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The relations between the United States & China were heading towards a second cold war before September 11. In a sense, the priority changes in American strategy & the focus on the struggle against the threat of catastrophic terrorism & nuclear proliferation created an opportunity for security cooperation between the two great powers. The Chinese strategy on "peaceful rise" is a response to this new situation aiming at consolidating external conditions favourable to China's international recovery. However, the factors of strategic competition have not disappeared & they have been aggravated by competition for energy resources & by regional rivalries not only in Eastern Asia, but also in South & Central Asia & in the Middle East. Adapted from the source document.

The end of the Cold War liberated China & the European Union from the constraints of the bipolar competition & created the conditions for the strategic convergence of the two sides, which was consolidated by China's external openness & internal reforms. This trend is codified in numerous documents offering an official evaluation of the importance of bilateral relations between the European Union & China. None the less there still are many conflicts & divergences which demand a closer reciprocal understanding. The European Union should be more tolerant with the pace of political reforms in China & understand better the great importance of the Taiwan issue, & China should recognize the complexity of European foreign policy & understand the European concerns over Eastern Asia's strategic stability. Adapted from the source document.

In this article external orientation indicators for the Brazilian manufacturing industry are outlined. These indicators allow to better understand the changes on trade orientation during the 1990s and the effect of an external shock, considering both the revenue (external sales and domestic competition with imports) and the cost (imported inputs) channels. The study shows that the net external orientation coefficient for the manufacturing sector as a whole dropped by 11.3% between 1989 and 1998, diminishing the positive effect that currency devaluation could have had on the manufacturing sector. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)

The manner in which the United States went to war against Iraq in 2003 was not a radical departure from the past. American history shows that the United States has had a propensity to become involved in unnecessary wars. These wars share the following characteristics: they were justified in the name of America's presumed historical mission; they were entered into on the basis of false premises; a small "war party" was indispensable to the decision to go to war; the two party democratic competition often acts as a stimulus to military action; the wars exhibit a kind of "law of unintended consequences.". Adapted from the source document.