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Abstract. Firms of different business strategy types reveal
different behavioural patterns in their innovation and
business performance while facing various difficulties
as they seek to adapt to a turbulent competitive environment. Accordingly, we want to make progress by using
the dynamic view, which follows the Schumpeterian
perspective of firm behaviour through innovation (business) strategy. We advocate a dynamic approach to the
strategic and behavioural patterns influencing business
performance that is appropriate for small and mediumsized firms as well as giant corporations in highly competitive industries and catching-up economies. Thus, by
combining different theoretical approaches we develop
an alternative conceptual 'cost-advantage leader-follower' (CALF) model of innovation for when firms are
developing cost-cutting process inventions.

"A probing inquiry into medieval court struggles, this book shows the relationship between intellectual conflict and the geopolitics of empire. It examines the Persian Buyids' takeover of the great Arab caliphate in Iraq, the counter-Crusade under Saladin, and the literature of sovereignty in Spain and Italy at the cusp of the Renaissance. The question of high culture--who best qualified as a poet, the function of race and religion in forming a courtier, what languages to use in which official ceremonies--drove much of medieval writing, and even policy itself. From the last moments of the Abbasid Empire, to the military campaign for Jerusalem, to the rise of Crusades literature in spoken Romance languages, authors and patrons took a competitive stance as a way to assert their place in a shifting imperial landscape."--Back cover

Through the public procurement rules, protection of competition, equality of choice & transparency of the procedure in relationships between the public & private sectors are provided, to the greatest extent possible, in the EU rules. All the contractual relationships between the public & private sectors cannot be subject to strict & formal rules on public procurement primarily due to the special nature of business operations, complexity & duration of the relationships. Concessions or public-private partnerships of a concessionary nature are excluded from the legal regime that applies to public procurement. This paper analyses the contractual relationships of the concessionary nature & the EU efforts for ensuring a certain degree of equal treatment of private partners entering into public-private partnerships. Adapted from the source document.

In the article we report a series of experiments
with volunteers designed to detect differences in behavioural characteristics among Slovenian, Dutch and
international students. Using eight standard tasks from
experimental economics, we investigate the differences
using experimental measures of solidarity, trust, cooperation, positive and negative reciprocity, competition,
honesty, and risk attitudes. No significant cohort effects
in any of the eight decisions are found when we compare the Slovenian and international cohorts. Still, when
comparing the Dutch and Slovenian cohorts, Dutch
students are found to exhibit lower levels of solidarity,
generosity and honesty. This points to differences in sociality between institutionally similar yet ideologically distant countries like Slovenia and the Netherlands.
Keywords: cross-national study, experimental economics, game theory, sociality

Making Sense of War provides a comprehensive and clear analysis of the complex business of waging war. It gives readers a thorough understanding of the key concepts in strategic thought, concepts that have endured since the Athenian general Thucydides and the Chinese philosopher/warrior Sun Tzu first wrote about strategy some 2500 years ago. It also examines the influence on strategic choice and military strategy of political, legal and technological change. This book discusses strategy at every level of competition, employing a thematic approach and using historical examples from 500 BCE to the present. It discusses the contraints and opportunities facing military commanders in the 21st century, and demonstrates that the formulation of military strategy will continue to be perhaps the single most important responsibility for senior security officials. Making Sense of War offers original insights into the imperatives of military success in the era of asymmetric warfare

[ ... ] Kheir-El-Din, H.; Ghoneim, A. F.: Arab trade integration in retrospect : comparison with the European Union and lessons learnt. - S. 15-43 El-Any, T.: Arab economic integration : current challenges and future prospects (in Arabic). - S. 45-60 El-Din Helal, B. A.: Competition law and trade integration in the Arab region : lessons from the European Union. - S. 61-78 Jabarin, A. S.: Agricultural issues and policies in the European Union and the Arab region. - S. 79-110 Nasr, S.: Monetary policy in the European Union : lessons to be drawn for the Arab countries. - S. 111-137 Abdel Latif, L.; Shehata, A.; Ben Ali, Driss: Public finance convergence in the Arab States and regional integration : lessons from the EU experience. - S. 139-174 El-Laithy, H.; McAuley, A.: Integrated social policies in Arab countries. - S. 175-216 Awad, I.: Labour mobility in regional integration schemes : a comparitive study of the European Union and the Arab region. - S. 217-238

Iraq is facing daunting challenges of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) insurgency, political upheaval, and profound economic and humanitarian crises. Compounding the ISIS-related crisis, the sharp decline in global oil prices has resulted in significant decline in oil export revenues. Implementation of political reforms, announced in August 2015, has been slow due to constitutional constraints and systemic resistance to changes. Iraq's economic prospects are subject to significant risks. Iraq has recently achieved some important steps towards strengthening its investment climate, but much remains to be done. An attractive investment climate is integral to economic growth and poverty reduction. A key task of the government is to balance the interests of society and individual firms. A stronger investment climate does not equate with a more comfortable life for individual firms. The government must manage these trade-offs: global analysis of the World Bank's investment climate surveys shows that firms facing strong competition are on average fifty percent more likely to innovate than firms reporting no such pressure. Innovation, in turn, is a key ingredient for productivity improvement. The special focus section explores the different aspects of the investment climate in order to better understand their importance. With this background, the authors then look at Iraq's investment climate and recent efforts to strengthen it. Finally, the authors look at priorities for improving Iraq's investment climate going forward.