit aufgezeigt, indem empirisch die (i) Einflüsse von Klimavariabilität auf die Effizienz und (ii) Anpassungsstrategien abgeschätzt werden. Mit Hilfe einer output-orientierten Distanzfunktion wird die Ineffizienz von mehr als 100.000 Betrieben in 12 EU-Mitgliedsstaaten abgeschätzt, wobei die Ineffizienz von den Eigenschaften des Betriebes und der Klimaerfahrung des Farmers abhängt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass fehlende oder geringe Klimaerfahrung die Effizienz signifikant reduzieren kann und deshalb Temperaturveränderungen auch indirekt die Produktion beeinflussen könnten. Verschiedene Adaptionsmaßnahmen, wie die Anpassung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktionsfaktoren (z.B. Erhöhung des Düngemitteleinsatzes) oder der Produktionsstrukturen (z.B. Mix der Feldfrüchte), könnten zwar die Anfälligkeit gegenüber Temperatur- und Niederschlagsänderungen zu einem gewissen Grad reduzieren, aber fehlende Erfahrung im Umgang mit klimatischen Änderungen könnten die Effizienz und somit die Produktivität signifikant mindern. Eine exemplarische Sensitivitätsanalyse zeigt auch hier, dass primär die südeuropäischen Regionen von einer Effizienzminderung betroffen wären. Bis 2100, könnte die Effizienz ohne Erfahrungszuwachs (z.B. klimabezogene Bildung, Training) netto um bis zu 50% sinken. Im 5. Kapitel werden die empirischen Modelle in ein partielles Gleichgewichtsmodell integriert, um den Wert und die Wirksamkeit unterschiedlicher Anpassungsstrategien für die landwirtschaftliche Produktion auf Betriebsebene (z.B. Bewässerung, Anbauportfolio, Ausbau der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen) und Politikebene (z.B. Handelsliberalisierung) beurteilen zu können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass einerseits landwirtschaftliche Flächen für die Nahrungsmittelproduktion signifikant durch umfangreiche Bioenergieproduktion zurückgehen, da Ressourcen für die Nahrungsmittelproduktion zur Bioenergieproduktion verwendet werden sodass Anpassungsstrategien stark an Bedeutung gewinnen. Andererseits kann Handel den Anpassungsdruck und die Landnutzungskonkurrenz zwischen Nahrungsmittel und Energiepflanzen reduzieren, da durch eine Handelsliberalisierung mehr Land virtuell importiert werden kann. Die Ergebnisse weisen besonders auf die Bedeutung der Verkettung von Handel, Anpassung und Bioenergie in Modellen zur Klimafolgenabschätzung hin, da die Interdependenzen von Entscheidungen in der Landwirtschaft und der Politik die landwirtschaftliche Produktion und Wirksamkeit von Anpassungsmaßnahmen maßgeblich beeinflussen können. ; Future changes in the weather, climate and climate variability could alter growing and production conditions in the agricultural sector and consequently affect food production negatively if technologies and farming practices are not adapted in anticipation of regional climate change impacts. The severity of climate and weather impacts on agriculture, however, highly depends on the vulnerability of farming activities and technologies as well as on the adaptation capacities of regions and farms. Although climate change impacts have been studied extensively, the net impact of climate change on northern latitudes is yet unclear. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on European agriculture. For this purpose, a novel and unique 20-year panel of 80,000 agricultural holdings represented in all the 27 EU member states is constructed, by pairing the farm data with a gridded weather and soil dataset. In a first step (Chapter 2-4), the impacts of climate and weather variability on production, as well as the financial and the operational performance of farms are assessed and efficient adaptation strategies are derived at a farm-level. These chapters are based on a set of econometric analyses and identify the most vulnerable regions in the European Union by investigating short-term to medium-term impacts of climate change - a time frame in which adaptation is limited. In a second step (Chapter 5), long-term climate change impacts on adapted production technologies are projected using a partial equilibrium model considering world market and policy adjustments. These simulations can assist in building more effective and efficient policy frameworks to support efficient adaptation of European farms in the long-run. Following a brief literature review, the second chapter quantifies regional weather impacts on 45,000 irrigated and rainfed cereal farms using a production function approach and dynamic panel methods, which makes the consideration of agricultural input adjustments feasible. Subsequently, the sensitivity of yields is evaluated using temperature and precipitation averages for 2021-2050 and 2071-2100 obtained from the regional climate model REMO. The analyses reveal that southern and central European cereal farms are highly vulnerable to temperature and rainfall changes (e.g. a yield decrease by up to 55%), whereas Northern Europe is more likely to benefit from a long-term warming. Overall, net cereal yields could decrease by 19% without efficient adaptation in the A2 scenario by 2100. This could have serious long-term consequences for the cereal production (e.g. shift of the production to Northern Europe). The third chapter introduces a novel Ricardian approach to project potential climate change impacts on the welfare of European farmers. Using a 20-year panel of 1000 NUTS regions in the EU-12, three Ricardian models are estimated applying spatial and aspatial cross-sectional methods and a novel long differences approach, which exploits long-run temperature and precipitation trends and reduces inter-annual fluctuations in land values. The long differences approach suggests that maximum gains occur at a temperature of 0.76°C higher than in the cross-sectional models. In the A2 scenario, this would result in a net reduction of land value of 17% for the long-differences approach but up to 64% for the cross-sectional models. Even though the novel approach suggests that climate damages could be significantly lower than expected, it also indicates a considerable influence of short-term variability on welfare. Both methods show that most losses are concentrated in southern Europe (-84% to -92%) despite the significant differences between the approaches. The fourth chapter investigates the impact of climate change on the operational performance of farms and potential response strategies by empirically assessing (i) the impacts of climate variability on efficiency and (ii) options for adaptation. For this purpose, an output-oriented distance function for more than 100,000 farms in 12 EU member states is estimated. The inefficiency term is explicitly modelled as a function of farm characteristics and climate variability as a proxy for climate-related experience of farmers. The results suggest that a lack of climate-related experience reduces the efficiency significantly, confirming the hypothesis that temperature variability can also affect the production indirectly. A sensitivity analysis suggests that by 2100, the average efficiency level in the EU-12 could be reduced by 28% in the A2 scenario, whereas the efficiency level could drop by up to 50% in the Mediterranean regions. The results also indicate that adaptation through input adjustments (e.g. increased fertiliser) or crop choice (e.g. higher share of fruits) is possible to a certain degree, but a drop in the efficiency could additionally reduce productivity. The last chapter integrates the statistical results into a partial equilibrium model to assess the value and effectiveness of farm-level (e.g. irrigation, crop portfolio, cropland expansion) and macro-economic adaptation strategies (e.g. trade liberalisation) on crop production in Europe. The results suggest that farm-level adaptation, especially cropland expansion and crop portfolio adjustments, can largely mitigate negative impacts of climate change on regional crop production. The results further demonstrate that on the one hand crop production is significantly reduced by large-scale bioenergy policies because of resources shifting from crop production to bioenergy production, which can make large-scale adaptation necessary (i.e. cropland expansion), and on the other hand, that trade can play a moderating role by allowing for virtual land import which reduces domestic land use competition and pressure for extensive adaptation. Overall, the results stress the importance of linking trade, adaptation and bioenergy in climate impact assessments because of the interdependencies between farm and policy decisions and agricultural production and their influence on the value of adaptation.

Within recent years, plurality and difference have been embraced in higher education both by internationalization strategies originating in a neoliberal marked-driven process as well as by counter-ideologies of ethical globalization. The neoliberal transformation has resulted in new ontologies of the university, e.g. "the entrepreneurial university" (Barnett 2012) or "the global university" (Biesta 2011) in its external relation to society defined by its preoccupation with the economic and technical development of society and with matching the needs of the labor marked (e.g.Rhoads and Szelenyi 2011, Arambewela 2010) and internally on the education marked by universities becoming similar because they are playing the same game (Biesta 2011). Furthermore, it has enforced the power structures of the international field of HE defined by flows of people and capital towards the global North and flows of knowledge produced in the North towards the South (Marginson 2008, Calhoun 2006, Altbach 2004). The ontological and structural changes is accompanied by a new epistemological hegemony of "useful" (Peters and Olssen 2005) or "specific, problem-solving knowledge" (Barnett 2012) and by new knowledge authorities such as consultants, professionals and free-lance experts (Barnett 2012). However, critics of the neo-liberal university argue that the university as educator and knowledge producer should engage in a more ethical knowledge production. It is a call for an academic knowledge production that recognizes the challenges of globalization and of the interconnectedness of lives (Rhoads and Szelenyi 2011); that recognizes the world's epistemological diversity (Santos, Nunes, and Meneses 2007); that recognizes and challenges Eurocentric paradigms (Paraskeva 2010) and makes ethical choices "in the shape of academic inquiry" (Barnett 2012, 224). At Aarhus University, the general internationalization strategy is inscribed in a neoliberal ideology and describes the development of intercultural(IC) competence in students as both a means for success in the labor marked and to success for business. The faculty-level internationalization strategies, however, both draw upon neoliberal and more ethically oriented globalization discourses and describes the aim of internationalization in terms such as developing the "flexible knowledge" needed to operate in a globalized world or "global citizenship". However, the relationship between the ideological approaches to internationalization, implied understandings of IC competence and the impact upon inter-epistemological encounters, understood as encounters between people and institutions socialized in or enacting different epistemological frameworks, is not reflected upon. Seeing international higher education as a field structured by neoliberalism at one pole and counter-ideologies of ethical globalization on the other, the paper maps the interaction of these ideologies in the epistemologies at play at three international master programs at Aarhus University and in their visions of IC competence. Drawing upon educational sociology and ethical theory, it is compared to how the "different" knowledge of the other students' is encountered, negotiated, rejected or acknowledged and made use of. Methodology and data The paper draws upon data from three international master programs at Aarhus University. The programs were selected so that they all have diverse student bodies and so that they represent different approaches to internationalization and recruit different kinds of students. The first program is an international business program. It attracts students pursuing a career in an international company. The program started with a vision of creating an international study environment to give the students cultural insights but today, the international aspect relates to the academic content about international business. In the program, about 50 % of the students are international. However, a large number of the international students have a bachelor degree from Aarhus University or other Danish universities. The second program is an interdisciplinary program in Human Security. It attracts students who want to work in aid-oriented organizations or NGOs. It is a collaboration between ethnography, biology, social science and external consultants. About 65 % of the students are international and both international and interdisciplinary cooperation is stressed. The third program is an Erasmus Mundus program in Journalism and Globalization, which offers joint degrees in cooperation with other European universities. Approximately 95 % of the students are international and the international composition of the student body is stressed as an asset. It is emphasized that the teachers speak from a liberal and European perspective but the students are encouraged to challenge it. Data about was produced with several methods: • Classroom observations focusing on epistemologies drawn upon by the lecturers and on how students acknowledge and negotiate knowledge relating to theoretical, methodological, political, cultural and paradigmatic aspects of the program. • In-depth interviews with 20 students reflecting on how knowledge is negotiated between students' different epistemological systems and epistemologies drawn upon in the program. • Policy documents relating to internationalization strategies retrieved from the university's web-page. Theoretical framework The understanding of the field as structured around a neoliberal ideology of competition and marketization on the one hand and a counter-ideology of ethical globalization involving recognition of epistemological diversity on the other calls for a theoretical framework which both encompasses existing power-structures, processes assisting their reproduction and the ethical agency that insists on recognition of difference. In the paper, Bourdieu's educational sociology (e.g. Bourdieu and Passeron 1990, Bourdieu 1989, 1986, 1994, 1977, 1988), his concepts field, habitus, capital and symbolic violence, are therefor drawn upon together with Levinas' understanding of the ethical encounter as an encounter with the other as an other who is not reduced to the same and the experience of that encounter as a trace of the other (e.g. Levinas 1996, Levinas 1986). Findings and discussion Three main types of inter-epistemological encounters are identified: 1: Remaining other: the encounter as traces of the other's knowledge 2: Becoming the same: the encounter as reduction and merger of epistemological positions 3: Rejecting the other: the encounter as reproduction of hegemonic epistemologies Finally, the paper will discuss the relationship between the typologies and the ideological approaches and the embedding of IC competence in neoliberal frameworks as potential barrier to fruitful inter-epistemological encounters. Altbach, P.G. 2004. "Globalization and the University: Myths and realities in an unequal world." Tertiary Education and Management 2 (1):83-110. Arambewela, R. 2010. "Student experience in the globalized Higher Education market: Challenges and Research Imperatives." In Globalization and internationalization in Higher Education: Theoretical, strategic and management perspectives, edited by F. Maringe and N. Foskett, 155-173. London: Continuum Publishing. Barnett, Ronald. 2012. "Liquid Knowledge, Liquid Universities." In Universities in the Knowledge Economy: Higher Education Organization and Global Change, edited by P. Temple. London and NY: Routledge. Biesta, G. 2011. "How useful should the university be? On the rise of the global university and the crisis in Higher Education." Qui Parle 20 (1):35-47. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. "The Forms of Capital." In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. Richardson. New York: Greenwood. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1988. Homo Academicus. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1989. "Social Space and Symbolic Power." Sociological Theory 7 (1):14-25. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1994. "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field." Sociological Theory 12 (1):18. Bourdieu, Pierre, and J.-C. Passeron. 1990. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. 2 ed. London etc: Sage. Calhoun, C. 2006. "The University and the public good." Thesis Eleven 84 (1). Levinas, E. 1996. "Is Ontology Fundamental?" In Emmanuel Levinas: Basic Philosophical Writings, edited by Bernasconi, Critchley and Peperzak, 1-10. Bloomington: Indiana U.P. Levinas, Emmanuel. 1986. "The Trace of the Other." In Deconstruction in Context, edited by Mark Taylor, 345-359. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Marginson, Simon. 2008. "Global field and global imagining: Bourdieu and worldwide higher education." British Journal of Sociology of Education 29 (3):303-15. Paraskeva, J.M. 2010. Unaccomplished utopia: Neoconservative dismantling of public education in the European Union. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Peters, Michael A., and Mark Olssen. 2005. "'Useful Knowledge': Redefining Research and Teaching in the Learning Economy." In Reshaping the University: New Relationships between Research, Scholarhip and Teaching, edited by Ronald Barnett. Open University Press. Rhoads, R.A., and K. Szelenyi. 2011. Global citizenship and the university: Advancing social life and relations in an interdependent world. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Santos, B.d.S., J.A. Nunes, and J.P. Meneses. 2007. "Opening up the Canon of Knowledge and Recognition of Difference." In Another Knowledge is Possible: Beyond Northers Epistemologies, edited by B.d.S. Santos. London: Verso.

In 1995, Moldova introduced free economic zone (FEZ) legislation with the aim of accelerating socioeconomic development by attracting domestic and foreign investment, promoting exports, and creating employment. Since then, seven free economic zones offering tax and customs benefits have been established. This note assesses the static and dynamic economic benefits of the program in Moldova. The free economic zones have been successful in attracting investment from both domestic and foreign sources. The economic zones have become true export platforms, generating a five-fold increase in exported industrial production from the zones between 2004 and 2014. On average, employment in the economic zones had a robust growth in the last seven years and almost doubled since 2008. Evidence suggests that the economic zones have significantly contributed to the diversification of exports and to the changing structure of the Moldovan economy. The effect of the economic zones on domestic firms appears to be modest, however, and unlikely to contribute to the technological upgrading and sophistication of the Moldovan economy. Free economic zones tend to attract industrial activities requiring intensive use of human resources for certain operations. The economic impact of Moldovan free economic zones is ambiguous. Moldovan legislation provides sound and transparent provisions, but the main issue is how this legislation is implemented. The majority of recommendations are focused on streamlining the implementation process, making it easier for companies to operate. Here are the main recommendations for improving the zones : (i) the importance of fiscal incentives should be downgraded by shifting to targeted services for businesses; (ii) reduce corruption and increase accountability by establishing one-stop-shop procedures and elements; (iii) establish a proper mechanism for monitoring and reporting with the zones residents and administrator; (iv) empower the regulator with additional relevant institutional capacities and capabilities; (v) the role of residents in appointing the administrator should be determinant; and (vi) establish a proper mechanism for compensating residents of the zones for restrictive treatment of the real assets.

This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) covers eight small Pacific island countries (PIC8): Kiribati, Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. The objective of the SCD is to identify the most critical constraints and opportunities facing the PIC8 to meet the global goals of ending absolute poverty and boosting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. The report is intended to help these countries, the World Bank and other development partners establish a dialogue to focus their efforts around the key priorities and activities that have high impact and are aligned with the two goals. The regional approach of this SCD is driven by the similarity of development challenges faced by these countries and the importance of regional solutions to these challenges. The SCD also highlights that economic opportunities available to the Pacific island countries are limited. While these opportunities have been known for a long time, the experience of most of these countries in realizing these opportunities has been disappointing, reflected in the poor growth performance of the PIC8. A realistic assessment of these opportunities as well as of the measures needed to realize them is essential. In this context, deep sea mining is seen by some of the PIC8 as the next big opportunity, while at the same time many raise concerns about its possible environmental impacts. This is thus an area that would benefit from an objective assessment of risks and opportunities that could inform policy choices in the PIC8. With the liberalization of telecoms markets and investments in fiber-optic cables that connect many of the PIC8, new opportunities to overcome the tyranny of distance through a focus on knowledge products may become available and deserve a critical assessment. The Pacific Possible research program led by the World Bank Group is providing new insights into the potential of these game-changers.

The WBG's Colombia Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) analyzed key constraints and opportunities that will impact Colombia's development in the context of three defining country characteristics. They include uneven territorial development, a long standing armed conflict and a growth process led by extractive industries. The Colombia Country Partnership Framework (CPF) proposes to address these complex development challenges with a flexible, six-year (FY16-21) engagement that builds on the strong and trusted client relationship established over recent years. On the basis of client country demand, the development challenges highlighted in the SCD, and World Bank Group (WBG) comparative advantage, the CPF focuses on eight critical objectives to guide WBG engagement over the CPF period. These objectives are organized within three pillars of engagement: (a) fostering balanced territorial development; (b) enhancing social inclusion and mobility through improved service delivery; and (c) supporting fiscal sustainability and productivity. Cutting across all pillars, the CPF aims to 'assist in constructing the peace' in response to Colombia's historic opportunity to reach a Peace Accord after more than 50 years of conflict.

This paper assesses the impact of the demobilization, reinsertion and reintegration program in post-war Burundi. Two major rebel groups benefited from cash and in-kind transfers, the CNDD-FDD from 2004, and the FNL from 2010. A panel data of households collected in 2006 and 2010 is combined with official records from the National Commission for Demobilization, Reinsertion and Reintegration. Regression analysis shows that the cash payments received by FNL demobilized households had a positive impact on consumption, nonfood spending and investments. The program also generated positive spillovers in the villages where FNL combatants returned. Ex-combatants indeed spent a large part of their allowance on consumption goods and clothing, thereby generating a short-run economic boom in villages. However, the long-run evolution of consumption indicators is negative for CNDD-FDD households, as well as for villages where CNDD-FDD combatants returned, suggesting that the direct impact and the spillovers of the program vanished in the long run.

Hayek argues that local knowledge is a key for understanding whether production should be decentralized. This paper tests Hayek's predictions by examining the causes of the Chinese government's decision to decentralize state-owned enterprises. Since the government located closer to a state-owned enterprise has more information over that enterprise, a greater distance between the government and the enterprise should lead to a higher likelihood of decentralization. Moreover, where communication costs and the government's uncertainty over an enterprise's performance are greater, the government is more likely to decentralize enterprises so that it can better utilize local information. This paper finds empirical support for these implications.

Kazakhstan made steady progress on poverty reduction and social development during the review period, driven by impressive economic growth and rising hydrocarbon prices. Yet, the country continues to grapple with a number of systemic challenges, including: a lack of progress on economic diversification and anticorruption; a dominant role of the state in the economy; a lack of skills in the labor force; and a legacy of environmental problems inherited from the Soviet era. The quality of the Bank Group dialogue with the government was exceptionally high throughout the evaluation period. The Bank Group has established itself as a trusted adviser to the government, with a proven track record of timely delivery of high-quality technical and policy advice, including cabinet-level 'brainstorming sessions' and the client-funded Joint Economic Research Program (JERP). Implementation of the JERP suggests that it could become a powerful tool for strengthening the partnership, advancing the reform agenda, and gradually building up the lending program. At the same time, the fully demand-driven nature of the program imposed limitations on the Bank in defining strategic priorities in its advisory work, disseminating findings, and engaging local partners. Looking forward, the Bank Group will need to (i) link the JERP with concrete sector investments and advance monitoring and evaluation (M&E) tools to track its effectiveness; (ii) disclose the main policy recommendations; (iii) engage local partners and civil society to advance transparency and accountability and build capacity; (iv) select and prepare of a set of analytical products independently and in line with the World Bank Group's global development mandate; and (v) be more selective and strategic in sector engagement.

The World Bank Group (WBG) Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Egypt forFY15-19 has been prepared at an important juncture in Egypt's history to support transformational changes to the economic and social space. It builds on the Government of Egypt's (GOE) medium-term strategy and national priorities for economic development, responds to client demands, and is informed by consultations with a broad array of stakeholders in Egypt. At the same time, the CPF proposes selective interventions in line with the development priorities of the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Egypt, and draws on the WBG's comparative advantage. This program will also seek to implement the new MENA Regional strategy, especially the pillars on renewing the social contract, supporting economic recovery, and promoting regional cooperation. The CPF supports a transformative program to renew the social contract to support private sector job creation, social inclusion, and enhanced governance. The WBG is moving towards more than doubling its lending program compared to the recent past, to a total of about $8 billion over FY15-19, of which an indicative amount of about $6 billion is requested by the authorities to come from IBRD and about $2 billion from IFC. The actual volume and pace of IBRD lending will dependon the implementation of the program, including the ability to address macroeconomic risks, choice of instruments and economic performance in the course of the CPF period, continued Government interest in IBRD financing, and on IBRD's lending capacity and demands from other borrowers. Similarly, the actual investments by IFC and guarantees by MIGA during the CPF period will depend on improvements in macroeconomic stability and progress in investmentclimate reforms that would boost investor confidence and facilitate greater private sector participation.

The debate about Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to stakeholders is a fairly lengthy debate in the repertoire of the development of company law. At least there are two fundamentally different views to interpret the corporate social responsibility.The views, Firstly, cling to the belief that the concept of corporate social responsibility is counterproductive in the business world. According to Milton Friedman, a corporation are naturally only have a goal to generate economic objectives for shareholders. A prominent liberal economics is very pessimistic and tend to oppose any attempt to make the company as a social purpose. Furthermore, in Capitalism and Freedom (1962) Milton Friedman clearly states that in a free society there is one and only one social responsibility of businesses that utilize the company's resources and engage in activities that aim to maximize profits. If this goal is achieved by the company, it actually functions, and corporate social goals have been achieved, namely to improve the welfare of society.The doctrine of the social responsibility in business, damage the free market economic system.Acknowledging social responsibility that will lead to an economic system leads to the direction of the economic plans of the Communist Countries. In the writings, published in the New York Times Magazine on September 13th, 1970, with the title: "The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits". This reasoning is supported by Joel Bakan, which teaches that if the company gives some of its profits to the community, the company has violated his nature. Business sustainability can take place in the long term if the company is able to provide an answer to the needs of stakeholders and give them what they need.Second views, with the increasing importance of the role and position of all stakeholders in the Good Governance management of the company, and surely, the second thought, extremely gave rise to the contradicts of the first view. The second view was expressly acknowledged the existence of corporate social responsibility towards stakeholders. R. Edward Freeman in, "A Stakeholder Theory of the Modern Corporation", offers an alternative to the theory of Friedman. On the view Freeman, Friedman wrong to assume that the main task is the company's executive moral fiduciary issue to their shareholders and that in fulfilling this obligation they act socially responsible. Freeman takes issue with dissention of opinion and the opinion: 1 "That the company's managers have a duty to all groups and individuals who own shares (a stake) in or claim on the company (Freeman refer to groups and individuals as 'stakeholders'); 2 That there was no stakeholder groups should be given primacy over the other when the company mediate the competition claims of stakeholders; and 3 That company law should be changed to require executives to manage their enterprise in accordance with the principles of the theory of stakeholders, namely, Freeman stated that the executive should be notified (legal / official) to manage their company in the interests of their stakeholders ". Regardless of whether the stakeholder management leads to improved financial performance, managers must manage the business for the benefit of all of stakeholders. It looked at the company rather than as a mechanism to improve the financial returns of stockholders,but as a vehicle for coordinating of stakeholders interests and view management as having a fiduciary relationship not only for shareholders, but for all of stakeholders. According to the normative of stakeholders theory, management must give equal consideration to the interests of all stakeholders, while a conflict of interest, to manage the business so as to achieve the optimum balance between them. This, of course, implies that there will be a time while management is obliged to at least partially sacrificing the interests of the stockholders to those of other stakeholders.In line with this thinking, John Hasnas,stated that "management's fundamental obligation is not to maximize the firm's financial success, but to Ensure its survival by balancing the conflicting claims of multiple stakeholders." John Elkington in Cannibal with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line Twentieth Century Business (1997) says that if a company wants to remain sustained, then he needs to consider not only the interests of the shareholders (profit), but also must pay attention to the welfare of the people which were in it and around (peoples) and environmental sustainability (planet). Stakeholder theory states that the basic duty of management is not to maximize the financial success of the company, but to ensure its survival by balancing the conflicting demands of various stakeholders. The Company shall be managed for the benefit of stakeholders, customers, suppliers, owners, employees, and local communities.The rights of these groups must be ensured and, further, the group must participate, in some sense, in decisions that substantially affect their welfare. Apart from the conceptual debate about the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). CSR in Indonesia has been acknowledged.Article 88, Law No. 19 of 2003 on State-Owned Enterprises (SOE Act), firmly establish the SOEs can set aside part of its profits for the purposes of development small businesses, cooperatives and community development around the SOE. Then, Act No. 40 Year 2007 on Limited Liability Companies, Article 74, confirms the existence of Corporate Social Responsibility in Limited Liability company in Indonesia. In fact, Article 74 is more advanced conceptually by putting social and environmental liability in limited liability company as a social mandatory, not just a moral and ethical responsibility. Article 74 has a power that can be enforced against a limited liability company to implement social and environmental liability. Shifting the paradigm of the management company which is intended only to the interests of shareholders (profit) in the direction of the management of the company, to consider the interests of all stakeholders, and environmental interests, assessed constitutional by theConstitutional Court on legal considerations in the Constitutional Court Decision 53 / PUU-VI / 2008, is explained, That the Indonesian economy system as set forth in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution: The economy shall be organized as a common endeavour based upon the principles of the family system. Sectors of production which are important for the country and affect the life of the people shall be controlled by the state. The land, the waters and the natural riches contained therein shall be controlled by the State and exploited to the greatest benefit of the people. That understanding individualistic and liberalism in the economy was not fit, even contrary to economic democracy embraced by the nation of Indonesia. Earth, water and natural resources contained in it not only for the prosperity of the few entrepreneurs who have capital, but rather for the prosperity of the people. The economy as a joint venture, not only between employers and the state, but also collaboration between employers and the community, especially the surrounding community. Genuine concern of employers on their social environment will provide a secure business environment for the surrounding community feel cared by the employer, so it will strengthen the fabric of the relationship between employers and society. Based on the Decision of the Constitutional Court concluded that the Good Governance management company solely devoted to the interests of shareholders, are not in accordance with democratic principles adopted by the State Indonesian economy. Good Governance Management companies must instead be directed to the welfare of the people of Indonesia. Therefore, companies must be managed with due regard to the interests of all stakeholders, no exception labor / employees of the company. Thus, the management of the company to consider the interests of all stakeholders not only a moral responsibility of the company, but it is mandate in the company law. Oriented company management efforts to improve the welfare of all stakeholders, including workers / employees of the company is the embodiment of company's contribution to the mutual obligations between the government and the business community to improve the welfare of the community. Implementation of the Good Governance management company, for the benefit of stakeholders, did not specifically aimed at corporate responsibility efforts to improve the welfare of employees. Article 74 of the Limited Liability Company Law does not specifically direct the implementation of corporate social responsibility to the interests of employees. However, it does not mean that the discussion of social regulation of corporate governance efforts directed at improving the welfare of the employees concerned becomes unimportant. The ambiguity of Article 74 of the Limited Liability Company Law actually cause the position of employees as part of an internal stakeholders or primary stakeholders of the limited liability company grow weary and still received less attention.On 4th April 2012, the Government enacted Government Regulation No. 47 of 2012 on Social and Environmental Responsibility Company Limited. As the implementation of Article 74 of the Limited Liability Company Law, Government Regulation 47 of 2012 is focused on regulating the use of a limited liability company expense budget has been earmarked as the cost of social and environmental responsibility.However, this rule did not set out clear, the allocation of the budget, the amount of the budget and the subject use of the budget. Thus, it would be difficult to expect the implementation of this government regulation to improve the lives and welfare of labor as the company's internal stakeholders. Therefore, regulation of corporate governance is to realize the efforts to improve the standard of living and welfare of labor is still very necessary.The discussionabout the need forlegislationthatdirects the corporate governance management toimprove the lives and welfare of labor is still relevant and very important thing to do. At least there are some very basic reason the importance of the discussion of the need for legislation that directs thecorporate governance management to improve the welfare of labor in Indonesia, namely: First, Corporate Governance (CG) management that gives attention to efforts to improve the lives and welfare of employees / workers / labor is not a concern in the legislation governing the company in Indonesia. Legislation current regulating corporate governance is still dominated by the interests of employers in optimizing capital or capital to develop other businesses in order to generate profits and shareholder value. Although social and environmental responsibility has been used as a mandatory under Article 74 of the Limited Liability Company Law, but its application in the narrow scope led to the implementation of social and environmental responsibility under Article 74 of the Limited Liability Company Law is not very significant in efforts to improve the lives and well-being of the company workforce. Law governing companies, such as Act No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies Act No. 19 of 2003 on State Owned Enterprises, Act No. 25 Year 2007 on Investment and Act No. 8 of 1995 on the Capital Market is more focused on efforts to the creation of a conducive business climate as a requirement that the business community in Indonesia can compete to face an increasingly competitive global competition. In other words, the main interest underlying the legislation was the interests of shareholders.Public welfare, including welfare of the workers, do not become a major priority of the legislation. Where noted, Article 43 paragraph (3) Limited Liability Company Law paves the way for efforts to improve the status and welfare of employees through the issuance of new shares that are specifically intended for employees. Through Article 43 paragraph (3) that, it is possible to elevate the position of the employees become shareholders through the Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). However Thus, the implementation of Article 43 paragraph (3) is highly dependent on the generosity of its shareholders through the Annual General Meeting(AGM), because after all if General Meeting of Shareholders does not decide that the issuance of new shares is specifically intended for the benefit of employees, the new shares shall first be offered to existing shareholders, or better known as the pre-emptive right. Basically some aspects of corporate governance related to efforts to improve the welfare of the employees as one of the stakeholders can be the rationale, for example: Protection of interests of employees, in various corporate action such as a merger, consolidation, acquisition, and spin-off companies, bankruptcy and liquidation of the company; efforts to increase the value and dignity of employees through improving the status of workers / employees become owners / shareholders as ESOP (Employee Stock Ownership Plan, Profit Sharing etc), is an effort to increase that bipartite collaboration are mutually beneficial. Secondly, the setting of corporate social responsibility as stipulated in Article 74 of the Limited Liability Company Law, did not provide a strong emphasis on the use and size of the CSR fundfor efforts to improve the lives and welfare of employees as internal stakeholders. Article 74 of the Limited Liability Company Law and its implementing regulations as stipulated in Government Regulation No. 47 of 2012 on Social and Environmental Responsibility Company Limited is only intended to regulate the use of budget CSR General Meeting of Shareholders approved the Work Plan and Budget (CBP).Article 74 and its implementing regulations have not sufficiently regulate the practices of companies devoted to the interests of stakeholders, including workers / employees that are outside the company's CSR program budgeted. Article 74 and its implementing regulations are focused on the use of budget CSR for the benefit of local communities and the environment. The fate of the workers / employees still beyond the reach of Article 74 of the Limited Liability Company Law Jo. Government Regulation no. 47 in 2012. Thirdly, the accommodation is not enough on Principles of ISO 26000 as the standardization of CSR in the Limited Liability Company Law. For example, about 7 Principles of ISO 26000: ISO 26000 principles namely: 1. Community development; 2. Consumers; 3. Practice Institution healthy activities; 4. Environment; 5. Employment; 6. The Human Rights; 7.Organization Governance (Government Organization) Fourth, the welfare conditions of laborers / workers / employees which still a concern in Indonesia. Labor / Workers / Employees or more popular as workers have extremely significant contribution in supporting the Indonesian economy. Besides as a driver of economic state, workers also became one of the major strengths in building civilization. Labours or workers who drive the economic sectors under which incidentally has a tremendous contribution to the State's economy and to balance the savior even balance the State's economic growth. Ironically a very major role and importance is not getting an adequate appreciation of the government and the business world. Wages received by workers / employees are not comparable / insufficient to meet real needs. When compared with the speed of the increase in the cost of "running" while wages "going nowhere" no increase or even just suffered a setback.Of the Central Bureau of Statistics as overview in 2006 for simple decent life in Jakarta, someone has to spend between Rp 1.5 million to Rp 2 million per month for the purposes of daily life. Compared then to the local minimum wage in Jakarta which only Rp 950.000, - It is clear that it is impossible worker / laborer can live decently. Other data illustrate the inequities of life of workers / laborers are presented in the research of AKATIGA. Government efforts to create a conducive investment climate and invite as many foreign and domestic investors to encourage government to implement two basic strategies namely run low wage policy and apply the principles of liberalization, flexible and decentralized in matters of employment.The low wages of workers / labor, used as an attraction to invite investors.Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) includes wage / cheap labor in Indonesia, the minimum limit of the highest labor costs in Java (Rp. 1.3344 million, - per month - USD 147 per month) is still lower than the wages of workers in Thailand (USD 240 per month), even if the wages in Java are raised 50%.Labor wages is used as a negotiating tool in the management of the automotive component industry in Indonesia with Trade Unions is the main attraction of Indonesia to invite investors. Further explained that political cheap labor has proven to create life difficult labor because the average value of the minimum wage in Indonesia Rp 892.160, - only afford about 62.4% of real expenditures of workers / laborers. Fifth, handed efforts to improve the welfare of employees through legislation in the field of employment was inadequate. During this time, the problem is always delivered on labor welfare legislation in the field of employment. As described above, that the cheap labor led to the welfare of workers / laborers which not feasible. It is proved that the issue of lifting the standard of living and welfare of the workers / laborers can not be left solely to the legislation in the field of employment.Efforts to improve the standard of living and welfare of the workers / laborers need to be supported by the corporate governance management system which can support the improvement of the standard of living and welfare of workers / employees, either in the form of optimal utilization of corporate social responsibility and stewardship corporate governance rules, which can support the improvement of the standard life and welfare of the workers / employees. Sixth, the limited liability company law can be used as an instrument for efforts to improve the welfare of employees through corporate governance management arrangements that can improve the lives and well-being of employees. Thus, despite the existence of legislation in the field of employment, legislation governing its managed stylist, for example the Limited Liability Company Law, the Law on Enterprises, Investment Law, Capital Market Law and its implementing regulations can be used as an instrument to direct more attention to the behavior of the company interests of stakeholders, including workers / employees.IiIn such a context, the role of the State through the Government as law makers is necessary, so that the problems of workers welfare / employees are not solely left to the market mechanism with the argument of economic liberalization and globalization. In addition to the government party, the Company is a good alternative receptacle to resolve the problem, because the company provides a receptacle mutual benefit to work, learn, gain experience fitting, both in levels: Employee, Self-employed, Employer, and Investor (ESEI). Under conditions of the wise, the state described as a referee in a football game. He had no right to strike or hold the ball. That needs to be done is for the football game is running smoothly and there is no cheating. Is this value has been realized? And how it is with the role of the entrepreneur as the manager of the largest natural resource? The reality is that entrepreneurs can not immediately meet the standards of stakeholders, so that what is referred to as welfare is commensurate discourse. From the first, issues workers / employees being widely reported, but from the beginning anyway this issues is not resolved, resulting in gaps. To note in common, is that one of the drivers in the business in the last decade of this century in addition to the profitability of an investment in the form of people.

En la última década se ha venido observando un creciente desarrollo del mercado inmobiliario a nivel nacional y más concretamente, en la ciudad de Lima. Desde el año 2007 los precios de los inmuebles han aumentado de manera considerable y en algunos distritos, el valor del metro cuadrado casi se ha cuadruplicado o incluso quintuplicado. Esto, como es comprensible, ha producido un incremento significativo de la oferta de bienes inmobiliarios y la demanda, lejos de disminuir, ha ido creciendo año a año y esa tendencia se ha mantenido hasta el día de hoy. El buen estado de la economía y la estabilidad económica del país ha estimulado el ingreso de nuevas inversiones, logrando que la economía interna se dinamice. La población del Perú ha tenido acceso a más y mejores puestos de trabajo aumentando su poder adquisitivo y, en consecuencia, ser objeto de créditos dentro del sistema financiero. Esto hace que el deseo por parte de los ciudadanos de adquirir una vivienda propia esté acompañado de los recursos necesarios para poder cumplirlo. Esta demanda tiene su mayor concentración en la población joven constituida por nuevos profesionales con un gran deseo de superación, alcanzando el logro de metas y elevando su calidad de vida. Este crecimiento de la demanda, por una parte, ha generado el ingreso al mercado de innumerables empresas inmobiliarias y constructoras para satisfacerla y, por otro, la consolidación de empresas de fundación anterior a lo que se podría denominar el "boom de la construcción" en el Perú. Es en este segundo grupo donde se encuentra la empresa objeto del presente trabajo: CIUDARIS CONSULTORES INMOBILIARIOS S.A. En la actualidad, por el lado de la política se observa, desde hace algunos años, una inestabilidad que puede influir negativamente en el aspecto económico. Es por este motivo que las empresas deberían empezar a evaluar sus estrategias para ver cómo afrontar este fenómeno y poder ser sostenibles en el tiempo y no desaparecer debido a la coyuntura actual. Aquello hace que la creación de un plan estratégicos una prioridad, con las estrategias adecuadas para lograr el éxito deseado. Cabe mencionar que un plan estratégico no se realiza únicamente para afrontar un escenario adverso, sino también para lograr que las organizaciones logren ser más competitivas frente a coyunturas positivas o de auge económico. La creación y desarrollo de un Plan Estratégico comprende una metodología claramente definida. El primer paso para comenzar a elaborar un plan estratégico consiste en expresar el estado actual de la empresa, cuáles son las metas a cumplir y ver lo que sería en un futuro próximo. Para ello se ha de determinar la misión, la visión y los valores de la organización. El segundo paso a desarrollar ha de ser un estudio de los factores internos como externo de la misma considerando su entorno. Porque son estos mismos, quienes controlan una empresa, se reflejan en las debilidades - fortalezas, oportunidades - amenazas, de la misma, respectivamente. En el ámbito interno se pueden identificar factores que intervienen directamente con la gestión de la empresa, entre ellos: la competencia de producción, la financiera, la competencia de investigación, la competencia del personal, la competencia de desarrollo, entre otras competencias. Ya, en el ámbito externo se evalúan factores socioculturales, fuerzas políticas que influyan en el contexto, la competencia: proveedores y clientes, así como la demografía y la situación económica del entorno. Finalmente la creación y desarrollo de un plan estratégico responde principalmente a una única pregunta: ¿Cómo se ha de conseguir la visión establecida?, para ello es imprescindible y obligatorio , el diseño de una estrategia de negocio, ya que aquello significa la existencia de una herramienta que permita ejecutar una serie o cadena de actividades, de acuerdo con un listado de objetivos trazados a largo y corto plazo, acorde con estrategias de acción que conforma un plan estratégico con el cual se ha de garantizar y lograr el éxito de una organización. Por consiguiente, la presente investigación procura y ambiciona la creación de un plan estratégico para la empresa CIUDARIS Consultores Inmobiliarios S.A, en el cual se ha de examinar el estado actual de la organización, así como los factores determinantes anteriormente mencionados, que todo plan incluye, entre ellos: la misión, la visión, los factores externos e internos, haciendo uso de los valores que distinguen a la empresa mediante la correcta e idónea selección de estrategias para conseguir el éxito de las metas propuestas de acuerdo con los objetivos establecidos a largo y corto plazo. ; In the last decade there has been a growing development of the real estate market nationwide and more specifically, in the city of Lima. Since 2007 the prices of real estate have increased considerably and in some districts, the value of the square meter has almost quadrupled or even quintupled. This, as is understandable, has produced a significant increase in the supply of real estate and demand, far from diminishing, has been growing year by year and that trend has continued to this day. The good state of the economy and the economic stability of the country has stimulated the entry of new investments, making the internal economy energize. The population of Peru has had access to more and better jobs by increasing their purchasing power and, consequently, being subject to loans within the financial system. This means that the desire on the part of the citizens to acquire their own home is accompanied by the necessary resources to fulfill it. This demand has its highest concentration in the young population constituted by new professionals with a great desire to overcome, reaching the achievement of goals and raising their quality of life. This growth in demand, on the one hand, has generated the entry to the market of innumerable real estate and construction companies to satisfy it and, on the other, the consolidation of companies with a foundation prior to what could be called the "construction boom" in Peru. It is in this second group that the company object of this work is located: CIUDARIS CONSULTORES INMOBILIARIOS S.A. At present, on the political side there has been, for some years, an instability that can negatively influence the economic aspect. It is for this reason that companies should begin to evaluate their strategies to see how to deal with this phenomenon and be sustainable over time and not disappear due to the current situation. That makes the creation of a strategic plan a priority, with the right strategies to achieve the desired success. It is worth mentioning that a strategic plan is not only made to face an adverse scenario, but also to make organizations more competitive in the face of positive situations or economic boom. The creation and development of a Strategic Plan includes a clearly defined methodology. The first step to begin developing a strategic plan is to express the current state of the company, what are the goals to be met and see what it would be in the near future. For this, the company's values must be determined, as well as its mission and vision. The second step is to prepare the internal and external analysis of the company considering its environment. Therefore, the internal and external factors, which control a company, are reflected in the weaknesses - strengths, opportunities - threats, of the company, respectively. Internally, factors that intervene directly with the management of the company can be identified, including: production capacity, financial capacity, research capacity, staff capacity, development capacity, among other capacities. Already, sociocultural factors, political forces that influence the context, competition: suppliers and customers, as well as demography and the economic situation of the environment are evaluated externally. Finally, the creation and development of a strategic plan responds mainly to a single question: How is the established vision to be achieved? For this purpose, the design of a business strategy is essential and mandatory, since that means the existence of a tool that allows to execute a series or chain of activities, in accordance with a list of long and short term objectives, in accordance with action strategies that conform a strategic plan with which to guarantee and achieve the success of an organization. Therefore, having an overview of what is covered and involved, the development of a strategic plan, the present investigation seeks and seeks the creation of a strategic plan for the company CIUDARIS Consultores Inmobiliarios SA, in which the state has to be examined of the organization, as well as the determining factors mentioned above, which every plan includes, among them: the mission, the vision, the external and internal factors, making use of the values that distinguish the company through the correct and suitable selection of the strategies to achieve the achievement of established goals, according to the short and long them objectives. ; Trabajo de investigación ; Escuela de Postgrado