We investigate strategic investment decisions of local governments on inland transportation infrastructure in the context of seaport competition. We consider two seaports with their respective catchment areas and a common hinterland for which seaports compete. The two seaports and the common hinterland belong to three independent local governments, each determining the level of investment for its own inland transportation system. We find: (i) increasing investment in the hinterland lowers charges at both ports; and (ii) increasing investment in a port's catchment area will cause severer reduction in charge at its port than at the rival port. We also examine the non-cooperative optimal investment decisions and equilibrium investment levels under various coalitions.
This paper uses spatial econometric methods to investigate property-tax competition among local governments. The theoretical model is drawn from the literature on tax competition, in which local jurisdictions choose property-tax rates taking into account
El Area de Libre Comercio de las Americas (ALCA) tiene como objetivo unir en un solo mercado a las 34 economias del hemisferio. Las negociaciones deberan concluir en el ano 2005. Sin embargo, el ano 2000 es crucial dado que los temas a ser negociados seran fijados en la "agenda de negociacion". Inicialmente se establecieron doce grupos de trabajo y luego fueron transformados en nueve grupos de negociacion. Uno de estos se dedica a politicas de competencia, y probablemente sus resultados tendran los efectos mas duraderos en cuanto el control de las practicas de las empresas entre las economias del ALCA. En este trabajo se discute la razon por la cual se incluye en las negociaciones el tema de las politicas de competencia. (Apuntes/DÜI)
En este trabajo se muestra que el efecto "flypaper" ha estado presente en las transferencias no condicionadas que han recibido los municipios en México durante el periodo de 1990 a 2007. Utilizando datos tipo panel, confirmamos que hay una sustitución fiscal de tipo asimétrico en varios tipos de gasto público. Sostenemos que la respuesta del gasto público municipal también está determinada por el aumento en la competencia electoral a nivel estatal y municipal, especialmente durante los años electorales. ; In this paper, we present evidence of the flypaper effect of unconditional grants in the Mexican municipalities during the 1990 to 2007 period. Using panel data, we confirm the fiscal replacement asymmetric behavior in different types of expenditures. That is, local governments respond differently when transfers increase than when they decrease. We argue that the response in public expenditure, due to changes in unconditional transfers, is also determined by the increasing electoral competition in the state and municipal levels of government, especially during electoral years.
Cuando Le Corbusier ya había pasado de los cuarenta años se enfrentó a dos concursos internacionales: el Palacio de las Naciones en Ginebra (1926–31) y el Palacio de los Soviets en Moscú (1931–32) con los que intentaba acceder a grandes encargos de estado con mayor escala urbana en los que poner a prueba su ideario moderno sobre arquitectura y urbanismo. En ambos casos estuvo entre los vencedores pero por conveniencia e indecisión, los poderes políticos optaron por soluciones academicistas. Al conocer las decisiones definitivas, Le Corbusier y todos sus contactos del Movimiento Moderno orquestaron diversas polémicas ante los medios de comunicación y los gobernantes por entender que el progreso se veía lastrado por el triunfo de propuestas reaccionarias. Mediante el estudio de la correspondencia con personas particulares como Moser, Giedion, Colly o Stonorov, conservada en la Fundación Le Corbusier, se analizan las relaciones y el tono ideológico en torno a aquellas protestas. En esos textos quedan reflejados los principales rasgos que caracterizan la modernidad como su internacionalización, la seguridad en la propia misión, la defensa de lo nuevo o el método dialéctico. ; When Le Corbusier had already passed the age of forty he confronted two international competitions: the Palais des Nations in Geneva (1926–1931) and the Palace of the Soviets in Moscow (1931–32), with which he attempted to access large state commissions, with greater urban scale, in which to test his ideas about modern architecture and urbanism. In both cases he was among the winners, but through convenience and indecision the political powers opted for solutions from academicians. Upon knowing the final decisions, Le Corbusier and all his contacts in the Modern Movement orchestrated several controversies with the media, and the people in power, to convey that progress seemed burdened by the triumph of reactionary proposals. The relationships and ideological tone around those protests are analysed by studying correspondence with individuals such as Moser, Giedion, Colly or Stonorov, which are preserved in the Le Corbusier Foundation. These texts reflect the main features that characterize modernity such as its internationalization, the security in the mission itself, the defence of the new or the dialectical method.
RESUMEN Cuando Le Corbusier ya había pasado de los cuarenta años se enfrentó a dos concursos internacionales: el Palacio de las Naciones en Ginebra (1926–31) y el Palacio de los Soviets en Moscú (1931–32) con los que intentaba acceder a grandes encargos de estado con mayor escala urbana en los que poner a prueba su ideario moderno sobre arquitectura y urbanismo. En ambos casos estuvo entre los vencedores pero por conveniencia e indecisión, los poderes políticos optaron por soluciones academicistas. Al conocer las decisiones definitivas, Le Corbusier y todos sus contactos del Movimiento Moderno orquestaron diversas polémicas ante los medios de comunicación y los gobernantes por entender que el progreso se veía lastrado por el triunfo de propuestas reaccionarias. Mediante el estudio de la correspondencia con personas particulares como Moser, Giedion, Colly o Stonorov, conservada en la Fundación Le Corbusier, se analizan las relaciones y el tono ideológico en torno a aquellas protestas. En esos textos quedan reflejados los principales rasgos que caracterizan la modernidad como su internacionalización, la seguridad en la propia misión, la defensa de lo nuevo o el método dialéctico.SUMMARY When Le Corbusier had already passed the age of forty he confronted two international competitions: the Palais des Nations in Geneva (1926–1931) and the Palace of the Soviets in Moscow (1931–32), with which he attempted to access large state commissions, with greater urban scale, in which to test his ideas about modern architecture and urbanism. In both cases he was among the winners, but through convenience and indecision the political powers opted for solutions from academicians. Upon knowing the final decisions, Le Corbusier and all his contacts in the Modern Movement orchestrated several controversies with the media, and the people in power, to convey that progress seemed burdened by the triumph of reactionary proposals. The relationships and ideological tone around those protests are analysed by studying correspondence with individuals such as Moser, Giedion, Colly or Stonorov, which are preserved in the Le Corbusier Foundation. These texts reflect the main features that characterize modernity such as its internationalization, the security in the mission itself, the defence of the new or the dialectical method.
El presente artículo tiene como finalidad introducir una perspectiva de análisis no convencional en la lucha contra las desigualdades territoriales. Se pretende compartir un horizonte de reflexión centrado en dos ejes, por un lado, rescatar la importancia de lograr un abordaje que articule las desigualdades territoriales con el ordenamiento y la competitividad. Por el otro, plantear el rol que el ordenamiento cumple en la mejora de las condiciones estructurales que restringen las posibilidades de desarrollo de los territorios. Los accesos diferenciales a equipamiento e infraestructura social, la mala calidad de agua, la ausencia de inversión en mejoras productivas, la inaccesibilidad a redes de comunicación, etc. son expresiones de situaciones de desigualdad que no permiten progresar en la generación de entornos competitivos. El trabajo es una aproximación al tema, la expresión de un camino a recorrer, a futuro se continuará avanzando con estudios específicos en terreno. ; The present article has as purpose progress in the production of knowledge and recommendations that facilitate - in the field of decision of the local governments - the process promotion to mitigate structural inequalities in the territories. Deepening a no conventional slope in the fight against inequality, is tried to advance regard to the impact that the territorial ordering has in the decrease of socio-cultural and economic – productive inequalities. Considering that at the moment is more tie with problematic of environmental cuts, which directly overlapping with specific social and economic phenomena. The attention is focused in the conditions that determine historical - structural possibilities of development of a territory. It is clear that due to situations of space inequality the opportunities of the actors are limited powerfully, supposing differential accesses to equipment and social infrastructure, availability in quality and quantity of natural resources, alternatives of productive improvements, access to nets of communication, etc. The work must be considered a product of average term, since it is a first attempt of approach to the subject. Still it does not rely on a sufficient body of empirical contents that it sustains advances and more concrete proposals. However, this presentation has been considered valid in order to share a reflection horizon on the thematic and to raise the theoretical approach and methodological design that thinks to adopt to continue deppening in the subject matter. ; Fil: Benedetto, Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales
In the 2016 World Economic Forum, Ciudad Juarez stood out as one of the Latin American cities that achieved a remarkable reduction of drug trafficking-related crimes and violence, leaving thus behind the stigma of being the most dangerous city in the world. Taking this into consideration, the question could be raised: how did such change emerge? During the war on drugs (2006-2012), former President Felipe Calderon deployed the army in critical areas besieged by drug cartels. However, and following a massacre in Juarez –a border city shaken by drug trafficking-violence–, the Federal Government took a new turn in its militarized approach. As a result, the military operations were accompanied by an unprecedented socio-economic aid program: Todos Somos Juarez aimed at building resilient communities to the penetration of organized crime. Based on the concept of «competition in state-making», this paper first analyzes the design and implementation of the above-mentioned initiative; then, it performs an assessment of the results obtained after his execution; and finally, it identifies some key lessons that can be drawn from the Mexican experience. The amin conclusion of the article is that Todos Somos Juarez was based on three strategic pillars: holistic approach, active citizen participation and coordination between the three levels of Government (federal, state and municipal). ; En el Foro Económico Mundial de 2016, Ciudad Juárez destacó como una de las ciudades latinoamericanas que lograron una notable reducción del crimen y la violencia asociada al narcotráfico, dejando atrás el estigma de ser la ciudad más peligrosa del mundo. Ante lo anterior cabe preguntarse: ¿cómo se generó tal cambio? Durante la guerra contra el narcotráfico (2006-2012), el expresidente Felipe Calderón desplegó al ejército en zonas críticas asediadas por los cárteles de la droga. No obstante, tras una masacre ocurrida en Juárez –urbe fronteriza sacudida por la violencia asociada al narcotráfico–, el Gobierno federal dio un giro en su enfoque militarizado. Como resultado, las operaciones fueron acompañadas por un inédito programa de ayuda socioeconómica: Todos Somos Juárez, cuyo objetivo era construir comunidades resistentes a la penetración del crimen organizado. A partir del concepto de «construcción competitiva de Estado» (competition in state-making), el presente trabajo analiza en primer lugar el diseño e implementación de la mencionada iniciativa, luego realiza un balance de los resultados obtenidos tras su ejecución y, por último, identifica las principales lecciones que se pueden extraer del caso mexicano. La principal conclusión del artículo es que la instrumentación de Todos somos Juárez se fundamentó en tres pilares estratégicos: enfoque holístico, activa participación ciudadana y coordinación entre los tres niveles de gobierno (federal, estatal y municipal).
Conceptualizing legal science amalgamated with economics within the concept of globalization, requires establishing a multidisciplinary parameter within a field of research, as proposed in this article, with the aim of enhancing both concepts. The social evolution forces the Economic Law to develop vertiginously, the large corporations with great economic growth present imperfect competitive practices in terms of economic theory that the regulatory institutions in Mexico fail to control, in the substantial power of the market. The Mexican legal system is obliged to legislate in the area of Competition Law in order to have the applicable legal tools to achieve economic growth based on free competition. ; Conceptualizar a la Ciencia Jurídica amalgamada con la economía dentro del concepto de la Mundialización, requiere establecer un parámetro multidisciplinario dentro de un campo de la investigación, como se propone en el presente artículo, con el objetivo de darle realce a ambos conceptos. La evolución social obliga al Derecho Económico a desarrollarse vertiginosamente, las grandes corporaciones con gran crecimiento económico presentan prácticas competitivas imperfectas en términos de teoría económica que las instituciones reguladoras en México no logran controlar, en el poder sustancial del mercado. El orden jurídico mexicano está obligado a legislar en materia de Derecho de la Competencia para contar con las herramientas jurídicas aplicables
The exemptions to the Competition rules have been one of the main points of discussion of the 2013's CAP reform. The analysis of the Commission proposal and the debates at the European Parliament show one of the legislator's goals, which consist on strengthening the bargain power of the producers in order to guarantee a fair competition and a better distribution of the added value throughout the food chain. ; Las excepciones a las normas de la competencia han sido uno de los puntos principales de debate de la reforma de la PAC 2013. El análisis de las propuestas de la Comisión y de los debates en el Parlamento ponen de manifiesto uno de los retos sectoriales del legislador: el fortalecimiento del poder de negociación de la oferta para lograr unas mejores condiciones de competencia en el sector y una mejor distribución de la renta.The exemptions to the Competition rules have been one of the main points of discussion of the 2013's CAP reform. The analysis of the Commission proposal and the debates at the European Parliament show one of the legislator's goals, which consist on strengthening the bargain power of the producers in order to guarantee a fair competition and a better distribution of the added value throughout the food chain.
In spite of its impressive systematic unity, the market and price theory is in danger of internal contradictions which the author calls the "Paradox of the competitive price formation". Up to now no definition says what competition is, but merely describes under what conditions is exists and which are its consequences. This point is stressed by means of a dogmatic retrospective view. Competition is not a characteristic feature of one market form, but is the fundamental phenomenon of any economy, as long as it is a process; as an organization form of market process competition is, on the contrary, essentially a creature of government. In connection with the theory of economic behavior, competition can be determined as the possibility of alternatives between which the market participants can freely choose. But competition as a behavior can be active only in a state of desequilibrium, whereas in a state of equilibrium it is, per definitionem, in repose. This obviously unsatisfactory result in being analyzed from the point of view of the monopolistic theory, economic history and sociology and confronted with the theory of costs and the theory of games. Finally the author advises to leave economics open to all methods by means of the synthesis of deductive-theoretical and sociologic-historical research, instead of adjusting it simply to the mathematical theory, as in the case of mere functional analysis and model constructions there is no other way than to substitute one abstraction for an other. ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas
